If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
NAZEK A. GAPPY, UNPUBLISHED
September 19, 2019
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 342861
Oakland Circuit Court
NORTON T. GAPPY, LC No. 2016-844740-DM
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and BECKERING and LETICA, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s judgment of divorce, asserting that the trial
court’s division of property was inequitable. We affirm.
Plaintiff and defendant married in 2007. During the marriage, the parties maintained
separate bank accounts. They are both attorneys with separate legal practices. In addition to his
law practice, defendant spent approximately 15 hours a week, usually on weekends, working at
his father’s businesses without being paid, and he also provided legal services to family members
without charging them. However, defendant’s father provided defendant with rent-free office
space and had also provided plaintiff with the same for a period of time. In 2016, the parties
purchased the marital home for $375,000. Plaintiff paid the purchase price with funds from her
own account, but defendant arranged for $100,000 to be transferred to plaintiff’s account in
connection with the purchase, and both parties’ names were placed on the deed.
Plaintiff filed this action for divorce in August 2016. As relevant to this appeal, the trial
court determined that the recently purchased home was a marital asset and it awarded each party
half of its equity value. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by determining that
the home was a marital asset instead of plaintiff’s separate property, and by awarding defendant
half of its equity value. Plaintiff also argues that the trial court erred by failing to impute to
defendant a portion of the value of defendant’s father’s businesses for purposes of determining
an equitable division of marital property, and by arriving at a property division that did not
adequately consider defendant’s fault for the breakdown of the marriage.
-1-
I. AWARD OF MARITAL HOME
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred by awarding defendant half of their home’s
equity value. In divorce actions, findings of fact made in relation to the division of marital
property are reviewed under the clearly erroneous standard. Sparks v Sparks, 440 Mich 141,
151; 485 NW2d 893 (1992). Clear error occurs when “this Court is left with the definite and
firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” Woodington v Shokoohi, 288 Mich App 352,
357; 792 NW2d 63 (2010). We accord special deference to the trial court’s factual findings with
respect to credibility. Draggoo v Draggoo, 223 Mich App 415, 429; 566 NW2d 642 (1997).
“The court’s dispositional ruling should be affirmed unless this Court is left with the firm
conviction that the division was inequitable.” Pickering v Pickering, 268 Mich App 1, 7; 706
NW2d 835 (2005).
Typically, marital assets are subject to division between the parties, while the parties’
separate assets are not. McNamara v Horner, 249 Mich App 177, 183; 642 NW2d 385 (2002).
However, assets earned by a spouse during marriage are generally considered to be part of the
marital estate. Id. In addition, even when an asset is one spouse’s separate property, an increase
in its value that occurred during the marriage can be deemed marital property when the other
spouse assists, directly or indirectly, in the growth or acquisition of the asset. MCL 552.401
(permitting division of separate property to a spouse who “contributed to the acquisition,
improvement, or accumulation of the property”); Reeves v Reeves, 226 Mich App 490, 494-495;
575 NW2d 1 (1997). For example, in Hanaway v Hanaway, 208 Mich App 278, 293-294; 527
NW2d 792 (1995), this Court held that the defendant’s inherited stock in a family-owned
company was available for division as marital property because the plaintiff’s handling of child-
rearing and domestic duties had freed the defendant to concentrate on growing the value of the
company. This Court found that the defendant’s stock had “appreciated because of defendant’s
efforts, facilitated by plaintiff’s activities at home.” Id. at 294.
A. POSTNUPTIAL AGREEMENT
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred by failing to find that she was entitled to the
marital home as her separate property pursuant to an alleged postnuptial agreement. We
disagree.
“[U]nder Michigan law, a couple that is maintaining a marital relationship may not enter
into an enforceable contract that anticipates and encourages a future separation or divorce.”
Wright v Wright, 279 Mich App 291, 297; 761 NW2d 443 (2008), citing Day v Chamberlain,
223 Mich 278; 193 NW 824 (1923). However, as explained in Hodge v Parks, 303 Mich App
552, 558-559; 844 NW2d 189 (2014):
[P]ost-nuptial agreements are not invalid per se, because some postnuptial
agreements may be intended to promote harmonious marital relations and keep
the marriage together. In such situations, [t]he public policy objection to post-
nuptial contracts . . . does not arise. If a postnuptial agreement seeks to promote
marriage by keeping a husband and wife together, Michigan courts may enforce
the agreement if it is equitable to do so. [Quotation marks and citations omitted;
second alteration in original.]
