NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-1240-18T4
DAVID SCOTT LANDAU, APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
Plaintiff-Respondent, September 12, 2019
APPELLATE DIVISION
v.
STACY LANDAU,
Defendant-Appellant.
__________________________
Argued March 13, 2019 - Decided September 12, 2019
Before Judges Fuentes, Accurso and Vernoia.
On appeal from an interlocutory order of the Superior
Court of New Jersey, Chancery Division, Family Part,
Morris County, Docket No. FM-14-1196-12.
Karin Duchin Haber argued the cause for appellant
(Haber Silver & Simpson, attorneys; Karin Duchin
Haber, of counsel; Carole A. Hafferty, on the briefs).
Mark H. Sobel argued the cause for respondent
(Greenbaum, Rowe, Smith & Davis LLP, attorneys;
Mark H. Sobel, of counsel and on the brief; Barry S.
Sobel, on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
ACCURSO, J.A.D.
The question presented by this appeal, here on leave granted, is whether
the changed circumstances standard of Lepis v. Lepis, 83 N.J. 139, 157 (1980),
continues to apply to a motion to suspend or terminate alimony based on
cohabitation following the 2014 amendments to the alimony statute, N.J.S.A.
2A:34-23(n). We determine the party seeking modification still has the burden
of showing the changed circumstance of cohabitation so as to warrant relief
from an alimony obligation, see Martindell v. Martindell, 21 N.J. 341, 353
(1956), and hold the 2014 amendments to the alimony statute did not alter the
requirement that "[a] prima facie showing of changed circumstances must be
made before a court will order discovery of an ex-spouse's financial status."
Lepis, 83 N.J. at 157. Because the trial court ordered discovery in this case
without a prima facie showing of changed circumstances, we reverse.
Plaintiff David Scott Landau and defendant Stacy Landau were divorced
in 2014 after an almost eleven-year marriage and three children. Pursuant to
the marital settlement agreement incorporated into their judgment of divorce,
which was entered after the effective date of the 2014 amendments to the
alimony statute, 1 the parties agreed that defendant would receive limited
duration term alimony.
1
L. 2014, c. 42, § 1 became effective the day it was enacted, September 10,
2014.
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Plaintiff agreed to pay defendant $44,000 per month for the first three
years, until September 2017, and $40,000 per month for the next four-and-a-
half years, until March 2022. The parties agreed alimony would terminate on
the death of either party, defendant's remarriage or March 31, 2022, whichever
first occurs. The agreement further provides that "[n]otwithstanding anything
contained herein to the contrary, the Wife's cohabitation as defined by then-
current statutory and case law shall be a basis for the Husband to file an
application seeking a review and potential modification, suspension or
termination of alimony pursuant to New Jersey law."
In December 2017, plaintiff moved to terminate, suspend or modify
alimony based on defendant's cohabitation with the man plaintiff alleged
defendant had been seeing exclusively for over a year. Plaintiff filed a
certification in support of the motion alleging the two had traveled together,
attended social activities as a couple and posted photos and accounts of their
activities on social media sites. Plaintiff alleged the man engaged in many
activities with the parties' children and regularly slept over at defendant's
home, as she did at his home. Plaintiff claimed the man attended events he
used to attend with defendant, including family birthday dinners with her
parents. He further claimed the man attended the Bar Mitzvah of one of the
parties' sons and was seated next to defendant in the position of honor for a
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parent of the child being Bar Mitzvahed. At the celebration afterwards,
plaintiff alleged defendant publicly acknowledged the man and their
relationship in her speech. He also claimed defendant told him she moved h er
brokerage accounts to the firm where the man works and got a "friends and
family discount."
Defendant opposed the motion and cross-moved to restrain plaintiff from
harassing her and sought her counsel fees for having to defend a motion
without "even prima facie support." Defendant filed a certification averring
that having a boyfriend does not mean she is cohabiting. She acknowledged
that they traveled together, each paying their own way, and occasionally slept
over at one another's home, as one would expect of two adults in a dating
relationship.
