Weiss v. Sallie Mae, Inc.

18-2362
Weiss v. Sallie Mae, Inc.

In the
United States Court of Appeals
for the
Second Circuit
August Term, 2018

Argued: May 16, 2019
Decided: September 12, 2019

Docket No. 18‐2362

ROBIN WEISS,

Plaintiff‐Appellant,

ANDREW SCHAUS,

Plaintiff,

v.

SALLIE MAE, INCORPORATED,

Defendant‐Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of New York (Vilardo, J.)
No. 13‐cv‐689
Before:
WALKER, CABRANES, HALL, Circuit Judges.

Appeal from the July 13, 2018 decision and order of the United States District
Court for the Western District of New York (Vilardo, J.) granting Defendant‐
Appellee’s motion to vacate an arbitration award based on the arbitrator’s failure
to apply a general release provision in a settlement agreement that barred all of
Plaintiff‐Appellant’s claims. We agree with the district court that the arbitrator
ignored the unambiguous terms of the general release and therefore conclude that
the award of statutory damages for a subset of Plaintiff’s claims is irreconcilable
with the arbitrator’s determination that Plaintiff was a member of the settlement
class and that she received adequate notice of its terms. The arbitrator’s failure
to provide an explanation for these mutually exclusive determinations renders this
Court unable to ascertain whether the arbitrator adhered to applicable substantive
law as required by the parties’ arbitration agreement and, consequently, whether
the arbitral award was issued in manifest disregard of the law, as the district court
held. We therefore vacate the decision and order of the district court and remand
the case to provide an opportunity for the district court to require the arbitrator to
clarify whether he intended to deem the class notice sufficient and, if determined
to be sufficient, to construe the general release in the first instance and vacate or
modify the award as necessary.

VACATED AND REMANDED.

KENNETH R. HILLER, (Seth J. Andrews, on the
brief), Law Offices of Kenneth Hiller, PLLC,
Amherst, NY, for Plaintiff‐Appellant.

CHRISTOPHER R. RAMOS, (Lisa M. Simonetti,
on the brief), Vedder Price (CA), LLP, Los
Angeles, CA, for Defendant‐Appellee.

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HALL, Circuit Judge:

Plaintiff‐Appellant Robin Weiss appeals from a decision and order entered

in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York (Vilardo,

J.) vacating an arbitration award on the grounds that it was issued in manifest

disregard of the law. The arbitral award granted Weiss $108,500 in statutory

damages under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C.

§§ 227 et seq. The arbitrator, however, determined simultaneously that Weiss was

a class member in a class action against Defendant‐Appellee Sallie Mae, Inc. that

had been resolved by a settlement agreement containing a general release barring

class members from bringing TCPA claims against Sallie Mae and its successors.

We agree with the district court’s conclusion that the arbitrator ignored the

unambiguous general release provision in that settlement agreement. The

arbitral award is therefore in tension with the arbitrator’s finding that Weiss was

a member of the settlement class and that she received adequate notice of its terms.

Because the arbitrator neglected to explain these mutually exclusive

determinations, we are unable to identify whether the arbitrator abided by

applicable substantive law as mandated by the parties’ arbitration agreement and,

consequently, whether the arbitral award was issued in manifest disregard of the

3
law, as the district court held. For the reasons that follow, we remand the case to

the district court with instructions to require the arbitrator to clarify whether he

intended to deem the class notice sufficient and, if determined to be sufficient, to

construe the general release in the first instance and vacate or modify the award

as necessary.

BACKGROUND

In 2008 Weiss incurred student loan debt with Sallie Mae (now Navient

Solutions, LLC, or “NSL”), on which she subsequently defaulted. Starting

sometime around September 2011, Sallie Mae began calling Weiss’s cell phone as

often as seven or eight times per day in an effort to collect on its debt. In 2013

Weiss brought this action against Sallie Mae under the TCPA for Sallie Mae’s

unlawful use of an automated telephone dialing system (“ATDS”).1 The parties

stipulated to arbitration pursuant to an arbitration agreement in Weiss’s student

loan promissory note, thus staying the litigation. An arbitration hearing was

conducted on April 27, 2016.

1Weiss’s husband, Andrew Schaus, was also named as a plaintiff but was dismissed as a
party early in the proceedings.