-2-
In this case, the trial court rejected plaintiff’s argument that the parties had an enforceable
agreement that governed the disposition of the marital home. The court first noted that the
parties had not reduced any alleged agreement to writing. Although plaintiff maintained that she
and defendant had orally agreed that the marital home would be awarded to her as her separate
property in the event of a divorce, plaintiff has presented no authority in support of her argument
that any alleged oral agreement would be enforceable. And contrary to plaintiff’s position,
Michigan’s statute of frauds, MCL 566.106, provides:
No estate or interest in lands, other than leases for a term not exceeding 1
year, nor any trust or power over or concerning lands, or in any manner relating
thereto, shall hereafter be created, granted, assigned, surrendered or declared,
unless by act or operation of law, or by a deed or conveyance in writing,
subscribed by the party creating, granting, assigning, surrendering or declaring the
same, or by some person thereunto by him lawfully authorized by writing.
The marital home was titled in the names of both parties. Plaintiff seeks to defeat defendant’s
record interest in the property by arguing that she was entitled to the home as her separate
property under a postnuptial agreement. Because the alleged agreement pertains to an “interest
in” real property, plaintiff is not entitled to enforce it absent a writing that satisfies the statute of
frauds.
The trial court also found that the evidence did not support plaintiff’s argument that the
parties in fact entered into such an agreement. This finding is not clearly erroneous.
Defendant’s testimony indicates that while the parties initially may have planned for plaintiff
alone to purchase and hold the home, plaintiff later agreed to accept $100,000 from defendant’s
family in exchange for placing defendant’s name on the deed. Plaintiff does not dispute that she
received $100,000, and she admitted that she and defendant both attended the closing and
purchased the home. The trial court did not find credible plaintiff’s assertion that the $100,000
was simply a “gift” to her. We defer to the court’s credibility determination. Given the
testimony and the trial court’s superior ability to judge credibility, the court’s finding that both
parties contributed funds toward the joint purchase of the home is not clearly erroneous.
The trial court also noted that, even if the agreement was otherwise valid, it would likely
be against public policy to uphold it because it appears that it was made in contemplation of
divorce. This finding also is not clearly erroneous. Plaintiff cited her personal illness as the
reason for the dismissal of her earlier 2015 divorce complaint, rather than any intention to remain
married. At approximately the same time, she found the home and told defendant that she
intended to purchase it separately. She did not testify that she entered into the agreement
regarding the home in an effort to keep the marriage intact. To the contrary, she testified that she
specifically told defendant that their marriage was not stable and that she wanted him to promise
her that he would not make any claim to the home if the marriage “[went] south.” This
testimony, if accepted, supports the trial court’s finding that the alleged agreement was entered
into, at least initially, in contemplation of divorce, and thus was unenforceable.
For these reasons, the trial court did not err by rejecting plaintiff’s argument that a valid
postnuptial agreement governed the disposition of the marital home.
-3-
B. SEPARATE FUNDS
Plaintiff also argues that it was inequitable for the trial court to award defendant half of
the martial home’s equity value where plaintiff purchased the home entirely with her own
separate funds. We disagree.
In Cunningham v Cunningham, 289 Mich App 195, 201-202; 795 NW2d 826 (2010), this
Court explained the difference between separate and marital property:
The categorization of property as marital or separate . . . is not always
easily achieved. While income earned by one spouse during the duration of the
marriage is generally presumed to be marital property, there are occasions when
property earned or acquired during the marriage may be deemed separate
property. For example, an inheritance received by one spouse during the marriage
and kept separate from marital property is separate property. Similarly, proceeds
received by one spouse in a personal injury lawsuit meant to compensate for pain
and suffering, as opposed to lost wages, are generally considered separate
property. Moreover, separate assets may lose their character as separate property
and transform into marital property if they are commingled with marital assets
and treated by the parties as marital property. The mere fact that property may be
held jointly or individually is not necessarily dispositive of whether the property
is classified as separate or marital. [Quotation marks and citations omitted.]
With respect to the comingling of separate funds, this Court held that “[t]he actions and course of
conduct taken by the parties are the clearest indicia of whether property is treated or considered
as marital, rather than separate, property.” Id. at 209.
Plaintiff argues that the parties’ course of conduct indicates that they intended for the
home to remain plaintiff’s separate property. She notes that the parties kept their bank accounts
separate and paid different household expenses. However, plaintiff does not address the general
rule that funds earned during a marriage are to be considered marital property or its application
here where evidence was presented that plaintiff’s “separate” bank accounts apparently
contained, to a large extent, income she had earned during the marriage. Further, although the
$375,000 purchase-price payment came from plaintiff’s own funds, plaintiff admitted that she
accepted $100,000 from defendant’s family, which was intended as defendant’s contribution
toward the purchase of the home. The evidence supports the trial court’s finding that, regardless
of the parties’ intentions with respect to their separate bank accounts, they ultimately agreed to
jointly purchase the marital home by combining their separate funds and hold the home in both
of their names. See id. at 207-209.
