NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-2378-17T4
GLORIA COLON, DIANA
MEJIA and FREDDY DIAZ,
on behalf of themselves and
all other similarly situated APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
persons,
June 4, 2019
Plaintiffs-Appellants, APPELLATE DIVISION
v.
STRATEGIC DELIVERY
SOLUTIONS, LLC, and
MYRIAM BARRETO,
Defendants-Respondents.
___________________________
Argued January 29, 2019 – Decided June 4, 2019
Before Judges Hoffman, Suter and Firko.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Union County, Docket No. L-3994-16.
Ravi Sattiraju argued the cause for appellants (The
Sattiraju Law Firm, PC, attorneys; Ravi Sattiraju, of
counsel and on the brief; Carole Lynn Nowicki, on the
brief).
Patrick W. McGovern argued the cause for respondents
(Genova Burns, LLC, attorneys; Patrick W. McGovern,
of counsel and on the brief; Shawn M. Lopez, on the
brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
SUTER, J.A.D.
Plaintiffs Gloria Colon, Diana Mejia and Freddy Diaz appeal the January
2, 2018 summary judgment order that dismissed their class action complaint and
jury demand. The order required mandatory binding arbitration on an individual
basis of their wage and hour claims against defendants Strategic Delivery
Solutions, LLC (SDS) and Myriam Barreto. 1 We vacate the order of dismissal,
and reinstate the complaint for the trial court to determine whether plaintiffs
were engaged in transportation services in interstate commerce and thus, exempt
under the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. §§1-16. If the FAA does not
apply to plaintiffs, we hold that the New Jersey Arbitration Act (NJAA),
N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-1 to -32, applies and requires arbitration of their claims. We
also hold that plaintiffs waived a trial by jury and the ability to proceed as a
class action under their agreements with SDS.
SDS is licensed by the United States Department of Transportation as a
freight forwarder and freight broker. It arranges for the local delivery of
pharmaceutical products and general merchandise to its customers. Plaintiffs
1
The complaint incorrectly identified SDS as "Strategic Delivery Systems,
LLC" and Myriam Barreto as "Myrian Barreto."
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each signed identical "Independent Vendor Agreement[s] for Transportation
Services" with SDS in which they said they owned and operated a business tha t
provided transportation services. Plaintiffs agreed to provide transportation
services as independent contractors for SDS's customers. The agreements
covered various issues: transportation needs, rate of compensation, payment,
fringe benefits, vehicles, signage, uniforms, badges, tools, equipment,
insurance, indemnification, and termination of the agreements.
Paragraph 19 of the agreement provided that the law of the state of
residence of the "vendor" would apply, meaning that for these plaintiffs, New
Jersey law governed the agreement, "including its construction and
interpretation, the rights and remedies of the parties hereunder, and all claims,
controversies or disputes (whether arising in contract or tort) between the
parties." Plaintiffs also agreed in paragraph 19(b) to waive "any right to a trial
by jury in any suit filed hereunder and agree to adjudicate any dispute pursuant
to [p]aragraph 20 . . . ." Paragraph 20 addressed arbitration and the waiver of
class actions.
Plaintiffs alleged they worked out of SDS's facility in Elizabeth from
February 2015 to March 2016 performing "truck driving and . . . delivery
functions." They claimed SDS made "unlawful deductions" from their
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compensation in violation of the New Jersey Wage Payment Law (WPL),
N.J.S.A. 34:11-4.1 to 4.14. They contended they were misclassified by SDS as
independent contractors and should have been classified as employees.
Plaintiffs alleged they should have been paid one-and-a-half their hourly rate for
work in excess of forty hours per week and SDS's failure to do so violated the
New Jersey Wage and Hour Law (WHL), N.J.S.A. 34:11-56a to -56a38.2
In December 2016, plaintiffs filed suit against defendants on behalf of
themselves and as a class action on behalf of other "similarly situated persons,"
for violation of the WHL and WPL, and demanded a jury trial. Defendants filed
a motion to dismiss the complaint and to compel plaintiffs to arbitrate these
claims on an individual basis, not as a class. Defendants relied on paragraphs
19 and 20 of the agreement, arguing that plaintiffs agreed to waive a jury trial,
to proceed on an individual (non-class) basis, and to have their claims heard in
binding arbitration. Plaintiffs opposed the motion, arguing they were exempt
from arbitration under the FAA, and that they had not waived their right to a
jury trial or class action relief under the WHL or WPL.
