NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3625-16T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
CHARLES W. RICHARDS,
Defendant-Appellant.
___________________________
Submitted February 27, 2019 – Decided March 13, 2019
Before Judges Alvarez and Mawla.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Burlington County, Indictment Nos. 14-12-
1237, 15-03-0708, and 15-06-0826.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (Stefan Van Jura, Deputy Public Defender II,
of counsel and on the brief).
Scott A. Coffina, Burlington County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent (Nicole Handy, Assistant
Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM
Defendant Charles W. Richards appeals from a September 13, 2016
judgment of conviction following a guilty plea to one count of manufacturing,
distributing or dispensing a controlled dangerous substance (CDS), N.J.S.A.
2C:35-5(a)(1), (b)(3); and one count of certain persons not to have weapons,
N.J.S.A. 2C:39-7(b). We affirm.
We take the following facts from the record. Sergeant Albert Jacoby, a
twenty-year veteran with the Florence Township Police Department, responded
to a robbery at a liquor store on January 27, 2014. The store's owner advised
him the perpetrators had left in a silver vehicle. Jacoby reviewed the store's
surveillance video, which showed a male dressed in dark clothing, including a
hooded sweatshirt, mask, and gloves entering the store with a firearm and
committing the robbery. The footage from the exterior of the store showed the
suspect exiting a small, light-colored, compact vehicle parked on an adjacent
street and re-entering the vehicle after the robbery.
As a result of a string of robberies in Camden and Burlington counties,
the prosecutor's offices from each county established a joint task force including
personnel and police. During a February 7, 2014 briefing, the task force
identified commonalities from each robbery, namely, 1) the perpetrators used a
white or silver compact car which had front end damage; 2) there were two male
A-3625-16T4
2
suspects, one white and one black, who wore masks, gloves, and dark clothing;
and 3) the perpetrators used a black handgun. Jacoby attended the briefing and
learned there had been twelve robberies where the description of the suspect
matched the one in the Town Liquor robbery, and approximately five of the
robberies involved a black handgun and a light or silver colored compact car.
Shortly after the briefing Jacoby responded to a 9-1-1 call from the Town
Liquor Store reporting a silver Ford Focus parked adjacent to the store with a
black male and a white male engaged in suspected CDS activity. Jacoby advised
the officers who had responded ahead of him to use caution because the suspects
might be the ones involved in the robberies. Once on the scene, Jacoby observed
two males in the front seats of the vehicle. The officers also noted the smell of
burnt marijuana emanating from the vehicle. Jacoby and the other officers
removed defendant from the driver's seat and co-defendant Bryan Hawthorne
from the passenger side. A search of defendant's person revealed a knife and a
glassine baggie.
Defendant and Hawthorne gave conflicting explanations for being in the
area. Defendant claimed he was driving Hawthorne to a hotel to pick up his
belongings. He described the location of the hotel and claimed to be searching
for a means of returning to it, but based on the vehicle's location and Jacoby's
A-3625-16T4
3
knowledge of the hotel location, defendant's assertion was not credible.
Defendant also claimed he was in the area to pick up his girlfriend in Voorhees,
but the location of the vehicle did not support this explanation. Hawthorne
claimed they had stopped so he could urinate, but police found no evidence of
public urination in the area, which was snow-covered.
Defendant gave Sergeant Jacoby oral and written consent to search the
vehicle. An initial search produced glassine baggies, and a double plastic bag
containing a black airsoft gun, two masks, and gloves, which matched the
description of those worn by the Town Liquor suspect. Following the initial
search, police arrested defendant and impounded the vehicle. They obtained a
search warrant for the entire vehicle and recovered, among other items, three
cellular telephones, gloves, syringes, and dark colored clothing, including a
hooded sweatshirt. The glassine envelopes recovered from the vehicle and
defendant's person contained heroin.
A Burlington County and a Camden County grand jury returned three
indictments against defendant for various offenses. Defendant filed motion s to
suppress the evidence seized from the search in each court. The Camden County
court denied defendant's motion on February 25, 2016, following a four-day
hearing.
A-3625-16T4
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On April 25, 2016, the Burlington County judge also denied defendant's
motion to suppress, noting the arguments raised "the same exact factual
scenario" as the Camden County case. The Burlington County judge concluded
the factual findings had to "remain[] the same on the basis of collateral
estoppel." Therefore, in order to address defendant's points of error on this
appeal, we will rely upon the Camden County trial judge's decision.
Jacoby was the State's sole witness. The trial judge concluded "he was an
excellent witness" because he remembered details, answered questions directly,
and his answers were consistent. The judge found Jacoby's twenty years with
the Florence Police Department also "add[ed] to his credibility."