Defendant denied, however, that they were in a relationship tantamount
to marriage. She averred the two had "never discussed [their] 'future' with
respect to merging [their] lives," performed no household chores for one
another, had no intertwined finances, do not share living expenses and do not
have authority over one another's children. She noted each of them took
separate family vacations, not something that married couples typically do.
Defendant also noted she often attended social events alone, and that her
boyfriend did not attend her law school graduation or her swearing-in
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ceremony, something he certainly would have done had they been in a
relationship akin to marriage. As to her son's Bar Mitzvah, defendant noted
her boyfriend attended as her "date" and thus sat next to her, but did not
participate in the ceremony and his presence was not commemorated by being
included in any family photos. She denied she received any discount in
connection with moving her brokerage accounts, and noted her boyfriend had
nothing to do with her accounts at the firm. Defendant averred that while she
and her boyfriend enjoyed one another's company, they were simply dating on
a regular basis and had "no obligations" to one another.
In reply, plaintiff submitted the certification of the ex-state trooper
plaintiff employed to surveil defendant and the man she was seeing. Although
that individual certified based on his "surveillances" and "other information
from [plaintiff], all of which indicates that [defendant] and [her boyfriend]
cohabit in each other's residence approximately 75% of the time period
examined," he did not identify the time period and specified only two instances
in which he spotted defendant or her boyfriend leaving the other's home in the
morning.
Following oral argument on the motions, the judge put his ruling on the
record. Although acknowledging the "general task for the judge hearing the
[cohabitation] motion is to determine whether the moving party has established
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a prima facie case of cohabitation," meaning that plaintiff's "proffered
evidence, if . . . unrebutted would . . . sustain a judgment" in his favor, the
judge "decided that [he was] not going to decide whether . . . plaintiff has
made out a prima facie case, but [he was] going to allow discovery . . . to
allow . . . plaintiff the opportunity to make a showing of a prima facie case, or
not, as the case may be."
Conceding that neither counsel had been able to locate "a case that
clearly says that a judge in [his] position can do that," the judge noted certain
"dicta, in unpublished cases, which [he was] not relying on, that seem to
indicate that judges have" permitted discovery "before deciding the motion."
Lamenting the lack of "a clear Appellate Decision on this point" and
acknowledging that much of plaintiff's "proffered evidence . . . is consistent
with either a dating relationship or a cohabitation relationship," the judge
nevertheless determined that allowing "certain discovery" from which plaintiff
"either will or won't be able to make out a prima facie showing" was the "fair
and equitable thing to do in this case."
The judge explained that "because of the nature of a cohabitation
relationship, the difficulties of proving it, . . . and the proffered evidence that
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is consistent with potential concealment [2] of such a relationship, [he was]
going to authorize limited discovery . . . [of] 15 interrogatories and notices to
produce on . . . any of the [statutory] factors . . . as well as a deposition of . . .
defendant and a deposition of [defendant's boyfriend]." The judge stated that
upon completion of that discovery he would expect plaintiff to then
"essentially re-file [his] motion, if [he thought he could] make out a prima
facie case."
The court thereafter entered an order finding plaintiff had made "a
sufficient showing to warrant limited discovery concerning the existence of a
prima facie cohabitation relationship between defendant and her alleged
cohabitant," such discovery being "limited in scope to the factors set forth in
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n)." The court subsequently denied defendant's motion for
reconsideration, although reiterating it "could not conclude" from the evidence
2
Plaintiff alleged defendant took down her Facebook posts referring to her
boyfriend after plaintiff confronted her about cohabiting with him. He also
alleged he saw her boyfriend's car one day parked in her driveway in such a
way as to "mak[e] it difficult for anyone to see" and spied her boyfriend
"literally hiding behind and peeking through a bush, apparently waiting for
[plaintiff] to leave." Defendant claimed she did not take down her Facebook
posts, that plaintiff is not her Facebook "friend," and he has no access to her
private account, making it unclear as to where he acquired the "facts" he
proffered to the court. As to plaintiff's allegation that her boyfriend was
"hiding" in her driveway, defendant claimed he was simply trying to avoid her
lawn sprinklers splashing water on his Porsche. She further noted that were
she intent on concealing her boyfriend's presence at her home, she would have
directed him to park in her garage.