2
The WPL "governs the time and mode of payment of wages due to employees."
Hargrove v. Sleepy's, LLC, 220 N.J. 289, 302 (2015). "The WHL is designed
to 'protect employees from unfair wages and excessive hours.'" Id. at 304
(quoting In re Raymour & Flanigan Furniture, 405 N.J. Super. 367, 376 (App.
Div. 2009)).
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The trial court granted defendants' motion, treating it as a summary
judgment motion, because the parties relied on materials not referenced in the
complaint. See R. 4:6-2. The court concluded in its Statement of Reasons that
plaintiffs waived their right to a jury trial in paragraph 20 of the agreement,
comparing the language there to "analogous" language in Martindale v. Sandvik
Inc., 173 N.J. 76 (2002). The court found that plaintiffs' agreement to arbitrate
was "clear and unambiguous" and constituted a "valid and enforceable
arbitration agreement." "Similarly, the [w]aiver to [j]oin a [c]lass provision
[was] clear and unambiguous . . . valid and enforceable." The trial court's order
required plaintiffs to adjudicate their WHL and WPL claims through arbitration.
The court did not expressly address plaintiffs' claims against Barreto.
I
The validity of a contractual provision that requires arbitration is a
question of law. See Hirsch v. Amper Financial Services, LLC, 215 N.J. 174,
186 (2013). We review the court's order that required arbitration of these claims
on a de novo basis. Ibid.; see Atalese v. U.S. Legal Servs. Group, 219 N.J. 430,
446 (2014).
Paragraph 20 of the agreement provided as follows:
(a) Agreement to Arbitrate. The parties agree to
comply and be bound by the Federal Arbitration Act.
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The parties agree that any dispute, difference, question,
or claim arising out of or any way relating to this
Agreement or the transportation services provided
hereunder shall be subject to binding arbitration in
accordance with the Rules for Commercial Arbitration
of the American Arbitration Association ("AAA") in
effect at the time such arbitration is initiated. The
parties agree that the issue of arbitrability shall be
determined by the arbitrator applying the law of the
state of residence of the Vendor. The parties shall bear
their own costs including, without limitation, attorneys'
fees, and shall each bear one half (1/2) of the fees and
costs of the arbitrator . . . selected from a list of
potential arbitrators provided by the AAA . . . . Nothing
in this Agreement shall be construed as limiting or
precluding the parties from bringing any action in any
court of competent jurisdiction for injunctive or other
extraordinary relief, in the event the arbitrator
determines that it does not have jurisdiction to order
such relief. The parties shall have the immediate right
to seek such injunctive or other extraordinary relief at
anytime . . . .
Arbitration is a matter of contract. NAACP of Camden Cty. E. v. Foulke
Mgmt. Corp., 421 N.J. Super. 404, 424 (App. Div. 2011). "An agreement to
arbitrate, like any other contract 'must be the product of mutual assent, as
determined under customary principles of contract law.'" Atalese, 219 N.J. at
442 (quoting Foulke, 421 N.J. Super. at 424). "Parties are not required 'to
arbitrate when they have not agreed to do so.'" Ibid. (quoting Volt Info. Scis.,
Inc. v. Bd. of Trs. of Leland Stanford, Jr., Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 478 (1989)).
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In the "Agreement to Arbitrate" portion of paragraph 20, the parties agreed
"to comply and be bound by the [FAA]." Plaintiffs contend that as employees
engaged in interstate transportation, they are exempt under section one of the
FAA. 9 U.S.C. §1. Because the agreement does not reference the NJAA,
plaintiffs contend they are not required to arbitrate these claims. We agree that
the trial court, and not an arbitrator, was required to determine whether plaintiffs
were engaged in interstate transportation services under the FAA. Because the
court did not make that determination, we vacate the dismissal order and
reinstate the complaint. On remand, the trial court must determine whether
plaintiffs are exempt under section one of the FAA.