The judge recounted Jacoby's testimony, namely, that there was a
taskforce briefing earlier in the day, a 9-1-1 call reporting CDS activity, the
vehicle's location near the scene of a former robbery, the similar description of
the vehicle and its occupants to prior robberies, and Jacoby's review of the
robbery video. He said "it was not unreasonable for the police officers to draw
an inference that the vehicle described in the [9-1-1] call could possibly be
connected to the robbery at Town Liquor, and possibly be connected to other
robberies that had occurred in the area."
A-3625-16T4
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The trial judge also reviewed the video of the motor vehicle stop,
concluded the search of the vehicle was lawful because the totality of the
circumstances gave officers reasonable, articulable suspicion the vehicle's
occupants had committed the robberies, and were armed. He added, "it was not
unreasonable for the officers to conduct a motor vehicle . . . stop and secure the
defendants in order to ensure the safety of the officers." Thus, it was reasonable
for "the officers [to] order[] each of the occupants out of the vehicle, . . . to
determine whether or not they were armed, and dangerous, and . . . to continue
with their investigation by asking each defendant why they were in the area[.]"
The judge also found when "each defendant gave differing answers as to what
they were doing in the area, [it] increased the suspicion of the officers, and
warranted the continued investigation."
The trial judge noted the video of the vehicle stop also demonstrated the
legality of the search:
I was struck by how calm the whole scene was, both by
the officers['] . . . , as well as the defendants['] activities
in this case.
I thought . . . the officers were extremely
professional. I thought the defendants were extremely
cooperative in this case.
....
A-3625-16T4
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. . . [T]he consent to search was valid and was
voluntary. Again, the court was struck by the calm
nature of the entire scene. The police and the
defendants were courteous with one another.
The police got [defendant] his coat, because it
was cold. He wanted his cell phone, . . . they said . . .
they would accommodate that.
Based on these findings, both judges denied defendant's motions to
suppress. Defendant subsequently pled guilty to five counts of robbery under
the Burlington County indictment and four counts in the Camden County
indictment, and was sentenced to concurrent terms. This appeal followed.
Defendant argues the following points on appeal:
POINT I – ALL EVIDENCE OBTAINED AS A
RESULT OF THE MOTOR VEHICLE STOP MUST
BE SUPPRESSED BECAUSE THE STOP WAS
CONDUCTED WITHOUT REASONABLE
SUSPICION OF WRONGDOING. U.S. CONST.,
AMEND. IV; N.J. CONST., ART. I, ¶ 7.
POINT II – EVEN IF THE POLICE HAD
REASONABLE SUSPICION TO STOP THE
VEHICLE, THE "FELONY STOP" WAS A DE
FACTO ARREST DEVOID OF PROBABLE CAUSE
AND THEREFORE UNLAWFUL. U.S. CONST.,
AMEND. IV; N.J. CONST., ART. I, ¶ 7.
A-3625-16T4
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I.
A.
"An appellate court reviewing a motion to
suppress evidence in a criminal case must uphold the
factual findings underlying the trial court's decision,
provided that those findings are 'supported by sufficient
credible evidence in the record.'" State v. Boone, 232
N.J. 417, 425-26 (2017) (quoting State v. Scriven, 226
N.J. 20, 40 (2016)). We do so "because those findings
'are substantially influenced by [an] opportunity to hear
and see the witnesses and to have the "feel" of the case,
which a reviewing court cannot enjoy.'" State v.
Gamble, 218 N.J. 412, 424-25 (2014) (alteration in
original) (quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 161
(1964)). We owe no deference, however, to
conclusions of law made by trial courts in suppression
decisions, which we instead review de novo. State v.
Watts, 223 N.J. 503, 516 (2015).
[State v. Mandel, 455 N.J. Super. 109, 113-14 (App.
Div. 2018).]
On appeal, defendant argues the stop lacked reasonable suspicion because
the State produced no evidence to link the car he occupied with the one allegedly
driven in the other robberies. He also asserts "[a]ccepting for the sake of
argument that the police had reasonable suspicion to stop defendant's vehicle,
the manner in which they stopped it was so frightening and aggressive that it
was the functional equivalent of an arrest."
A-3625-16T4
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B.
Like its federal counterpart, Article I, Paragraph
7 of the New Jersey Constitution protects against
"unreasonable searches and seizures" and generally
requires a warrant issued on "probable cause." N.J.
Const. art. I, ¶ 7; see U.S. Const. amend. IV. "[A]
warrantless search is presumptively invalid" unless the
State establishes the search falls into "one of the 'few
specifically established and well-delineated exceptions
to the warrant requirement.'" State v. Gonzales, 227
N.J. 77, 90 (2016) (citation omitted).
[Mandel, 455 N.J. Super. at 114.]
One such exception is an investigatory stop. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S.
1, 27 (1968); United States v. Hensley, 469 U.S. 221, 226 (1985) (finding police
officers may stop a motor vehicle and detain its occupants temporarily while
they investigate a criminal offense). To subject a person to an investigatory stop
and detention, however, the police must have reasonable, articulable suspicion
of conduct that violates the law. State v. Bernokeits, 423 N.J. Super. 365, 371-
72 (App. Div. 2011).