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proffered by plaintiff "that he had made a prima facie case." Expressly finding
"[w]e are not at the stage where it would be appropriate for [the court] to find
a prima facie case, which would authorize discovery and also very
significantly require a plenary hearing"3 where defendant would have the
burden of proof, 4 the judge reaffirmed his ruling permitting "limited
discovery" after which plaintiff "still will have to make a prima facie case
showing."
Because counsel could not agree on the "limited discovery" allowed, the
court conducted a case management conference on the record to resolve their
discovery dispute. After reviewing the discovery propounded by plaintiff, the
court noted the "very broad standard when it comes to discovery" and found
the requested information was "reasonably calculated to lead to admissible
evidence concerning the nature of the relationship."
Thus, although the court restricted the discovery to a two-year period
instead of the five years requested by plaintiff, the discovery of defendant it
permitted included production of:
All bank account statements;
3
Lepis provides "a party must clearly demonstrate the existence of a genuine
issue as to a material fact before a hearing is necessary." 83 N.J. at 159.
4
See Ozolins v. Ozolins, 308 N.J. Super. 243, 248-49 (App. Div. 1998).
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All brokerage account statements;
All IRA and retirement account statements;
Documents reflecting all securities and investments;
All records of transactions involving assets of any kind;
Statements of all bank accounts not in defendant's or her
boyfriend's names for which either was authorized to deposit or
withdraw funds;
All records pertaining to real estate acquired;
Copies of filed tax returns;
Copies of all credit card and charge account records;
Copies of all loan applications or financial statements;
Copies of all travel receipts;
Copies of all communications between defendant and any financial
advisor;
Copies of defendant's boyfriend's utility bills and all bank records
and credit card statements for any account to which defendant has
access; and
Copies of all financial documentation relating to any items paid by
defendant's boyfriend on her behalf.
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In addition to that financial discovery, the court also permitted plaintiff
to demand of defendant "[c]opies of all communications between defendant
and [her boyfriend]," including but not limited to "letters, cards, emails, texts
or voicemails"; "[a]ll documents, including but not limited to, invitations,
defendant's personal calendar and defendant's electronic calendar for all events
attended for the past [two] years"; all defendant's and her boyfriend's EZ Pass
records; and copies of "any and all" of defendant's "social media posts"
"naming, identifying, mentioning and/or 'tagging' [defendant's boyfriend]
and/or any vacations or other events attended by both defendant and [her
boyfriend]" in advance of their depositions.
We granted defendant's motion for leave to appeal and stayed the
discovery pending our disposition.
Defendant argues that ordering discovery without a prima facie showing
of cohabitation was reversible error. Plaintiff contends that defendant's
position that he "first demonstrate a prima facie showing of cohabitation"
before being permitted to conduct discovery "will render the 2014 amendments
of N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n) essentially meaningless." He argues in those
amendments "our Legislature signaled a clear departure from then -existing law
— i.e., Lepis . . . and its progeny — with respect to analyzing motions to
terminate alimony based upon cohabitation." He also argues that the parties'
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marital settlement agreement, which provides him the right to seek
termination, suspension or modification of his alimony obligation should
defendant "cohabit with another individual pursuant to then-existing law (now
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n))" entitles him "to all information statutorily required for
analysis" under that statute, including "all relevant financial information."5
The power of the Family Part to enter a divorce and award alimony is, of
course, statutory. Parmly v. Parmly, 125 N.J. Eq. 545, 546 (E. & A. 1939)
("The jurisdiction of chancery to award permanent alimony as an incident to a
decree of divorce a vinculo matrimonii [from the bond of matrimony] in the
wife's favor is statutory in origin."). Our Court of Errors and Appeals
interpreted the 1937 Revised Statute providing that "after decree of divorce,
the court of chancery may make such order touching the alimony of the wife
. . . as the circumstances of the parties and the nature of the case shall render
fit, reasonable and just," N.J. Rev. Stat. §2:50-37 (1937), as "investing
chancery with a continuing jurisdiction after a divorce . . . not subject to the
5
Plaintiff cites nothing in the parties' agreement or any case to support his
assertion that the inclusion of an anti-cohabitation clause in a marital
settlement agreement entitles him "to all information statutorily required for
analysis" under N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n), including "all relevant financial
information," without a prima facie showing of cohabitation. Accordingly, we
deem the argument as without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a
written opinion, R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E), and do not consider it further.
