NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-5237-17T1
IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE
OF HARRIET ROSS,
Deceased.
________________________________
Argued March 18, 2019 – Decided April 3, 2019
Before Judges Fasciale and Gooden Brown.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Bergen County, Docket No. P-
000258-16.
David O. Marcus argued the cause for appellant Jeffrey
Ross (Shapiro, Croland, Reiser, Apfel & Di Iorio, LLP,
attorneys; Michael Profita, on the briefs).
Paul N. Ambrose, Jr. argued the cause for respondent
Leslie Ross (Cullen and Dykman, LLP, attorneys; Paul
N. Ambrose, Jr., of counsel and on the brief; Steven N.
Siegel, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
In this estate dispute, defendant appeals from three orders: (1) an April
20, 2018 order enforcing a settlement agreement; (2) a June 28, 2018 order
granting in part and denying in part defendant's motion for reconsideration and
amending the April 2018 order; and (3) a July 11, 2018 amended order denying
defendant's motion for reconsideration in full and clarifying the April 20, 2018
order. We affirm.
I.
Harriet Ross, the decedent, died in December 2014 and her Last Will and
Testament was admitted to probate. The will named decedent's son, defendant,
executor. Defendant and his sister, plaintiff, (collectively the parties) are the
primary beneficiaries, and the will established a testamentary trust for each of
them. Specifically, the will provided that 40% of the decedent's net residuary
estate was to be distributed to plaintiff's trust, and the remaining 60% was to be
distributed to defendant's trust. As of May 2017, the net residuary estate
consisted of approximately $2.2 million, of which approximately 76% consisted
of annuities payable to the estate as beneficiary.
In July 2016, after a dispute arose over the administration of the estate,
plaintiff filed a verified complaint and an order to show cause (OTSC) to remove
defendant as executor and compel an informal accounting of the estate. The
court ordered mediation, which resulted in the parties entering into a hand-
written Settlement Agreement (the Agreement). Shortly thereafter, additional
disputes arose over the terms of the Agreement. The parties exchanged
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counteroffers to resolve the remaining issues, but they could not reach a
resolution. The parties engaged in mediation again, but they still could not reach
an agreement. Plaintiff filed a motion and defendant filed a cross-motion to
enforce the Agreement.
On April 20, 2018, the judge issued an order and written decision
enforcing the Agreement and resolving the parties' remaining disputes (the April
2018 order). Defendant filed a motion for reconsideration and a stay. Plaintiff
filed a cross-motion to remove defendant as executor. On June 28, 2018, the
judge issued an order and written opinion amending the April 2018 order and
granted in part and denied in part defendant's motion for reconsideration (the
June 2018 order). The June 2018 order amended the value of the decedent's
IRAs at the time of her death. On July 11, 2018, the judge issued an amended
order and written opinion denying defendant's motion for reconsideration in full
(the July 2018 order). The judge explained that the June 2018 order amended
the date-at-death value of the decedent's IRAs but kept all other provisions of
the April 2018 order. Defendant filed a motion for a stay in this court, which
we denied. Defendant then filed a motion for reconsideration, which we also
denied.
A-5237-17T1
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II.
It is well-settled in this State that there is a strong public policy favoring
settlement of litigation. Nolan v. Lee Ho, 120 N.J. 465, 472 (1990). A
settlement agreement between parties is a contract. Ibid. Thus, "absent a
demonstration of fraud or other compelling circumstances," a court should
enforce a settlement agreement as it would any other contract. Jennings v. Reed,
381 N.J. Super. 217, 227 (App. Div. 2005) (quoting Pascarella v. Bruck, 190
N.J. Super 118, 124-25 (App. Div. 1983)). A motion judge's task is "not to
rewrite a contract for the parties better than or different from the one they wrote
for themselves," but to "determine the intention of the parties to the contract as
revealed by the language used [by them.]" Globe Motor Co. v. Igdalev, 225 N.J.
469, 483 (2016) (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citations
omitted). Our review of a motion judge's interpretation of a contract is de novo.
Kas Oriental Rugs, Inc. v. Ellman, 394 N.J. Super. 278, 285 (App. Div. 2007).