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 In early June, the arbitrator issued a decision in which he explained that

Weiss provided her cell phone number ending in 8683 (“the 8683 number”) to NSL

or its predecessor in connection with her student loan agreement and consented

to the receipt of calls from an ATDS, which she subsequently received through

September 2010. Weiss did not make any claim with respect to those calls but

asserted that she obtained a new cell phone number ending in 6452 (“the 6452

number”) in May or June 2010 which she did not provide to NSL or Sallie Mae.

The parties stipulated that Weiss received 774 ATDS calls from NSL at the 6452

number between September 16, 2011, and July 1, 2013.

The arbitrator also found that Weiss was a member of the settlement class

in the case of Mark A. Arthur et al. v. Sallie Mae, Inc. in the United States District

Court for the Western District of Washington (“the Arthur Settlement”). The

Arthur Settlement included, as a class member, “any person who received ATDS

calls from Navient’s predecessor, Sallie Mae, between October 27, 2005 and

September 14, 2010.” App. 58. Weiss conceded that the calls she received at the

8683 number placed her within the settlement class but claimed that the settlement

did not apply to the calls she received at the 6452 number. Finding this

contention “unpersuasive,” the arbitrator ruled that Weiss was a class member

5
and that “the proof was conclusive that Navient provided Ms. Weiss with the

required notice of the settlement and of her rights and obligations under the terms

of the settlement.” App. 58–59. That notice offered class members the

opportunity to file a “consent revocation” document by September 15, 2012; absent

such a filing, “the ATDS calls would not stop and the borrower’s prior consent to

give them [sic] would be deemed to have been given.” App. 57. Though Weiss

maintained that she was unaware of the Arthur Settlement, NSL’s witness testified

that legal notice of the settlement was emailed and successfully delivered to

Weiss’s email address.

The Arthur Settlement agreement contained a general release provision

under which class members were “deemed to have fully released and forever

discharged Sallie Mae” and NSL from any and all claims and causes of action, inter

alia, “that arise out of or are related in any way to the use of an ‘automatic

telephone dialing system’ . . . used by any of the Released Parties in connection

with efforts to contact or attempt to contact Settlement Class Members including,

but not limited to, claims under or for violations of the [TCPA].” App. 120–21.

Thus, under the plain terms of the settlement to which the arbitrator found Weiss

was bound, Weiss was deemed to have waived “any and all” TCPA claims

6
effective the date of final judgment in the Arthur Settlement action. The

arbitrator, however, did not even acknowledge this release provision.

Instead, the arbitrator interpreted Weiss’s failure to submit a consent

revocation pursuant to the Arthur class notice as precluding recovery for any calls

placed to the 6452 number after the September 15, 2012 deadline but also as

permitting recovery for ATDS calls placed to the 6452 number between September

6, 2011, and September 16, 2012.2 The arbitrator then awarded Weiss statutory

damages totaling $108,500—that is, $500 for each of the 217 ATDS calls placed

during that time period.

NSL moved to vacate the arbitration award and Weiss cross‐moved to

affirm. Following oral argument, the district court issued a written decision and

order holding that by neglecting to “apply—or even address—an explicit,

unambiguous term of the settlement agreement,” which “clearly and

unambiguously bars recovery for claims until and including the date of the

agreement,” the arbitrator manifestly disregarded the law. App. 168–69. The

district court vacated the arbitration award. This appeal followed.

2As written, the arbitration award both precludes Weiss from recovering and permits
Weiss to recover for calls placed on September 16.

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 DISCUSSION

I. Standard of Review

The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides four bases upon which a

federal district court may vacate an arbitration award. One of these grounds

permits vacatur “where the arbitrators exceeded their powers, or so imperfectly

executed them that a mutual, final, and definite award upon the subject matter

submitted was not made.” 9 U.S.C. § 10(a)(4). 3 The Supreme Court has

interpreted section 10(a)(4) as requiring that “an arbitral decision even arguably

construing or applying the contract must stand, regardless of a court’s view of its

(de)merits.” Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, 569 U.S. 564, 569 (2013) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

In addition, this Court has “held that the court may set aside an arbitration

award if it was rendered in manifest disregard of the law.” Schwartz v. Merrill

Lynch & Co., 665 F.3d 444, 451 (2d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

3 The other statutory bases permit vacatur: “(1) where the award was procured by
corruption, fraud, or undue means; (2) where there was evident partiality or corruption
in the arbitrators, or either of them; [and] (3) where the arbitrators were guilty of
misconduct in refusing to postpone the hearing, upon sufficient cause shown, or in
refusing to hear evidence pertinent and material to the controversy; or of any other
misbehavior by which the rights of any party have been prejudiced.” 9 U.S.C. §
10(a)(1)‐(3).

