REVERSE and REMAND; and Opinion Filed August 29, 2019.
In The
Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
No. 05-19-00412-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF A.M., A CHILD
On Appeal from the 254th Judicial District Court
Dallas County, Texas
Trial Court Cause No. DF-13-09918-R
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Schenck, Osborne, and Reichek
Opinion by Justice Osborne
After a bench trial, the trial court signed an order appointing Mother and Father as
possessory conservators of their child A.M. The trial court appointed a nonparent, unrelated adult
as the child’s managing conservator. Mother appeals, contending the trial court abused its
discretion in finding that appointing her as managing conservator “would significantly impair the
[child’s] physical health and emotional development.” Because we conclude there was insufficient
evidence to support the trial court’s finding, we reverse the trial court’s order and remand the cause
for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
In late 2017, the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (the “Department”)
removed A.M., then aged five, as well as two other children of Mother’s, M.O. and P.O., from
Mother’s home after investigating a report of neglectful supervision. As one of the “reason[s] for
Child Protective Services involvement,” the Family Service Plan created for the family in
November 2017 stated that “[Mother’s] unmanaged mental health issues poses [sic] a threat to the
ongoing safety of the children.” Under “hopes and dreams for the children,” the plan stated that
Mother “hopes to receive appropriate mental health and substance abuse treatment so she can be
the best parent possible for her children.” “Service plan goals” included that Mother “will have a
psychiatric evaluation and ensure she is medically compliant if she has already completed one,”
and “will actively participate in therapy to understand and address her own mental health needs.”
Mother was ordered to “participate in a psychological evaluation to assess her ability to take
responsibility for her children, provide a safe and nurturing environment, and alter the pattern of
behavior resulting in CPS involvement,” to “attend Individual Counseling,” to “complete a
Psychiatric Evaluation . . . in order to assess her mental health needs,” and to “follow all
recommendations made” by the service provider of the psychiatric evaluation. The trial court took
judicial notice of the family service plan at trial.
A.M., M.O., and P.O. were placed together in the home of J.J., a distant cousin of M.O.’s
and P.O.’s father. Unlike M.O. and P.O., A.M. is not related to J.J. Also living in J.J.’s home and
under her care are her own four children, who range in age from five to thirteen. At trial, the
Department requested that the court appoint J.J. as sole managing conservator, and Mother and
Father as possessory conservators.
While in J.J.’s care, A.M. visited with Mother at the home of J.J.’s mother, R.J. R.J.’s home
was chosen for visits because R.J. and Mother live in the same apartment complex. But J.J. testified
that at the time of trial in February 2019, Mother had not visited or seen A.M. since the previous
Mother’s Day in May 2018. Mother testified that she disliked visiting A.M. at R.J.’s home because
she felt that R.J. watched her too closely and “yelled at” her once for “play[ing] with my kids
rough.” Mother explained that “I don’t play with my kids rough. I play with them, and that’s what
it was.”
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Both Mother and Autumn Carter, a Department caseworker, testified that Mother had
completed all of the services the court had ordered, including random drug screens, a drug
assessment, a psychological evaluation, individual counseling, domestic violence counseling, and
parenting classes. But Carter also testified that Mother was not “medication compliant” in
accordance with the service providers’ recommendations.
There was no evidence presented about the children. There was no evidence of A.M.’s
physical health or emotional development. There was no evidence of A.M.’s relationship with
Mother. There was no evidence of A.M.’s relationship with J.J. or with J.J.’s children. There was
no evidence of A.M.’s physical or emotional issues or needs. There was no evidence of how
Mother’s medication compliance, or lack of it, impaired A.M.’s physical health or emotional
development.
After hearing testimony from J.J., Carter, Mother, the father of M.O. and P.O., and the
Court Appointed Special Advocate for the children (the “CASA advocate”), the trial court granted
the relief requested by the Department and signed an order appointing J.J. as sole managing
conservator and Mother and Father as parent possessory conservators of A.M. Mother now
appeals.
APPLICABLE LAW
“It is a rebuttable presumption that the appointment of the parents of a child as joint
managing conservators is in the best interest of the child.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 153.131(b).
“[U]nless the court finds that appointment of the parent or parents would not be in the best interest
of the child because the appointment would significantly impair the child’s physical health or
emotional development, a parent shall be appointed sole managing conservator or both parents
shall be appointed as joint managing conservators of the child.” FAM. CODE § 153.131(a). “The
strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served by appointing a natural parent as
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managing conservator is deeply imbedded in Texas law.” In Interest of J.T.S.,
No. 05-17-00204-CV, 2018 WL 1465535, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 26, 2018, no pet.) (mem.
op.) (citing Lewelling v. Lewelling, 796 S.W.2d 164, 166 (Tex. 1990), and In re B.B.M., 291
S.W.3d 463, 468 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied)).
