NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1161-17T3
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
KEITH W. MUSILLI,
Defendant-Appellant.
______________________________
Submitted December 10, 2018 – Decided February 22, 2019
Before Judges Haas and Sumners.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Gloucester County, Indictment No. 16-06-
0536.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for
appellant (John W. Douard, Assistant Deputy Public
Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Charles A. Fiore, Gloucester County Prosecutor,
attorney for respondent (Dana R. Anton, Senior
Assistant Prosecutor, on the brief).
PER CURIAM
After pleading guilty to possession of controlled dangerous substances
(CDS), N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(a)(1), and being sentenced to two years of probation,
defendant appeals the denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized during a
consensual search of his car. On appeal, defendant argues:
POINT I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
SUPPRESSION MOTION BECAUSE OFFICER
MROZ LACKED THE REASONABLE
ARTICULABLE SUSPICION REQUIRED TO
CONTINUE DETENTION BEYOND WHAT WAS
REASONABLY RELATED TO THE
JUSTIFICATION OF THE INITIAL STOP AND
LACKED REASONABLE ARTICULABLE
SUSPICION TO JUSTIFY A CONSENT SEARCH.
A. The Evidence Should Have Been Suppressed
Because The Consent-To-Search Obtained From
[Defendant] Was The Fruit of His Illegal Detention.
B. The Consent To Search Obtained From
[Defendant] Was Not Valid Because Officer Mroz Did
Not Have Reasonable, Articulable Suspicion To Initiate
A Consent Search.
Having duly considered these arguments, we affirm the suppression ruling
substantially based on the well-reasoned analysis of Judge Kevin T. Smith in his
fifteen-page written memorandum and order filed on June 13, 2017. We add the
following comments.
A-1161-17T3
2
Our review of a trial judge's decision on a motion to suppress is limited.
State v. Robinson, 200 N.J. 1, 15 (2009). In reviewing a motion to suppress
evidence, we must uphold the judge's factual findings, "so long as those findings
are supported by sufficient credible evidence in the record." State v. Gamble,
218 N.J. 412, 424 (2014). We, however, do not defer to a trial judge's legal
conclusions, which we review de novo. State v. Rockford, 213 N.J. 424, 440
(2013). We review de novo the judge's pure determinations of law, State v.
Mann, 203 N.J. 328, 337 (2010) (citation omitted), as well as the application of
legal principles to such factual findings. State v. Harris, 181 N.J. 391, 416
(2004) (citation omitted).
In situations involving an investigatory stop of a motor vehicle, if
authorities have a reasonable and articulable suspicion that violations of motor
vehicle or other laws have been or are being committed, the stop is legitimate.
State v. Carty, 170 N.J. 632, 639-40 (2002). Although our State, through the
enactment of N.J.S.A. 39:5-25,1 authorizes both the issuance of a summons and
arrest for a motor vehicle violation, such a violation does not authorize a
vehicular search incident to all traffic stops absent probable cause of some other
1
A law enforcement officer is authorized by statute to arrest, without a warrant,
a person "violating in his presence any provision of chapter 3" or "chapter 4" of
Title 39. N.J.S.A. 39:5-25.
A-1161-17T3
3
criminal conduct or the occupants posed a safety threat. State v. Pierce, 136
N.J. 184, 190-93 (1994).
"'The principal components of a determination of reasonable suspicion
. . . [are] the events which occurred leading up to the stop . . . , and then the
decision whether these historical facts, viewed from the standpoint of an
objectively reasonable police officer, amount to a reasonable suspicion . . . .'"
State v. Stovall, 170 N.J. 346, 357 (2002) (alteration in original) (quoting
Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996)). Determining whether
reasonable and articulable suspicion exists depends upon the totality of the
circumstances. State v. Pineiro, 181 N.J. 13, 22 (2004). In evaluating the
totality of the circumstances surrounding a Terry2 stop, a reviewing court must
balance "the State's interest in effective law enforcement against the individual's
right to be protected from unwarranted and/or overbearing police intrusions."
State v. Davis, 104 N.J. 490, 504 (1986).
In reviewing the totality of the circumstances, we are also required to
"give weight to 'the officer's knowledge and experience' as well as 'rational
inferences that could be drawn from the facts objectively and reasonably viewed
in light of the officer's expertise.'" State v. Citarella, 154 N.J. 272, 279 (1998)
2
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968).
A-1161-17T3
4
(quoting State v. Arthur, 149 N.J. 1, 10-11 (1997)). "The fact that purely
innocent connotations can be ascribed to a person's actions does not mean that
an officer cannot base a finding of reasonable suspicion on those actions as long
as 'a reasonable person would find the actions are consistent with guilt.'" Id. at
279-80 (quoting Arthur, 149 N.J. at 11).
Applying these principles to the undisputed facts regarding the search of
defendant's car by Mantua Township Police Officer Cody Mroz that were
stipulated 3 at defendant's motion to suppress, we discern no basis for disturbing
the judge's denial of the motion. We need not recite the facts in detail; instead,
we incorporate by reference the factual findings and legal conclusions contained
in Judge Smith's thoughtful decision.
We are satisfied that the record before us demonstrates that Officer Mroz
had reasonable articulable suspicion to request defendant's consent to search his
car after he was pulled over to the side of the road due to an inoperable headlight,
N.J.S.A. 39:3-66, followed by dubious responses to queries concerning his
destination and the officer's observations, experience and training that suggested
illegal activity was amiss. The officer's report – admitted into evidence in lieu
3
This included a motor vehicle recording from a patrol car of the stop, inquiry
and search.
A-1161-17T3
5
of his testimony – articulated the following factors that prompted him to seek a
consensual search:
This was due to a number of factors that when
considered under the totality of the circumstances
raised my suspicion that some sort of criminal activity
could possibly be transpiring. These factors were as
follows: the driver's shaking hands, nearly pinpoint
pupils, small puncture like wounds consistent with
track marks on his hand, white chapped lips,
overpowering aroma of air fresheners, avoiding eye
contact and looking out towards the windshield when
speaking, traveling to a Pep Boys that is closed and that
is farther then multiple other Pep Boys closer to his
residence and where he was coming from, traveling
from a detail shop that he seemed unsure of when
stating the name of this business and was not sure of the
address of this business despite stating he frequently
does work at this location, right turn signal of the
vehicle still blinking the entire time while speaking to
him, previous narcotic[s] arrests.
Considering the clear and undisputed facts of this search and seizure, we
conclude the trial judge properly denied defendant's suppression motion.
All other arguments, to the extent we have not already addressed them,
lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in this opinion. R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Affirmed.
A-1161-17T3
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STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. KEITH W. MUSILLI (16-06-0536, GLOUCESTER COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
Combined Opinion