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This inquiry encompasses situations “where the arbitrator’s award is in manifest

disregard of the terms of the [parties’ relevant] agreement.” Id. at 452 (quoting

Yusuf Ahmed Alghanim & Sons v. Toys ʺRʺ Us, Inc., 126 F.3d 15, 23 (2d Cir. 1997)).

Here, the district court characterized the “manifest disregard” standard as “a fifth

reason why an arbitration award may be vacated.” App. 162. In light of recent

Supreme Court precedent, it is somewhat unclear whether the “manifest

disregard” paradigm constitutes an independent framework for judicial review,

as the district court thought, or a “judicial gloss” on the FAA’s enumerated

grounds in section 10(a). See Schwartz, 666 F.3d at 451–52 (citing, inter alia, Hall

Street Assocs., LLC v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576, 585 (2008)). But because this Court

has “concluded that manifest disregard remains a valid ground for vacating

arbitration awards” whether applied as judicial gloss or as an independent basis,

see id. at 452 (internal quotation marks omitted), we need not resolve this

epistemological debate.

We review de novo the district court’s application of the manifest disregard

standard. T.Co Metals, LLC v. Dempsey Pipe & Supply, Inc., 592 F.3d 329, 339 (2d

Cir. 2010). “A litigant seeking to vacate an arbitration award based on alleged

manifest disregard of the law bears a heavy burden, as awards are vacated on

9
grounds of manifest disregard only in those exceedingly rare instances where

some egregious impropriety on the part of the arbitrator is apparent.” Id.

(internal citations, quotation marks, and alterations omitted). We will uphold an

arbitration award under this standard so long as “the arbitrator has provided even

a barely colorable justification for his or her interpretation of the contract.”

Schwartz, 665 F.3d at 452 (quoting Westerbeke Corp. v. Daihatsu Motor Co., 304 F.3d

200, 222 (2d Cir. 2002)). Vacatur is only warranted, by contrast, “when an

arbitrator strays from interpretation and application of the agreement and

effectively dispenses his own brand of industrial justice.” Stolt‐Nielsen S.A. v.

AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 671 (2010) (internal quotation marks and

alterations omitted).

II. Remand to the Arbitrator is Appropriate

As already noted, the arbitrator construed the Arthur class notice as

establishing Weiss’s consent to receive future ATDS calls, but he determined that

such consent could not be applied retroactively to bar her recovery for calls placed

prior to the revocation deadline. Weiss advances two arguments in support of

that decision. Because the arbitrator’s award was ostensibly based on an

interpretation of the class notice, Weiss asserts that even the arbitrator’s

10
misinterpretation of what amounts to a contractual provision does not provide

sufficient grounds for vacatur under the FAA. She also attempts a collateral

attack on the sufficiency of the Arthur class notice, arguing that it does not satisfy

due process and, accordingly, that she cannot be bound by the Arthur Settlement’s

terms.

As an initial matter, Weiss is correct that “interpretation of the contract

terms is within the province of the arbitrator and will not be overruled simply

because we disagree with that interpretation.” Schwartz, 665 F.3d at 452 (internal

quotation marks and alterations omitted); cf. Oxford Health Plans, 569 U.S. at 569

(explaining that the Court’s inquiry under Section 10(a)(4) of the FAA is confined

to the narrow question of “whether the arbitrator (even arguably) interpreted the

parties’ contract, not whether he got its meaning right or wrong”). Yet the district

court concluded that “this is not a case where the arbitrator’s interpretation of the

contract was simply incorrect” as “the arbitrator’s decision here ignored and

contradicted an unambiguous term of the agreement”—namely, the general

release embodied in the Arthur Settlement. App. 170. In other words, even if

the arbitrator believed that the class notice entitled Weiss to recover for ATDS calls

made prior to the consent revocation deadline, it is impossible to square that

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conclusion with the general release provision barring Weiss’s recovery for “any

and all” TCPA claims. App. 121. This is especially true given that the parties

agreed in their arbitration agreement that “[t]he arbitrator shall follow applicable

substantive law to the extent consistent with the FAA.” App. 32. Because the

arbitrator did not even mention the release in his decision, we are unable to

ascertain from the record whether the arbitrator in fact based his decision on the

four corners of the Arthur Settlement agreement and its accompanying class notice,

as Weiss appears to contend, or whether he instead discarded the agreement in

favor of his own policy preferences. See Stolt‐Nielsen, 559 U.S. at 671–72.