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control of the parties, as regards . . . alimony." Parmly, 125 N.J. Eq. at 547.
The Court noted "this jurisdiction has been conferred in substantially similar
language" "[f]rom early times." 6 Ibid. (citing Nixon's Digest 206 § 9 (2d ed.);
N.J. Rev. Stat. § 19 (1877)).
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23, our current statute, similarly provides that "after
judgment of divorce . . . the court may make such order as to the alimony or
maintenance of the parties . . . as the circumstances of the parties and the
nature of the case shall render fit, reasonable and just." The continuing
jurisdiction of the Family Part to modify the alimony fixed in the original
judgment of divorce "upon application by either party" is now express in
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23, which "provides that such orders 'may be revised and
altered by the court from time to time as circumstances may require.'"
Martindell, 21 N.J. at 352. It is that language, which the Legislature did not
alter in the 2014 amendments, which codifies that "alimony and support orders
define only the present obligations of the former spouses" and grounds the
6
Indeed, the Supreme Court in Martindell noted "support or alimony for the
wife has been an incident of divorce proceedings" in New Jersey "since the act
of December 2, 1794 which vested jurisdiction in the Court of Chancery in
divorce cases, specified the grounds for divorce, and provided that the court
may make such order relating to the wife's alimony as 'may be fit, equitable
and just,'" and that "[l]ater enactments carried forth similarly comprehensive
authority which is now found in N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23." 21 N.J. at 351-52.
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court's equitable power to review and modify such orders "on a showing of
'changed circumstances.'" Lepis, 83 N.J. at 146; see also Quinn v. Quinn, 225
N.J. 34, 49 (2016).
As this history makes plain, the Family Part's jurisdiction to modify
orders providing for alimony or child support on changed circumstances long
pre-dates Lepis. Lepis was simply the Court's opportunity to provide direction
for "the standards and procedures" trial courts should employ "for modifying
support and maintenance arrangements after a final judgment of divorce." 83
N.J. at 143. In Lepis, the Court: 1) addressed "the effect of a consensual
agreement upon the court's power to modify obligations of support and
maintenance"; 2) "examine[d] generally what constitutes 'changed
circumstances' so as to warrant a modification of those obligations"; and 3)
established "the procedures that a court should employ when passing upon a
modification petition — particularly the allocation of the burdens of proof and
the conditions for compelling production of tax returns." Id. at 145.
As the Legislature made no change to the language providing that orders
"the court may make . . . as to the alimony or maintenance of the parties" "may
be revised and altered by the court from time to time as circumstances may
require," N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23, we see no indication the Legislature evinced any
intention to alter the Lepis changed circumstances paradigm when it defined
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cohabitation and enumerated the factors a court is to consider in determining
"whether cohabitation is occurring" in the 2014 amendments to N.J.S.A.
2A:34-23.7 See DiProspero v. Penn, 183 N.J. 477, 492 (2005) (noting courts
7
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n) provides:
n. Alimony may be suspended or terminated if the
payee cohabits with another person. Cohabitation
involves a mutually supportive, intimate personal
relationship in which a couple has undertaken duties
and privileges that are commonly associated with
marriage or civil union but does not necessarily
maintain a single common household.
When assessing whether cohabitation is occurring, the
court shall consider the following:
(1) Intertwined finances such as joint bank accounts
and other joint holdings or liabilities;
(2) Sharing or joint responsibility for living expenses;
(3) Recognition of the relationship in the couple’s
social and family circle;
(4) Living together, the frequency of contact, the
duration of the relationship, and other indicia of a
mutually supportive intimate personal relationship;
(5) Sharing household chores;
(6) Whether the recipient of alimony has received an
enforceable promise of support from another person
within the meaning of subsection h. of R.S.25:1-5; and
(7) All other relevant evidence.
(continued)
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may not "write in an additional qualification which the Legislature pointedly
omitted in drafting its own enactment" (quoting Craster v. Bd. of Comm'rs of
Newark, 9 N.J. 225, 230 (1952))); see also 2B Norman J. Singer & J.D.