C. CONTRIBUTION TO MARITAL INCOME
Plaintiff also argues that the trial court should have awarded her all of the equity in the
marital home because of her greater monetary contributions to the marital estate. The trial court,
however, found that both parties had contributed equally to the marriage and this finding is not
clearly erroneous. At trial, both parties testified about their respective responsibilities in paying
bills and caring for their daughter. Defendant also explained how he and his family contributed
-4-
to plaintiff’s ability to build her successful law practice. Plaintiff has not shown that the trial
court’s decision to award each party half of the marital home’s value was inequitable.
II. IMPUTATION OF INCOME AND ASSETS TO DEFENDANT
Plaintiff next argues that the trial court should have imputed income to defendant in
consideration of the time he spent working at his father’s gas station and providing legal services
to his family. Plaintiff has presented no legal authority to support her position that a trial court
may impute income to a party for purposes of determining an equitable division of property,
rather than, for example, determining spousal or child support.1 See, e.g., Stallworth v
Stallworth, 275 Mich App 282, 284-285; 738 NW2d 264 (2007) (discussing court’s authority to
impute income for the purposes of child support). “A party may not merely announce a position
and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for the claim.” Nat’l Waterworks,
Inc v Int’l Fidelity & Surety, Ltd, 275 Mich App 256, 265; 739 NW2d 121 (2007).
Plaintiff also argues that the trial court should have treated a portion of the value of
defendant’s father’s businesses as a martial asset to be allocated to defendant as part of his share
of the marital estate. We disagree. Plaintiff relies on this Court’s decision in Hanaway in
support of this claim. In Hanaway, the plaintiff wife was a homemaker while the defendant
worked “seven days a week and many late hours” at his family’s business. Hanaway, 208 Mich
App at 281. The defendant, who became president of the business, was gifted stock in the
company annually until, at the time of the trial, he owned 41.23% of the company. Id. at 283.
This Court held that the trial court erred by treating this property as separate property. Id. at 294.
It reasoned that although the defendant husband was initially gifted the interest in the business,
plaintiff’s long-term commitment to running the household facilitated the defendant’s ability to
increase the business’s value, which in turn profited the couple through the receipt of the
defendant’s salary. Id. at 293-294.
We agree with the trial court that this case is distinguishable from Hanaway. Unlike the
defendant in Hanaway, defendant never acquired any legal interest in any of his father’s
businesses. At most, he arguably received remuneration in the form of free office space, as did
plaintiff for a period of time. Defendant also testified that when his father died, his mother
would be the initial beneficiary of the trust assets. And although defendant might inherit in the
future, the trial court properly found that discerning the probable amount of any inheritance
would be speculative, particularly given defendant’s testimony that one of his brothers required
funds for his own special needs and his other brother had loaned their father money over the
years which was expected to be repaid by his father’s estate. The trial court did not err when it
refused to impute to defendant the value of assets over which defendant had no legal interest.2
1
We note that the trial court did impute income to defendant for purposes of determining child
support.
2
Plaintiff’s cursory citation to Byington v Byington, 224 Mich App 103; 568 NW2d 141 (1997)
(addressing division of contingent compensation package the defendant became eligible to
receive before entry of judgment of divorce), and Wiand v Wiand, 178 Mich App 137; 443
-5-
Similarly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied plaintiff’s motion to
reopen proofs on this issue following the death of defendant’s father after trial had concluded,
but before the court entered its judgment of divorce. When deciding a motion to reopen proofs, a
court considers: “(1) the timing of the motion, (2) whether the adverse party would be surprised,
deceived, or disadvantaged by reopening the proofs, and (3) whether there would be
inconvenience to the court, parties, or counsel.” Mich Citizens for Water Conservation v Nestle
Waters North America, Inc, 269 Mich App 25, 50-51; 709 NW2d 174 (2005), rev’d in part on
other grounds 479 Mich 280 (2007), overruled in part on other grounds by Lansing Sch Ed Ass’n
v Lansing Bd of Ed, 487 Mich 349 (2010). See also Bonner v Ames, 356 Mich 537, 541; 97
NW2d 87 (1959).
Plaintiff’s motion was filed on February 5, 2018. Proofs had closed on October 16, 2017.
The trial court found that defendant would be surprised and disadvantaged because plaintiff also
sought to relitigate custody and parenting time decisions. The court further noted that the parties
had already extensively litigated whether any value of defendant’s father’s businesses should be
included as part of the marital estate. The court determined that reopening proofs “would be
inconvenient to the parties and the court as the court has issued its opinion and order deciding the
issues presented over a multi-day trial.” Defendant’s father died on January 12, 2018, and
plaintiff’s motion was filed after the trial court issued its opinion and order following the bench
trial.3 As discussed earlier, the underlying premise of plaintiff’s argument—that the trial court
could impute third-party assets to defendant in the absence of any legal right—lacked merit.