Regarding Weiss’s attack on the sufficiency of the class notice, as previously

noted, the arbitrator expressly found that despite some of the “confusing” terms

of the Arthur Settlement agreement, “the proof was conclusive” that Weiss

received “the required notice of the settlement and of her rights and obligations

under the terms of the settlement.” App. 59. Nonetheless, he appeared to base

his award on the fact that the class notice only apprised Weiss of her consent to

receive a subset of ATDS calls—those placed prospectively. If in fact the

arbitrator were of the view that the class notice did not satisfy due process, as

Weiss contends, then the arbitrator, in following applicable substantive law,

12
would seemingly be obliged to hold that Weiss could not be bound by any of the

Arthur Settlement agreement’s terms. See, e.g., Wolfert ex rel. Estate of Wolfert v.

Transamerica Home First, Inc., 439 F.3d 165, 170 (2d Cir. 2006) (explaining that

whether a class action judgment may be afforded preclusive effect against an

absent class member depends, inter alia, on whether the absent class member

received notice that comports with constitutional due process). This is an all‐or‐

nothing inquiry. Instead, the arbitrator’s finding that the class notice “does not

state that the recipient (i.e., Weiss) will be deemed to have given prior express

consent to the making of calls by Sallie Mae,” App. 62, appears to rest on a parsing

of the applicable law grounded neither in a constitutional due process analysis nor

in a faithful exercise in contract interpretation.

Our concern is reinforced by the fact that the arbitrator’s analyses regarding

Weiss’s failure to consent to the ATDS calls at issue—either expressly or through

the implied consent that attached to the Arthur Settlement terms—appear in

separate sections of the arbitrator’s opinion that address the merits of NSL’s

defense to Weiss’s TCPA claims. The question of whether Weiss was on notice

of the Arthur Settlement’s terms, by contrast, is addressed up front as the first of

the “issues considered” by the arbitrator. App. 58. Once the arbitrator made

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the determination that “Weiss was adequately advised of the terms of the

settlement and of the requirement that she revoke any consent given to [NSL] to

place ATDS calls to cell 6452,” App. 59, that conclusion would seem to obviate not

only the arbitrator’s subsequent analysis concerning whether NSL had met its

burden of proving Weiss’s consent but also any further determination as to the

effect of the class notice. In other words, if the arbitrator intended to deem the

class notice insufficient, he did not say so in his threshold analysis regarding the

settlement’s applicability and strongly implied the opposite.

In light of the incoherence of the arbitrator’s decision, we hereby VACATE

the district court’s order and REMAND the case to the district court to remand to

the arbitrator with instructions to clarify whether the class notice was or was not

sufficient and, if determined to be sufficient, then to construe the general release

provision in the first instance and to vacate or modify the arbitral award if

necessary. See Hardy v. Walsh Manning Sec., L.L.C., 341 F.3d 126, 134 (2d Cir. 2003)

(acknowledging this Court’s “authority to seek a clarification of whether an

arbitration panel’s intent in making an award evidences a manifest disregard of

the law” (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)). The arbitrator shall

be instructed either to interpret and apply the terms of the Arthur Settlement

14
agreement’s general release provision or to explain why that provision does not

bar Weiss’s claims. Further, the district court shall thereafter hear and rule on

any subsequent objections to the arbitrator’s decision, which objections may be

advanced by appropriate motion of either party. Any appeal from the district

court’s decision thereon may be advanced by letter notice to the Clerk of this Court

without necessity of filing a new notice of appeal, and that appeal shall be assigned

to this panel.

CONCLUSION

We VACATE the district court’s July 13, 2018 decision and order vacating

the arbitral award and REMAND the case to the district court to remand to the

arbitrator with instructions to clarify whether the Arthur class notice was

sufficient, to construe the general release in the Arthur Settlement in the first

instance and, if necessary, to vacate or modify the arbitral award.

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