To support a finding of significant impairment, the evidence must do more than merely
raise a suspicion or speculation of possible harm. In re B.B.M., 291 S.W.3d at 467. Instead, the
evidence must support the logical inference that some specific, identifiable behavior or conduct of
the parent, demonstrated by specific acts or omissions, will probably harm the child. Id.; R.H. v.
D.A., No. 03-16-00442-CV, 2017 WL 875317, at *5 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 2, 2017, pet.
dism’d). This is a heavy burden that is not satisfied by merely showing the nonparent would be a
better choice as custodian of the child. In re B.B.M., 291 S.W.3d at 467. Acts or omissions that
constitute significant impairment include, but are not limited to, physical abuse, severe neglect,
abandonment, drug or alcohol abuse, or immoral behavior by the parent. Id. at 469. A factfinder
may infer the present fitness of the parent to be managing conservator from the parent’s recent,
deliberate past misconduct. R.H., 2017 WL 875317, at *5. But evidence of past misconduct,
standing alone, may not be sufficient to show present unfitness. Id. “When a nonparent and a parent
are both seeking managing conservatorship, the ‘close calls’ go to the parent.” In re B.B.M., 291
S.W.3d at 469; see also Interest of F.E.N., No. 18-0439, 2019 WL 2667029, at *2 (Tex. Jun. 28,
2019) (per curiam) (proof of “significant impairment” “should include the acts or omissions of the
parent demonstrating that result”) (citing Lewelling, 796 S.W.2d at 167).
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Mother alleges that the trial court abused its discretion in finding that appointing her as
managing conservator would significantly impair A.M.’s physical health and emotional
development. “[A] finding that appointment of a parent as managing conservator would
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significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development is governed by a
preponderance-of-the-evidence standard.” In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. 2007). The
heightened standards of proof and review for termination decisions do not apply. Id. Instead,
conservatorship determinations “are subject to review only for abuse of discretion, and may be
reversed only if the decision is arbitrary and unreasonable.” Id.; see also In Interest of L.W., No.
02-16-00091-CV, 2016 WL 3960600, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jul. 21, 2016, no pet.) (mem.
op.) (“A trial court abuses its discretion if the court acts without reference to any guiding rules or
principles, that is, if the act is arbitrary or unreasonable.”).
Legal and factual sufficiency are not independent grounds of error in conservatorship cases
but are relevant factors in determining whether an abuse of discretion occurred. Id. at *2. To
determine whether the trial court abused its discretion because the evidence was insufficient to
support its decision, we consider whether (1) the trial court had sufficient evidence upon which to
exercise its discretion and (2) erred in its exercise of that discretion. Id. We conduct the applicable
sufficiency review with regard to the first question. Id. We then determine whether, based on the
elicited evidence, the trial court made a reasonable decision. Id. The trial court is the sole judge of
the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. In re M.A.M., 346
S.W.3d 10, 14 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied).
DISCUSSION
A natural parent has a fundamental liberty interest in the care, custody, and management
of her child. In re B.B.M., 291 S.W.3d at 468 (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753
(1982)). This right cannot be infringed absent evidence that such care, custody, and management
by the natural parent would result in physical or emotional harm to the child. Id. (citing Lewelling,
796 S.W.2d at 167). Although the Department did not seek to terminate Mother’s parental rights,
and consequently was not required to meet the “clear and convincing evidence” standard of proof
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applicable to terminations, it was required to offer evidence to “support the logical inference that
some specific, identifiable behavior or conduct of [Mother] will probably harm” A.M. Id. at 467.
We conclude that the evidence presented at trial, detailed below, was insufficient to
overcome “[t]he strong presumption that the best interest of a child is served by appointing a
natural parent as managing conservator.” See In re B.B.M., 291 S.W.3d at 467. There was no
evidence that Mother’s “specific, identifiable behavior or conduct,” “demonstrated by specific acts
or omissions,” will probably harm A.M. See id. At most, the evidence “merely raise[d] a suspicion
or speculation of possible harm.” See id. Consequently, the trial court lacked sufficient evidence
on which to exercise its discretion. In Interest of L.W., 2016 WL 3960600, at *2.