While plaintiff averred “upon information and belief” that defendant and his brother had
inherited the family businesses, she made no offer of proof to support this assertion. To the
contrary, according to the trial testimony, defendant’s mother was the initial beneficiary of
defendant’s father’s estate. Plaintiff’s assertion that defendant was now working full time at the
gas station was irrelevant to the question whether his activities during the marriage justified
imputation. Given these factors, plaintiff has not demonstrated that the trial court abused its
discretion by denying her request to reopen proofs.
III. FAULT
Finally, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by failing to adequately consider
defendant’s fault in the breakdown of the marriage when determining an equitable property
division. We disagree.
“The goal of the court when apportioning a marital estate is to reach an equitable division
in light of all the circumstances.” Byington v Byington, 224 Mich App 103, 114; 568 NW2d 141
NW2d 464 (1989) (discussing value of advanced degree as asset of marital estate subject to
distribution upon divorce), is similarly unavailing because both cases involved assets in which
the party holding the asset had an established legal interest.
3
The opinion and order was signed by the trial court on February 2, 2018, and entered in the
register of actions on February 5, 2018.
-6-
(1997). To that end, the trial court considers the following factors to the extent they are relevant
to the circumstances of the case:
(1) duration of the marriage, (2) contributions of the parties to the marital estate,
(3) age of the parties, (4) health of the parties, (5) life status of the parties, (6)
necessities and circumstances of the parties, (7) earning abilities of the parties, (8)
past relations and conduct of the parties, and (9) general principles of equity.
[McNamara, 249 Mich App at 185, quoting Sparks, 440 Mich at 159-160.]
Plaintiff argues that the trial court should have awarded her a greater portion of the assets,
presumably the entire value of the marital home, because defendant’s absence and alcoholism
contributed to the breakdown of the marriage. Fault or misconduct by one spouse can be
considered as a factor in equitably dividing a marital estate. Sparks, 440 Mich at 158. However,
the court may not give “disproportionate weight to any one circumstance.” Id. “The trial court
is given broad discretion in fashioning its rulings . . . .” Id. at 158-159. There is no “rigid
framework for applying the relevant factors,” and “there can be no strict mathematical
formulations.” Id.
Given the trial testimony, plaintiff has not shown that the trial court’s property division
and decision to divide the marital home equally was inequitable despite its finding that
defendant’s conduct “contribute[d] to the breakdown of the marriage.” The trial court found that
both parties contributed equally to marital expenses and child rearing and, while plaintiff
disputes this, the court was in a greater position to determine witness credibility. The instant
case does not contain any allegations of marital infidelity, domestic violence, or other evidence
of egregious conduct by defendant. The trial court considered plaintiff’s allegation that
defendant had an alcohol abuse problem. The evidence of defendant’s alleged alcohol abuse was
vague and, although plaintiff alleged that defendant’s alcohol consumption contributed to his
health problems and plaintiff complained that defendant would spend time drinking or sleeping
rather than working or performing other household duties, plaintiff did not contend that
defendant acted inappropriately toward her or their child while intoxicated. Plaintiff has not
shown that the trial court’s property division is inequitable in light of the parties’ relative fault
for the breakdown of the marriage.
IV. DEFENDANT’S CLAIMS OF ERROR
In his brief on appeal, defendant also challenges various aspects of the trial court’s
property division and seeks affirmative relief from this Court. Specifically, defendant requests
this Court to (1) order plaintiff to remit $30,000 to defendant in connection with the value of a
safety deposit box controlled by plaintiff that the trial court did not address; (2) reverse the trial
court’s award of $15,000 to plaintiff for landscaping improvements, given the lack of credible
evidence in support of this amount; and (3) reverse the trial court’s imputation of $100,000 in
income to defendant for purposes of calculating child support, on the ground that the court failed
to make requisite findings of fact to impute such a large sum to defendant. Defendant did not
file a cross-appeal under MCR 7.207. Although an appellee need not file a cross-appeal to
advance alternative reasons rejected by a trial court in support of the court’s judgment, an
appellee cannot obtain greater relief or a decision more favorable than rendered by the lower
court without taking a cross-appeal. Middlebrooks v Wayne Co, 446 Mich 151, 166 n 41; 521
-7-
NW2d 774 (1994); Hanton v Hantz Fin Servs, Inc, 306 Mich App 654, 669; 858 NW2d 481
(2014). Because defendant seeks to expand the scope of relief awarded by the trial court and he
did not file a cross-appeal, he is not entitled to this requested relief.
Affirmed.
/s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
/s/ Jane M. Beckering
/s/ Anica Letica
-8-