Congress enacted the FAA to "reverse the longstanding judicial hostility
towards arbitration . . . and to place arbitration agreements upon the same
footing as other contracts." Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S.
20, 24 (1991). "[T]he FAA compels judicial enforcement of a wide range of
written arbitration agreements." Circuit City Stores v. Adams, 532 U.S. 105,
111 (2001). It applies to a written provision in a contract "evidencing a
transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter
arising out of such contract . . . ." 9 U.S.C. § 2. The phrase "involving
commerce" in section two of the FAA has been broadly construed "as
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implementing Congress' intent to 'exercise [its] commerce power to the full.'"
Circuit City, 532 U.S. at 112 (quoting Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson,
513 U.S. 265, 277 (1995)).
Plaintiffs focus their argument on section one of the FAA that contains
exemptions from coverage. Specifically, the FAA shall not apply "to contracts
of employment of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class of workers
engaged in foreign or interstate commerce." 9 U.S.C. § 1. The United States
Supreme Court has construed this section as exempting "from the FAA only
contracts of employment of transportation workers." Circuit City, 532 U.S. at
119. Recently, the Court has determined that a "contract of employment," as
used in section one of the FAA, "referred to agreements to perform work,"
regardless of whether the relationship was characterized as a master-servant
relationship or an independent contractor relationship. New Prime, Inc. v.
Oliveira, 586 U.S. __, 139 S. Ct 532, 542 (2019). Thus, an agreement where the
parties agree to provide transportation services on an interstate basis falls under
section one of the FAA whether or not the agreement is to provide the services
as an employee or as an independent contractor. Ibid.
The trial court did not determine whether plaintiffs were providing
transportation services on an interstate basis. Defendants contend the contracts
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referred to "local delivery services." The complaint alleged that plaintiffs
performed services as truck drivers "for customers throughout New Jersey and
surrounding areas." The record does not indicate whether the parties conducted
discovery on this issue. In the absence of discovery, it was premature to grant
summary judgment. See Velantzas v. Colgate-Palmolive Co., 109 N.J. 189, 193
(1988). Because this is an issue for the trial court to determine, Oliveira, 586
U.S. at __, 139 S. Ct. at 538 (citing Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Mfg.
Co., 388 U.S. 395, 402 (1967)), we vacate the summary judgment order and
remand this issue to the trial court.
Giving all favorable inferences to the non-moving party as we must at this
juncture under Rule 4:46-2(c), we assume that plaintiffs were performing
transportation services in interstate commerce that would exempt them from the
FAA. Plaintiffs argue we should not apply the NJAA to require arbitration.
They argue that the parties did not intend to arbitrate if the FAA did not apply.
Both the FAA and NJAA favor arbitration as a means of resolving
disputes. See Atalese, 219 N.J. at 440. The NJAA "governs all agreements to
arbitrate made on or after January 1, 2003," with the exception of arbitration
agreements as part of a collective bargaining agreement. N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-3(a).
The parties' agreement expressly referenced the FAA. If the FAA applies , then
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it applies "in state courts and . . . [preempts] state antiarbitration laws to the
contrary." Circuit City, 532 U.S. at 122 (citing Southland Corp. v. Keating,
465 U.S. 1, 16 (1984)). In this case, if plaintiffs are not engaged in interstate
commerce, then the FAA's section one exemption would not apply (assuming
they are providing transportation services), and plaintiffs would be required to
arbitrate their claims under the FAA. If they are engaged in interstate commerce
and exempt under the FAA, the issue is whether that exemption preempts
application of the NJAA. We hold that it does not.
The Supreme Court has stated that "[t]he FAA contains no express pre-
emptive provision nor does it reflect a congressional intent to occupy the entire
field of arbitration." Volt, 489 U.S. at 477. The Third Circuit has held "[t]here
is no language in the FAA that explicitly preempts the enforcement of state
arbitration statutes." Palcko v. Airborne Express, Inc., 372 F.3d 588, 595 (3d
Cir. 2004). Thus, under Palcko, the NJAA could be applied even if the FAA did
not apply.