At trial, the Department cited its “concerns about Mother’s mental health and whether or
not she’s still getting the necessary help that she still needs” and Mother’s failure to visit A.M. as
grounds for seeking appointment of J.J. as sole managing conservator. The Department, joined by
the guardian ad litem, also requested continuation of supervised visitation. Mother requested
appointment as managing conservator and return of A.M. to her home.
J.J. testified that she had concerns about returning A.M. to Mother’s custody. Citing
Mother’s mental health, J.J. expressed a concern that A.M.’s return to Mother might be short-lived
because Mother “wasn’t willing” to get the treatment she needed. J.J. also testified that Mother
“cried and said she just couldn’t deal with it anymore, she can’t do it anymore” in J.J.’s presence
before A.M. was placed in J.J.’s home.
J.J. also opined that Mother’s desire to have the children returned is “all about the benefits”
that Mother would receive. In response to questioning by the guardian ad litem, J.J. testified she
was contacted by HUD and the IRS because Mother reported to both agencies that the children
were living with her when they were actually in J.J.’s custody.
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J.J. also testified that Mother’s visits with A.M. had ceased the previous May, so Mother
had not seen A.M. for nine months at the time of trial. When A.M. was placed with J.J. in January
2018, Mother was to have weekly visits. Despite J.J.’s weekly reminders by text message, Mother
usually came only twice a month, and then ceased visiting altogether in May. Mother told J.J. why
she stopped coming for visits:
She told me that she didn’t want to be bothered with it anymore. I also—she said
that she was afraid of my mom [R.J., at whose home the visits were held], the reason
why she didn’t want to do my visits at my mom’s house anymore, ‘cause that’s
where the visitations were supposed to be at. So—but that was the reason why.
J.J. testified that Mother asked her for another place to visit. J.J. suggested they go “right down the
street to the park,” but Mother said “Oh, no, I don’t want to go down there either.” J.J. testified
that she “left it at that. I mean, I can’t force [Mother] to come see the kids. I can only offer.”
On cross-examination, J.J. testified that shortly before trial Mother took Valentine cards
and cupcakes to R.J.’s home for A.M. to take to school. J.J. also admitted that it was a twenty-
minute drive from her home to R.J.’s, and she had not had a car between August of 2018 and the
date of trial in February 2019. “[A] couple of times,” R.J. picked up the children and drove them
back for visits. And J.J. admitted she had been unable to bring A.M. to R.J.’s for a visit at Mother’s
request in February 2019.
Autumn Carter, A.M.’s caseworker, testified that in September 2017, the Department
received a referral of neglectful supervision of A.M. “due to Mother’s untreated mental illness and
possible domestic violence and drug usage in the home.” Carter testified that although Mother had
completed the services required by CPS, Mother was not following the service providers’
recommendations. Specifically, “per the psychological evaluation, it stated that [Mother] needed
to be medication compliant.” But when Carter visited Mother’s home at the end of January, Mother
had taken only four pills from each of her two daily prescriptions that had been filled on August
24, 2018. Carter testified,
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Q. How is that a concern to CPS, that she’s not taking her medications? And
what’s the concern about that affecting her parenting ability?
A. Well, the initial referral was a concern—it was neglectful supervision due
to Mother’s untreated mental health. And her not being medication
compliant shows that she’s not treating her mental health.
Q. And when you tried to talk to the mother about her either going to follow
up with her psychiatrist or taking medication, what would she tell you?
A. She said she was going to Green Oaks weekly—I don’t remember which
day of the week. And I told her I needed her to sign a release of information
so I could get documentation that she said she would do so. She told me
multiple times she would be able to do that, but I still was never able to
obtain anything.
Carter testified that Mother did bring a letter to trial from Green Oaks Hospital. The letter
was introduced into evidence and reflected that Mother’s “diagnoses include Generalized Anxiety
Disorder and Depression, not otherwise specified.” But contrary to Mother’s report to Carter that
she was “going to Green Oaks weekly,” the letter, dated February 19, 2019, reflects that Mother
was “last seen” there in August, 2018. Carter testified that Mother “completed individual
counseling that focused on some of the traumas she experienced in her childhood,” and based on
her review of Mother’s psychological evaluation, she had concerns “whether or not [Mother] is
mentally stable enough to protect her children.” She testified that she had not seen a change in
Mother’s mental state during the pendency of the case.