Shambie Singer, Sutherland Statutes and Statutory Construction § 49:9 at 127-
28 (rev. 7th ed. 2012). (noting "legislative action by amendment or
appropriation of some parts of a law which has received a contemporaneous
and practical construction may indicate approval of interpretations relating to
the unchanged and unaffected parts"). 8 Plaintiff provides no support
(continued)
In evaluating whether cohabitation is occurring and
whether alimony should be suspended or terminated,
the court shall also consider the length of the
relationship. A court may not find an absence of
cohabitation solely on grounds that the couple does
not live together on a full-time basis.
8
That interpretative principle has greater force here as the Legislature in
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n) essentially adopted the definition of cohabitation the
Court endorsed in Konzelman v. Konzelman, 158 N.J. 185, 202 (1999):
[c]ohabitation involves an intimate relationship in
which the couple has undertaken duties and privileges
that are commonly associated with marriage. These
can include, but are not limited to, living together,
intertwined finances such as joint bank accounts,
sharing living expenses and household chores, and
recognition of the relationship in the couple's social
and family circle.
(continued)
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whatsoever for his claim that the Legislature in 2014 "signaled a clear
departure" from Lepis "with respect to analyzing motions to terminate alimony
based upon cohabitation," and indeed his brief is devoid of any statutory
analysis.
Plaintiff does not dispute he bears the burden of establishing changed
circumstances so as to warrant a modification of the alimony obligation he
voluntarily assumed in the parties' marital settlement agreement. See Lepis, 83
N.J. at 157 (holding "[t]he party seeking modification has the burden of
showing such 'changed circumstances' as would warrant relief from the support
or maintenance provisions involved"). He simply asserts that "N.J.S.A. 2A:34-
23(n) does not require that [he] first demonstrate a prima facie showing of
cohabitation . . . before being permitted to conduct discovery." Plaintiff does
not identify the precise language in the statute that supports his argument, and
does not offer any justification, beyond the difficulties in making a prima facie
showing of cohabitation, that entitles him to know the intimate details of
defendant's life and finances and those of her current boyfriend. See Quinn,
(continued)
As the Court in Konzelman likewise expressed its continued allegiance to the
Lepis changed circumstances standard, see id. at 194-95, we can safely assume
the Legislature was aware of the Lepis paradigm, at least insofar as it affects
N.J.S.A. 2A:34-23(n). See Maeker v. Ross, 219 N.J. 565, 575 (2014) (noting
"the Legislature is presumed to be aware of judicial construction of its
enactments" (quoting DiProspero, 183 N.J. at 494)).
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225 N.J. at 54 ("We do not today suggest that a romantic relationship between
an alimony recipient and another, characterized by regular meetings,
participation in mutually appreciated activities, and some overnight stays in
the home of one or the other, rises to the level of cohabitation. We agree that
this level of control over a former spouse would be unwarranted.").
There is no question but that a prima facie showing of cohabitation can
be difficult to establish, see Konzelman, 158 N.J. at 191-92 (describing the
seven days a week, 127 days of surveillance of Mrs. Konzelman's residence),
precisely for the reason the trial court identified, that the readily available
evidence is often "consistent with either a dating relationship or a cohabitation
relationship." But that is hardly a new problem and it cannot justify the
invasion of defendant's privacy represented by the order entered here. We are
confident the Lepis paradigm requiring the party seeking modification to
establish "[a] prima facie showing of changed circumstances . . . before a court
will order discovery of an ex-spouse's financial status," 83 N.J. at 157,
continues to strike a fair and workable balance between the parties' competing
interests, which was not altered by the 2014 amendments to the alimony
statute.
Because the trial court judge found plaintiff had not established a prima
facie case of the changed circumstance of defendant's cohabitation, plaintiff
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was plainly not entitled to discovery under Lepis. See ibid. As nothing in the
2014 amendments to the alimony statute altered "the procedures that a court
should employ when passing upon a modification petition — particularly the
allocation of the burdens of proof and the conditions for compelling
production of tax returns," id. at 145, the Court adopted in Lepis, we reverse
the order for discovery.
Reversed.
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