Plaintiffs argue Palcko is distinguishable from this case. The agreement
in Palcko included reference to the FAA, and said that if the FAA were not
applicable, "Washington law pertaining to agreements to arbitrate shall apply."
We do not agree that this reference in Palcko means the NJAA does not apply
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in the present case. The NJAA governs arbitration agreements in New Jersey
made after January 1, 2003. N.J.S.A. 2A:23B-3. Therefore, the parties should
have understood that the NJAA would apply to their agreement. The agreement
expressly provided that it was governed by the state law where the vendor
resided, which in this case meant New Jersey. The agreement did not say that
the NJAA did not apply. Their detailed arbitration provision showed they
intended to arbitrate disputes. Otherwise, given their contention they are exempt
under the FAA, there was no reason to include any reference to arbitration.
Because the FAA did not preempt application of the NJAA in this context, we
conclude that even if plaintiffs are exempt under section one of the FAA, they
still are required to arbitrate their claims under the NJAA.
The trial court must determine in the first instance if the FAA applies. We
are constrained to reinstate the complaint and remand that issue to the trial court.
However, if plaintiffs were engaged in transportation services in interstate
commerce, meaning that they are exempt under the FAA, we will enforce the
arbitration provision under the NJAA.
II
Plaintiffs argue that the court erred by dismissing their complaint because
they did not waive their right to a jury trial on the wage and payment claims and
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did not waive the ability to pursue these claims on a class action basis. We agree
with defendants that plaintiffs waived both of these rights.
A
The agreement provided in paragraph 19(b) that the "parties voluntarily
agree to waive any right to trial by jury in any suit filed hereunder and agree to
adjudicate any dispute pursuant to [p]aragraph 20 below." Plaintiffs contend
they are entitled to a jury trial on their wage and payment claims because those
claims are based on statutes, not contracts. Thus, they argue if they must
arbitrate under their agreements, they should not be required to arbitrate the
WHL or WPL claims. We disagree.
"An effective waiver requires a party to have full knowledge of his legal
rights and intent to surrender those rights." Atalese, 219 N.J. at 442 (quoting
Knorr v. Smeal, 178 N.J. 169, 177 (2003)). Arbitration is an alternative method
of resolving disputes and "substitute[s] for the right to have one's claim
adjudicated in a court of law." Ibid. Whenever a consumer waives
constitutional or statutory rights through a contractual waiver -of-rights
provision, our courts have required a showing that the party "'has agreed clearly
and unambiguously' to its terms." Id. at 443 (quoting Leodori v. Cigna Corp.,
175 N.J. 293, 302 (2003)). "[B]ecause arbitration involves a waiver of the right
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to pursue a case in a judicial forum, 'courts take particular care in assuring the
knowing assent of both parties to arbitrate, and a clear mutual understanding of
the ramifications of that assent.'" Id. at 442-43 (quoting Foulke, 421 N.J. Super.
at 425).
Plaintiffs clearly and unambiguously "waive[d] any right to a trial by jury
in any suit" in paragraph 19(b) of their agreement and "agreed to adjudicate any
dispute pursuant to [p]aragraph 20 below." Paragraph 20 is captioned
"Arbitration and Waiver To Join A Class," with the first subsection entitled
"Agreement to Arbitrate." This waiver is similar to the waiver provision in
Martindale, 173 N.J. at 81-82. There, the Court upheld the validity of an
arbitration clause where the plaintiff "agreed 'to waive [her] right to a jury trial'
and that 'all disputes relating to [her] employment . . . shall be decided by an
arbitrator.'" Atalese, 219 N.J. at 444 (alterations in original) (quoting
Martindale, 173 N.J. at 81-82). We are satisfied that paragraph 19 of the
agreement was clear and unambiguous and that plaintiffs in this case were
"choosing to arbitrate disputes rather than have them resolved in a court of law."
See id. at 447.
This result does not change because plaintiffs' claims arose under the
WHL and WPL. A statutory claim under the usury law was at issue in Atalese;
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a claim under the Law Against Discrimination was at issue in Garfinkel v.