Carter also testified that she and Mother discussed Mother’s reluctance to visit the children
at R.J.’s home. Mother told Carter “she feels a little threatened by the caregiver. She feels
uncomfortable, and she feels kind of like the caregiver and her family judges her.” Carter
disagreed, telling Mother “I don’t feel like they judge [you] and they do support [you].” Carter
also discussed the matter with J.J., who “actually doesn’t understand why [Mother] would feel
threatened.” On cross-examination, Carter admitted she had not observed any of the visits at R.J.’s
home. But she also testified that in her experience it is common for parents to feel uncomfortable
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when they are supervised with their children. Carter also testified that Mother never complained
that J.J. prevented her from seeing the children.
Mother testified about “what it was like” to visit the children at R.J.’s home:
A. From my knowledge, when I was there, I would have to sit like a stool
pigeon, like I wasn’t there, like I was going to run off with my kids. No, I
would not run off with my kids because I understand what I would have to
do—I would go to jail.
Q. Why did you feel you had to sit there like a stool pigeon?
A. Because I felt like I was getting watched hardly [sic]. But I’m not going to
harm my kids.
Q. What caused you to think you were being watched hard?
A. The way they was looking at me. My [A.M.] and [M.O.], when I’m playing
with them, I will tell them, Okay, I can’t do that or I can’t do that or I can’t
do that. . . .
Q. Okay. What happened that caused you to feel like you didn’t want to go
visit over there any more?
A. The way—I got yelled at one time in there and everything, and she yelled—
[J.J.]’s mother yelled at me, and I didn’t like that. That’s why I stopped
going for a while.
Q. Okay. And why—what did she yell at you about?
A. It was one of the kids—I don’t know which one it was. I was playing with
him—I think I was playing with them rough, and I didn’t understand. I don’t
play with my kids rough. I play with them, and that’s what it was.
Q. Okay. And she yelled at you about that?
A. Yes.
Q. What do you mean by yelled at?
A. Real loud. . . . Like, Don’t do that. And I—I—I can admit I am afraid of
them.
Q. All right. And what makes you afraid of them?
A. Because I don’t feel—I feel threatened because I feel that sometimes when
I’m around there or when I walk around there—I do reach out—I have
reached out to [J.J.] about seeing the kids. . . .
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On cross-examination, Mother admitted that although she had attended numerous hearings
concerning the court’s temporary orders in the case, she never asked either her attorney or the
judge to have the visitations changed.
On cross-examination, Carter also testified that she had been to Mother’s home. The home
is a three-bedroom apartment, so “[t]here are rooms for her kids,” and Mother told Carter “she was
in the process of getting beds for the kids.” The apartment was clean and there was food available.
Carter did not see the lease to determine how long Mother would be able to live in the apartment,
but all of the utilities were on. When asked whether there was anything unsafe about the apartment,
Carter mentioned only the “highly strong smell of bleach,” probably because Mother knew Carter
was coming and cleaned for her.
Mother testified that “I want my kids back home.” When asked if she understood “why the
children were removed initially,” Mother responded:
A. Yes.
Q. And why was that?
A. Because I know of—when the lady came, she told me that my son—‘cause
he was with me—and that she needed to see me—see—talk to me. She went
to my neighbor and knocked on her door, because I was at the school the
day before, with the card on the door saying—she came at me and said that
CPS had came to the door and someone called and I called her—she called
came a day early to see me. She came way early, and I was on my way to
the office to put in a work order, and she said—she asked me, I—CPS, and
I told her yes.
Q. And what was the reason she said she was there?
A. She said she was there to see me and to see [P.O.] because she said she don’t
[sic] already seen the girls at school.
Q. Okay. And eventually, CPS removed the children, correct?
A. Correct.
The appellate record contains little evidence regarding the nature of Mother’s mental
illness, the prescribed treatment for it, or, most importantly, its effect on her ability to care for her
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children. The initial referral to the Department included a report that Mother “‘hurts herself a lot’
and is going to hospitals,” according to the affidavit of Chasiti Hill, a Department investigator.
Hill’s affidavit attached to the Department’s petition also reflects that when Hill visited Mother on
September 28, 2017, Mother stated “that she has Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. She states
that she hasn’t been to [G]reen [O]aks in years for treatment and she is not currently taking her
medication.” The letter from Green Oaks Hospital admitted into evidence at trial shows that
Mother’s “diagnoses include Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression, not otherwise
specified; she does have previous diagnosis of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, though she is not
currently reporting symptoms.” The letter mentions neither bipolar disorder nor schizophrenia.
The ad litem questioned Mother about a report that Mother had a brain tumor, but Mother denied
having a brain tumor.