However, "[f]indings by the trial judge are considered binding on appeal when
supported by adequate, substantial and credible evidence." Rova Farms Resort
Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484 (1974).
On appeal, defendant essentially argues that the judge erred by
interpreting the Agreement to require that he fund both trusts by the end of 2018.
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At oral argument before us, defendant's counsel reported for the first time that
defendant funded both trusts. Such an assertion obviates the need to address
defendant's contention that the judge erred by requiring defendant fund both
trusts. Nevertheless, we briefly address the merits of defendant's arguments ,
and conclude the judge made no such error.
Paragraph 6 of the Agreement provides, "The estate will be wound up and
[plaintiff]'s trust implemented by 7-31-2017." The Agreement was handwritten
and Paragraph 6 was edited, with plaintiff's name added after "and" and before
trust and the "s" in "trusts" was crossed-out. The parties initialed next to the
paragraph. Defendant asserts that he insisted on this revision because in 2015,
he elected with the annuity companies to take distributions over a five-year
period, through 2019, in order to minimize income estate tax liability. On the
other hand, plaintiff asserts that the estate was to be closed and both trusts were
to be funded by a date set by the court.
In the April 2018 order, the judge instructed defendant distribute "as soon
as reasonably practicable" 40% of the net estate balance to plaintiff's trust, and
the remaining 60% to his trust. In his written opinion, the judge explained that
the parties proposed two different alternatives because the Agreement's original
requirement that the estate be "wound up" and plaintiff's trust be funded by July
A-5237-17T1
5
2017 was at that point impossible, as it was already 2018. After considering the
plain language of the Agreement and both party's proposals, the judge held that,
"[P]aragraph 6 [of the Agreement] requires the estate to be settled and
distributed promptly, not held open so that [defendant] can take distributions
over three years." He stated that, "[t]he commonsense assumption is that the
estate would be finalized shortly after the parties settled all their outstanding
disputes in mediation. This is especially likely in light of the text ual mandate
that the estate be 'wound up.'"
Likewise, we also conclude that Paragraph 6 of the Agreement
contemplated that the estate would be settled and distributed, and not held open
for defendant to receive distributions over several years. The Agreement
explicitly states that the estate would be "wound up." The phrase "winding up"
is often used in the business context, and it means, "[t]he process of settling
accounts and liquidating assets in anticipation of a partnership's or a
corporation's dissolution." Black's Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). Moreover,
as the judge noted in his decision in April 2018, the fact that Paragraph 6 only
expressly identified plaintiff's trust does not mean that defendant's trust could
be held open for several more years.
A-5237-17T1
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III.
Defendant also contends that the judge erred by holding that under the tax
law, defendant was able to file the estate's final tax return by the end of 2018
and avoid extending the administration of the estate into 2019. At oral argument
before us, defendant's counsel informed us for the first time that since the
issuance of the July 2018 order, a different judge entered an order allowing
defendant to file a final income estate tax return in 2019. Apparently the
subsequent order was entered without seeking leave from us for a limited
remand. Although the order has not been produced in this appeal, plaintiff's
counsel did not object to the 2019 filing date. Defendant's counsel has
withdrawn, as moot, defendant's previous argument that the judge erred by
requiring the estate's final tax return by the end of 2018. In other words, the
2019 filing date is no longer an issue on appeal. Nevertheless, we add these
brief remarks.
Defendant argues that he would need to file tax returns in 2019 for the
distributions that occurred in 2018. To support this contention, defendant points
to the revision of paragraph 1(e) of the Agreement, which provides, "income
taxes due in 2016 and 2017 – 1041 tax returns to be paid by the estate; allocated
to the distributee." The phrase "allocated to the distributee" was added and the
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parties initialed in the margin. Defendant maintains that this revision was
included so that potential income taxes of the estate would be allocated and
passed-through to the distributees' representative trusts, because according to
defendant, the parties agreed that defendant would take distributions to his trust
through 2019.
In the June 2018 order, the judge amended the April 2018 order and issued
another written decision, in which he explained that earlier, he deferred decision
on the issue and instructed the parties to submit opinions from their respective
certified public accountants (CPAs). After receiving both CPAs' reports, the
judge found that "[d]efendant is able under the tax law to file the estate's final
return before the end of 2018 and avoid extending the estate into 2019 in any
way."
