IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-1370
Filed September 11, 2019
EDDIE ADAMS,
Applicant-Appellant,
vs.
STATE OF IOWA,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County, Thomas A. Bitter,
Judge.
Eddie Adams appeals from an order denying him postconviction relief.
AFFIRMED.
Joey T. Hoover of Hoover Law Firm P.L.L.C., Epworth, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Darrel Mullins, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee State.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Doyle and Bower, JJ.
2
DOYLE, Judge.
In this postconviction-relief (PCR) appeal, Eddie Adams contends his trial
counsel and PCR counsel were ineffective. After a de novo review, see Lamasters
v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 862 (Iowa 2012), we find no merit to Adams’s
arguments. We affirm the PCR court’s order denying Adams relief.
A jury found Adams guilty of first-degree robbery, possession of an illegal
firearm, and possession of a firearm as a felon. State v. Adams, No.11-1210, 2013
WL 4502303, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 21, 2013). We affirmed his judgment and
sentence. Id. at *7. Adams applied for PCR claiming his trial counsel was
ineffective in many ways, including failure to object to the trial court’s Allen charge1
to the jury and failure to have his DNA expert conduct her own analysis of the
evidence.
In addressing the DNA expert issue, the PCR court determined,
Adams claims his DNA expert should have conducted his/her
own analysis of the evidence. The opinion from the Court of Appeals
mentions very briefly “the prosecutor’s comment on the fact that his
(Adams) DNA expert did not independently test the materials that the
State’s expert tested.” On appeal, this issue was raised as an
allegation of prosecutorial misconduct. [Trial counsel] says he hired
a DNA expert from St. Louis. No further evidence was presented to
this court regarding the DNA issue, and whether independent testing
would have made any difference. Based upon the record, it would
be pure speculation for this court to assume that either the testing by
the State’s expert was inaccurate or incorrect, or that independent
testing by Adams’s expert would have revealed any different
findings.
1
The common name for verdict-urging or “dynamite” instructions comes from Allen v.
United States, 164 U.S. 492, 501 (1896).
3
The PCR court did not address the Allen charge issue. Adams’s PCR counsel did
not ask the court to expand its order. Adams appeals the court’s denial of his PCR
application.2
To succeed on an ineffective-assistance claim, a PCR applicant must
establish that counsel breached a duty and prejudice resulted. See Lamasters,
821 N.W.2d at 866. We may affirm a ruling rejecting an ineffective-assistance
claim if either element is lacking. See id.
Adams first contends his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to have his
DNA expert independently test the evidence. To meet the prejudice prong of
ineffective assistance of counsel one must show “that there is a reasonable
probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding
would have been different.” Id. (citation omitted). Asserting the error “conceivably
could have influenced the outcome” of the proceeding is not enough. Id. (citation
omitted); see also Dunbar v. State, 515 N.W.2d 12, 15 (Iowa 1994) (claiming
defense counsel did not fully investigate a case requires an applicant to state what
an investigation would have revealed or how anything discovered would have
affected the result of the trial); Grayson v. State, No.17-0919, 2018 WL 347552, at
*1 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 10, 2018) (“Mere speculation as to the existence of
exculpatory evidence is insufficient to show such evidence probably would have
2
Adams states he preserved error by timely filing a notice of appeal. As we have stated
time and time again (more than fifty times since our published opinion of State v. Lange,
831 N.W.2d 844, 846-47 (Iowa Ct. App. 2013)), the filing of a notice of appeal does not
preserve error for our review. See Thomas A. Mayes & Anuradha Vaitheswaran, Error
Preservation in Civil Appeals in Iowa: Perspectives on Present Practice, 55 Drake L. Rev.
39, 48 (Fall 2006) (“However error is preserved, it is not preserved by filing a notice of
appeal. While this is a common statement in briefs, it is erroneous, for the notice of appeal
has nothing to do with error preservation.”). That said, error preservation is uncontested
here.
4
changed the outcome of trial.”). Adams does not even suggest more DNA testing
of the evidence would have changed the outcome of his criminal trial. Rather, he
asserts “[b]y the time the PCR came around the items were no longer around to
test,” so we should overrule precedent and allow him a new trial so he can argue
spoliation to the jury. We decline to do so.
His allegation that the evidence was no longer around to test is not
supported by a reference to the record. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g)(3)
(requiring references to the pertinent parts of the record in accordance with rule
6.904(4)). We need not search a record to verify unreferenced facts. See
Channon v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 629 N.W.2d 835, 866 (Iowa 2001). Even so,
we found nothing in our review of the record to support Adams’s allegation the
items were unavailable for testing at the time of the PCR proceedings. But even if
the items were unavailable for testing, Adams fails to show that the State
deliberately destroyed the evidence—a requirement that he must prove by
substantial evidence before the court gives a spoliation instruction. State v.
Hartsfield, 681 N.W.2d 626, 630 (Iowa 2004). Adams’s argument on this issue
fails.