No physician or counselor testified at trial to clarify these matters. The record reflects that
a psychological evaluation was ordered for Mother, but no report of the evaluation was introduced
into evidence or is otherwise included in the record. Although Carter testified she reviewed the
report, the trial court sustained a hearsay objection to Carter’s testimony about the report’s
contents. As we have discussed, Carter testified that Mother did not appear to be taking her
prescribed medications as directed. But Carter did not testify about the symptoms that the
medications were prescribed to address. Carter testified that Mother promised “multiple times” to
provide her records from treatment at Green Oaks, but never did so.
“[A] parent’s mental illness diagnosis alone does not necessarily demonstrate that a child’s
physical health or emotional development will be significantly impaired by parental custody.” In
re L.D.F., 445 S.W.3d 823, 831 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2014, no pet.); see also In re C.M.B., 204
S.W.3d 886, 895 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, pet. denied) (“Mental illness or incompetence of a
parent alone are not grounds for terminating a parent-child relationship.”). In L.D.F., however,
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“[a]dditional evidentiary factors ma[d]e Appellant’s diagnosis and psychiatric history relevant,”
including connections between the appellant’s psychiatric hospital stays, his use of illegal drugs,
and his assaults on family members. See L.D.F., 445 S.W.3d at 831. The court also noted that
because the trial court was in the best position to observe the witnesses, it would “defer to its
assessments, particularly in mental health cases,” as long as “those findings are not an abuse of
discretion.” Id. Consequently, the trial court could consider the appellant’s psychiatric history in
making its conservatorship ruling. See id.; see also C.M.B., 204 S.W.3d at 895 (if parent’s mental
state causes her to engage in conduct that endangers child’s emotional well-being, that conduct
may be considered in termination proceeding). In Sawyer v. Texas Department of Protective and
Regulatory Services, “more than one professional” testified that a mother needed “to be on
medication so that she can comply with the responsibilities of being a parent.”
No. 03-02-00286-CV, 2003 WL 549216, at *8 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 27, 2003, no pet.). Noting
the mother’s failure to follow “repeated advice to return to some form of medication,” the court
concluded,
Sawyer [mother] has exhibited a pattern of ignoring the advice of her doctors and
therapists. She has not accepted the fact that she is mentally ill and has refused
treatment. That refusal endangers her children.
Id. Combined with the mother’s lack of parenting skill, her drug use, and her contact with abusive
men, evidence of her untreated mental illness could support a finding that she “could not provide
her children with a safe environment.” See id. In contrast to the evidence presented in L.D.F. and
Sawyer, the Department did not offer evidence to support a finding by the trial court that Mother’s
untreated mental illness will result in “some specific, identifiable behavior or conduct” that “will
probably harm” A.M. See In re B.B.M., 291 S.W.3d at 467. Consequently, the Department did not
offer evidence sufficient to overcome the “strong presumption” that A.M.’s best interest would be
served by appointing Mother, her natural parent, as managing conservator. See id. Carter testified
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that the Department did not recommend designating Mother as managing conservator because “the
issue here was untreated mental health.” She testified that Mother had been given additional time—
from September 2017 to the time of trial in February 2019—to be medication compliant, but was
not. But as we have noted, the Department’s evidence did not (1) identify Mother’s illness with
any certainty, (2) show the effects of the untreated illness on Mother’s ability to care for A.M., or
(3) show probable harm to A.M. See id. Without evidence that Mother’s untreated mental health
“would significantly impair” A.M.’s “physical health or emotional development,” the Department
failed to meet its burden to establish that it is not in A.M.’s best interest to appoint Mother as
managing conservator. See FAM. CODE § 153.131(a).
Family code section 153.131(a) “creates a parental preference by placing the burden on the
non-parent seeking conservatorship to establish that the parent’s appointment [as managing
conservator] would result in significant impairment to the child.” Interest of F.E.N., 2019 WL
2667029, at *2. Because the Department did not meet this burden, we sustain Mother’s sole issue.
CONCLUSION
We reverse the portion of the trial court’s order appointing Mother as A.M.’s possessory
conservator and remand to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
/Leslie Osborne/
LESLIE OSBORNE
JUSTICE
190412F.P05
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Court of Appeals
Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
JUDGMENT
IN THE INTEREST OF A.M., A CHILD, On Appeal from the 254th Judicial District
Court, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-19-00412-CV Trial Court Cause No. DF-13-09918-R.
Opinion delivered by Justice Osborne;
Justices Schenck and Reichek,
participating.
In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
REVERSED and this cause is REMANDED to the trial court for further proceedings consistent
with the opinion.
Judgment entered this 29th day of August, 2019.
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in the Interest of A.M., a Child
Combined Opinion