Morristown Ob-gyn Assocs., 168 N.J. 124, 127 (2001). Although the Court
reversed the order to arbitrate in Garfinkel because of ambiguity in the
arbitration clause, the Court did not hold that statutory claims per se could not
be subject to arbitration. Further, unlike Garfinkel, the arbitration provision in
this case was not limited to claims under the agreement; it broadly included
claims "arising out of or in any way relating to" the "transportation services
provided thereunder." The Court noted in Atalese that "no prescribed set of
words must be included in an arbitration clause to accomplish a waiver of
rights." 219 N.J. at 447. We are satisfied that the arbitration clause was broad
enough and clear enough to include plaintiffs' statutory claims.
The waiver provision in paragraph 19(b) had two components: plaintiffs
voluntarily agreed to waive any right to a jury trial "in any suit filed hereunder
and agree[d] to adjudicate any dispute pursuant to [the agreement to arbitrate]. "
(emphasis added). Because the two concepts—jury trial waiver and
arbitration—are linked in the same sentence by the conjunction "and," we
understand plaintiffs to have waived their right to pursue a jury trial based on,
or made in conjunction with, the provision of binding arbitration. Because
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plaintiffs are required to arbitrate under the FAA or NJAA, we hold that
plaintiffs waived their right to a jury trial on the wage and payment law issues.
B
The trial court ordered "mandatory binding arbitration on an individual
basis." Plaintiffs argue they did not waive their ability to pursue their claims as
a class. We agree with defendants that plaintiffs' waiver was "clear and
unambiguous."
Paragraph 20(b) of the agreement provided:
any arbitration, suit, action or other legal proceeding
arising out of or in any way relating to this Agreement
or the services provided thereunder shall be conducted
and resolved on an individual basis only and not on a
class-wide, multiple plaintiff, collective or similar basis
unless mutually agreed to in writing by all interested
parties.
In contrast to the jury trial waiver provision, the class-action waiver was not
linked to the arbitration requirement; it was a separate subsection under
paragraph 20. Also, it made clear that the class action waiver applied to any
type of remedy—"arbitration, suit, or other legal proceeding." We are mindful
of the Court's holding in Muhammad v. Cnty. Bank of Rehoboth Beach, 189 N.J.
1, 15-16 (2006), that found a class-arbitration waiver in a consumer contract of
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adhesion to be unconscionable. 3 But, this case does not involve a class-
arbitration waiver and it was not a consumer contract. The waiver language in
this case was clear and unambiguous. See Gras v. Assocs. First Capital Corp.,
346 N.J. Super. 42, 57 (App. Div. 2001) (affirming an order enforcing arbitration
and a waiver of rights, including any right to proceed as a class against
defendant). We affirm the court's order that required plaintiffs to arbitrate their
WHL and WPL claims on an individual (non-class) basis.
Recent case law has resolved against plaintiffs, the claim that the class
action waiver provision is violative of the National Labor Relations Act
(NLRA), 29 U.S.C. §§ 151-169. See Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, 584 U.S. __, 138
S.Ct. 1612, 1628 (2018) (providing that "[n]othing in our cases indicates that
the NLRA guarantees class and collective action procedures . . . .").
III
Plaintiffs contend the court should not have dismissed its claims against
defendant Barreto. The complaint alleges that Barreto was plaintiffs' employer
as that term is defined by the WHL and WPL. The court's Statement of Reasons
3
The validity of Muhammad has been questioned. See Litman v. Cellco P'ship,
655 F.3d 225, 231 (3d Cir. 2011) (holding that the "rule established by the New
Jersey Supreme Court in Muhammad is preempted by the FAA"). Litman based
its holding on AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333 (2011).
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did not provide any analysis for its order that apparently dismissed Barreto or
explain why claims against her were subject to binding arbitration under the
agreements.
Rule 1:7-4(a) requires the court to "find the facts and state its conclusions
of law . . . on every motion decided by a written order that is appealable as of
right . . . ." The court did not supply its reasoning; we are constrained to remand
this issue.
After careful review of the record and legal principles, we conclude that
plaintiffs' further arguments are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion
in a written opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Vacated and remanded for further proceeding consistent with this opinion.
We do not retain jurisdiction.
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