Next, Adams argues his PCR counsel was ineffective for not moving for
expanded findings of facts and conclusions about the legality of the Allen charge.
In his PCR application, he alleges his trial counsel was ineffective by failing “to
object to the trial court’s Allen charge to the jury after seven days of deliberation.”
Adams did not raise the Allen charge issue during the PCR trial, and the PCR court
did not address the issue in its order. PCR counsel did not file a rule 1.904(2)
motion asking the court to expand it ruling. Ordinarily, such failures waive
5
appellate review. But Adams raises the issue as ineffective assistance of PCR
counsel, which he may do for the first time on appeal. Dunbar, 515 N.W.2d at 16.
If the record does not allow resolution of a claim of ineffective assistance of PCR
counsel raised for the first time on appeal, the proper mechanism is for an applicant
to file a separate PCR application in the district court. See Goode v. State, 920
N.W.2d 520, 526-27 (Iowa 2018). We find the record sufficient here to decide the
issue.3
Adams’s argument hinges on an exchange during the deposition of his trial
counsel. PCR counsel noted Iowa case law disfavors the Allen charge instruction
and Adams’s trial counsel responded, “I’m aware of that now. I was not aware of
it at the time of trial.” From there he argues:
Yet, when the District Court failed to address this issue of the Allen
Charge, the Post- Conviction Counsel did not file a motion to expand
findings of facts and conclusions. In fact, the Post-Conviction
Counsel failed to even state to the Judge how the Allen Charge was
defective despite having the Trial Attorney’s agreement that Allen
Charges were not favored.
3
At the end of testimony at the PCR trial, the State’s attorney asked the court to take
judicial notice of “the file.” Adams’s attorney said, “We just intend to submit the matter to
the court based on the record.” The court inquired of the State’s attorney, “[A]nything else
you want me to read or consider?” The State’s attorney responded, “We would only ask
that the Court, obviously, take judicial notice of the transcript. I don’t expect the Court to
read 2600 pages of transcript, but the references I made in my resistance are to the
specific pages. That’s all.” The court said, “Okay. And I’ll do that for both parties. Any
argument or any reference made to the transcript, I’ll go back and refer to the transcript to
find those—those actual statements in the transcript.” Adams’s attorney then responded,
“No argument, judge. We intend to submit the matter on the record again.” We believe
this to be sufficient for us to consider the criminal file as part of the record before us. The
district court transmitted the criminal court record to the supreme court along with the PCR
record.
6
Adams requests that “[t]he issue should be remanded back to the District Court for
further proceedings and have a full evidentiary hearing on whether or not the Allen
Charge was in fact deficient.” We decline to do so.
Adams does not bother to tell us what happened at the trial. He cites no
part of the criminal court record. He identifies no instructions given, only assumes
the court gave an Allen instruction at trial. He makes no claim the instruction, if in
fact given, was deficient in some way that would warrant granting a new trial in his
case. We could outright reject his claim, for we need not do PCR appellate
counsel’s work. See Venckus v. City of Iowa City, 930 N.W.2d 792, 806 (Iowa
2019). Judges are not like pigs, routing for meritorious truffles buried in the record.
See United States v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956 (7th Cir. 1991); see also Brown v.
Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 537 (1953) (“He who must search a haystack for a needle is
likely to end up with the attitude that the needle is not worth the search.”).
Presumably to avoid a summary rejection of his claim, Adams asks us to remand
for a full evidentiary hearing to determine whether the instruction was deficient.
With the record in front of us, a remand is unnecessary for disposition of the claim.
Electing to stave off another PCR proceeding based on waiver of the
argument, we plow forward. Adams’s criminal trial began on May 10, 2011. The
jury began deliberating the morning of May 25. In the afternoon of May 26, the
jury sent a note stating it was deadlocked on the attempt-to-commit-murder
charge. The note the judge sent back stated, “Please return refreshed in the
morning.” The jury went home for the evening and returned the next morning to
deliberate. Again, the jury sent a note saying it was still deadlocked on the
attempted-murder charge. The judge sent a note back asking about the other
7
three counts. The jury informed the court, through the court attendant, that it had
reached unanimous verdicts on counts II, III, and IV. The judge asked the jury to
look through the instructions for another hour. After the noon hour, the jury
informed the court that it had unanimous decisions on all charges. The jury found
Adams guilty on all four counts.
We can hardly construe the court’s note to the jury to return refreshed in the
morning or to look through the instructions for another hour as Allen verdict-urging
instructions.4 Because the record contradicts Adams’s claim the court gave the
jury an Allen instruction, his argument has no merit.
We affirm the PCR court’s order denying Adams PCR.
AFFIRMED.
4
For a typical Allen charge instruction, see, e.g., State v. Wright, 772 N.W.2d 774, 776
(Iowa Ct. App. 2009); State v. Parmer, No. 13-2033, 2015 WL 2393652, at *6 (Iowa Ct.
App. May 20, 2015); State v. Power, No. 13-0052, 2014 WL 2600214, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App.
June 11, 2014).