We agree. The judge reviewed the evidence and considered the reports
provided by both sides. The judge acknowledged that there was no material
dispute – both CPAs agreed that final estate income tax return could be filed in
2018. The judge specifically noted that defendant's CPA focused on when
defendant could terminate the estate and when his administrative duties would
end, not whether he was legally able to file a "short-period" tax return. The
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judge reviewed and considered both reports and based his decision on
substantial credible evidence.
IV.
Defendant maintains that the judge erred in establishing the amount of the
reserve for additional estate taxes and administrative expenses. The Agreement
did not set forth an amount for the reserve, and so the judge requested the parties
provide their proposed amounts. Plaintiff proposed a $25,000 reserve and
defendant proposed a $50,000 reserve. The judge held that $25,000 was
sufficient for the reserve:
As a practical matter, it is now unavoidable that
the estate will pay income tax for 2018 up until the final
distributions are made and will file a final tax return by
April 2019. Once the parties receive their final
distributions, they will be accountable for their own
respective taxes as normal. As to the reserve amount,
the court determines that $25,000 is adequate to cover
both the expected taxes and any remaining
administration expenses, especially in light of the
$19,948 sum recorded for the entire 2016 tax year.
On appeal, defendant seeks to reduce the net assets of the estate by another
$25,000 (thus equaling a $50,000 reserve), which would result in 40% of the
additional amount being withheld from plaintiff's trust. Defendant argues that
it was understood at the time of the execution of the Agreement that he would
establish the amount at the time of the distribution to plaintiff's trust based on
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his knowledge of the financial affairs of the estate. Defendant also contends
that the judge should have conducted an evidentiary hearing to determine an
adequate amount for the reserve. Defendant cites Schor v. FMS Financial Corp.,
357 N.J. Super. 185, 191-92 (App. Div. 2002), in which we explained the role
of an appellate court when reviewing a contract. We stated,
when in the context of the document itself and the
transaction to which it pertains the terminology
employed, despite a facile simplicity, actually is not
free from doubt as to its meaning, the party is permitted
to introduce proof of extrinsic circumstances bearing on
the alleged proper interpretation of the language used.
[Id. at 192.]
But the judge did consider extrinsic circumstances. He heard the parties at oral
argument, and he primarily based his decision on defendant's submission of the
tax burden of the estate in 2016.
We see no abuse of discretion. The Agreement did not provide an amount
for the reserve; it simply provided that a reserve would be created. Thus, after
hearing the parties at argument in November 2017 and June 2018, and reviewing
each party's proposal, the judge determined that $25,000 was an adequate
amount. The judge made this finding in light of his holding that the estate would
be "wound up" and settled within 2018. The judge also based his decision on
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defendant's admission that the estate's state and federal tax burden for 2016
totaled $19,948.
V.
Furthermore, defendant argues that the judge erred in determining that the
April 2018 order limited the parties' reimbursement of attorneys' fees to those
fees accumulated prior to mediation. Defendant's contention is belied by the
record. Paragraph 1(c) of the Agreement provided that plaintiff would be
reimbursed $55,000 for counsel fees from the estate. Paragraph 1(d) provided
that "[a]dditional counsel fees" of defendant in the amount of $8000 would be
paid by the estate. A plain reading of the Agreement suggests that the parties
intended to cap the reimbursement of counsel fees as provided under Paragraph
1. As noted by the judge, Paragraph 7 of the Agreement provided that the matter
was dismissed "without costs." The only other mention of counsel fees, found
in Paragraph 9, contemplates a party having to go to court because of the
unwillingness of the other party to perform according to the Agreement. The
judge explicitly found that that was not the case. The judge found that neither
party was fully successful, and under all of the circumstances, the parties should
bear their own fees. The judge did not abuse his discretion.
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VI.