A police officer may conduct an investigatory stop if, based on the totality
of the circumstances, there is reasonable suspicion to believe an individual has
just engaged in, or is about to engage in, criminal activity. State v. Maryland,
167 N.J. 471, 487 (2001) (citing Terry, 392 U.S. at 21). Our Supreme Court has
defined "reasonable suspicion" as "a particularized and objective basis for
A-3625-16T4
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suspecting the person stopped of criminal activity." State v. Stovall, 170 N.J.
346, 356 (2002) (quoting Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996)).
Under the totality of the circumstances analysis, weight is given to the officer's
experience and knowledge, and the "rational inferences that could be drawn
from the facts objectively and reasonably viewed in light of the officer's
expertise." State v. Todd, 355 N.J. Super. 132, 137-38 (App. Div. 2002)
(quoting State v. Arthur, 149 N.J. 1, 10-11 (1997)).
Furthermore,
[o]ur courts have recognized that "the smell of
marijuana itself constitutes probable cause 'that a
criminal offense ha[s] been committed and that
additional contraband might be present.'" State v.
Walker, 213 N.J. 281, 290 (2013) (alteration in
original) (quoting State v. Nishina, 175 N.J. 502, 516-
17 (2003)). The "smell of marijuana emanating from
[an] automobile" establishes "probable cause [for an
officer] to believe that it contain[s] contraband." [State
v. Myers, 442 N.J. Super. 287, 296 (App. Div. 2015)]
(quoting State v. Pena-Flores, 198 N.J. 6, 30 (2009));
see also State v. Guerra, 93 N.J. 146, 150 (1983).
[Mandel, 455 N.J. Super. at 114-15 (alteration in
original).]
Here, the knowledge Jacoby obtained from the task force briefing
describing the suspects and the vehicle, his review of video from other robberies,
the 9-1-1 call reporting suspected CDS activity, and the smell of burnt marijuana
A-3625-16T4
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when officers approached provided ample reasonable suspicion to perform the
vehicle stop. The trial judge's conclusion the totality of these circumstances
supported the legality of the stop should not be disturbed.
C.
We are also unpersuaded by defendant's description of the stop and his
claim it was tantamount to an unlawful arrest. Police can order a driver out of
a vehicle incident to a lawful stop. State v. Smith, 134 N.J. 599, 618 (1994).
Additionally,
[t]o support an order to a passenger to alight from a
vehicle stopped for a traffic violation, . . . the officer
need not point to specific facts that the occupants are
"armed and dangerous." Rather, the officer need point
only to some fact or facts in the totality of the
circumstances that would create in a police officer a
heightened awareness of danger that would warrant an
objectively reasonable officer in securing the scene in
a more effective manner by ordering the passenger to
alight from the car.
[Id. at 618.]
Consent is a well-recognized exception to the Fourth Amendment's search
warrant requirement. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219 (1973).
Furthermore, "consent searches are considered a 'legitimate aspect of effective
police activity.'" State v. Domicz, 188 N.J. 285, 305 (2006) (quoting
Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 228).
A-3625-16T4
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To be valid, a consent to search must be voluntary and knowing in nature.
Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 222. The person giving consent must first be advised
of his or her right to refuse. State v. Johnson, 68 N.J. 349, 353-54 (1975).
Additionally, when police request consent to search during a motor vehicle stop,
they must have a reasonable and articulable suspicion of criminal wrongdoing.
State v. Carty, 170 N.J. 632, 635 (2002); State v. Thomas, 392 N.J. Super. 169,
188 (App. Div. 2007). That standard has been defined as "a particularized and
objective basis for suspecting the person stopped of criminal activity[,]" and is
a far lower standard than probable cause. Stovall, 170 N.J. at 356-57 (quoting
Ornelas, 517 U.S. at 696). "[A] finding of reasonable and articulable suspicion
of ongoing criminality" is determined by objective "cumulative factors in a
totality of the circumstances analysis[.]" State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 250
(2007).
Here, police had ample reasonable suspicion the occupants of the vehicle
were engaged in CDS activity, were the perpetrators of the robberies, and thus
were armed and dangerous. Therefore, it was reasonable for police to approach
with caution, weapons drawn, order defendant and Hawthorne out of the vehicle,
and then separate and handcuff them. Once officers assured their safety, the
video evidence confirms the judge's findings the officers were "extremely
A-3625-16T4
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professional" and defendants were "extremely cooperative." Defendant then
gave voluntary consent and police took the additional prophylactic step of
securing a warrant to search the vehicle after it was impounded. For these
reasons, we reject the argument the stop was tantamount to an unlawful arrest.
Affirmed.
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STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. CHARLES W. RICHARDS (14-12-1237, 15-03-0708 AND 15-06-0826, BURLINGTON COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
Combined Opinion