Lastly, we turn to defendant's contention that the judge sua sponte
reconsidered the June 2018 order amending the date-of-death value of the
decedent's IRAs. On June 28, 2018, on the parties' motions for reconsideration,
the judge granted defendant's motion in part and amended the date -of-death
value of the decedent's IRAs from $358,812.23 to $357,180.55. On July 11,
2018, without either party filing a motion, the judge issued an order denying
defendant's motion for reconsideration in full. The judge also issued a letter to
the parties' counsel explaining the reasoning for the amended order:
This correspondence regards the [c]ourt's [o]rder of
June 28, 2018. In his briefing and oral argument on the
underlying motion for reconsideration, [plaintiff's
attorney] strenuously objected to [d]efendant's position
that [d]ecedent's IRAs were valued at $357,180.55 on
her date of death. Nonetheless, the [c]ourt granted
[d]efendant's motion on this point alone, amending the
date-of-death value from $358,812.23 to $357,180.55
but otherwise preserving the original April 20, 2018
[o]rder.
The [c]ourt first observes that the difference in
the parties' positions is truly minimal: [p]laintiff's
valuation is merely $1,631.68 greater than
[d]efendant's, a fraction of a percent of the assets' total
value. However, in the interest of finally resolving any
remaining issues in this case, the [c]ourt has agreed to
revisit the parties' proofs. The [c]ourt now determines
that its prior order was in error. The figure cited by
[p]laintiff – $358,812.23 – correctly reflects the
A-5237-17T1
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aggregate value of [the d]ecedent's three IRA
accounts[.]
The judge listed the three IRA accounts and their value, which totaled
$358,812.23. He also noted that defendant's valuation of the accounts was
incorrect because defendant included only two IRA accounts and one annuity.
The judge reasoned that the amended valuation was correct for two reasons.
First, the Agreement explicitly provided that the subject accounts were the
decedent's IRAs. Second, the Agreement explicitly stated, "[t]he decedent's
IRAs now held by [defendant] are valued at $358,812.23."
Rule 1:13-1 provides that,
[c]lerical mistakes in judgments, orders or other parts
of the record and errors therein arising from oversight
and omission may at any time be corrected by the court
on its own initiative or on the motion of any party, and
on such notice and terms as the court directs,
notwithstanding the pendency of an appeal.
However, this rule "clearly provides no authority for the trial court's
reconsideration of its own orders and judgments." Pressler & Verniero, Current
N.J. Court Rules, cmt. 1 on R. 1:13-1 (2019). Rule 4:49-2 provides in pertinent
part, "[e]xcept as otherwise provided by [Rule] 1:13-1 (clerical errors) a motion
for rehearing or reconsideration seeking to alter or amend a judgment or order
shall be served not later than [twenty] days after service of the judgment or order
A-5237-17T1
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upon all parties by the party obtaining it." An error may be clerical or
substantive. See Belfer v. Merling, 322 N.J. Super. 124, 137 (App. Div. 1999);
see also Wicks v. Central R.R. Co., 129 N.J. Super. 145, 149 (App. Div. 1974)
(stating that the allowance of prejudgment interest was not a result of a judicial
decision but from a clerk's error, and thus, the motion to correct the error was
not subject to the requirements of Rule 4:49-2).
Here, the July 2018 amended order was not the result of a clerical error.
It was the result of a substantive error. Indeed, the judge stated that t he June
2018 order was "in error" and explained his reasoning for changing his mind.
Nevertheless, we conclude that the judge's ultimate conclusion, that is, that the
value of the IRAs was $358,812.23 is correct. The April 2018 order states,
"[t]he decedent's IRAs now held by [d]efendant were valued at the date of the
decedent's death at $358,812.23." Moreover, as explained by the judge in the
July 2018 order, it explicitly stated in the Agreement that the value of the
decedent's IRAs at the time of her death was $358,812.23, not $357,190.55. In
light of the nominal difference between the two numbers and the parties' explicit
valuation of the IRAs in the Agreement, we vacate the June and July 2018 orders
only as to the amendment of the IRA's date-of-death value. Thus, the value of
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the IRAs at the time of decedent's death – $358,812.23 – correctly stated in the
April 2018 order stands.
To the extent we have not addressed any of defendant's arguments, we
conclude that they are without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written
opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).
Affirmed.
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