IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF VICTOR VINCENT ALFIERI IN THE MATTER OF THE ESTATE OF ANTOINETTE ALFIERI (P-002363-2011 AND P-000377-2013, MORRIS COUNTY AND STATEWIDE) (CONSOLIDATED)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NOS. A-2847-16T4
A-3044-16T4

IN THE MATTER OF THE
ESTATE OF VICTOR
VINCENT ALFIERI,

Deceased.
___________________________

IN THE MATTER OF THE
ESTATE OF ANTOINETTE
ALFIERI,

Deceased.
___________________________

Argued November 26, 2018 – Decided October 3, 2019

Before Judges Fasciale, Gooden Brown and Rose.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Morris County, Docket Nos. P-
002363-2011 and P-000377-2013.

Meredith Leigh Grocott argued the cause for
appellants/cross-respondents Barbara Stella and
Matthew Stella (Schenck, Price, Smith & King, LLP,
attorneys; Meredith Leigh Grocott, of counsel and on
the briefs).
 Donald M. McHugh and Cathyanne A. Pisciotta argued
the cause for respondent/cross-appellant Estate of
Victor Alfieri and respondent Estate of Antoinette
Alfieri (McHugh & Macri, and Pisciotta & Menasha,
LLC, attorneys; Donald M. McHugh and Cathyanne A.
Pisciotta, on the joint briefs).

John L. Pritchard argued the cause for respondent/
cross-appellant Charles Bradley Morton III.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

GOODEN BROWN, J.A.D.

These consolidated appeals and cross-appeals challenge several Chancery

Division orders in a probate matter involving bequests in wills executed by

Victor and Antoinette Alfieri. Victor and Antoinette 1 were two of seven

siblings.2 They were unmarried and lived together in East Hanover (the East

Hanover property) until Victor died in 2011. Antoinette died two years later in

2013. Having no children of their own, in wills that mirrored each other, each

had bequeathed his or her entire estate to the surviving sibling, and, upon that

sibling's death, to specified siblings as well as nieces, nephews, grandnieces,

and grandnephews. Because Victor predeceased Antoinette, Antoinette's will,

1
We refer to the parties by their first names to avoid any confusion caused by
their common surnames. We intend no disrespect by this informality.
2
Three of the siblings predeceased Victor and Antoinette.
A-2847-16T4
2
bequeathing sizeable assets, is at the core of these appeals. These assets

included bequests of $40,000 each to seven specified nieces and nephews, and

Victor's brokerage account worth over $600,000 to six grandnieces and

grandnephews.

The central issues raised in these appeals are whether the brokerage

account, which was transferred from one firm to another prior to Victor's death,

adeemed and should thereby pass to the residuary as claimed by the co-

executors; whether the co-executors mishandled the East Hanover property; and

whether one of the nephews omitted from Antoinette's will was entitled to a

$40,000 bequest. The trial court determined that the brokerage account

adeemed, that the omitted nephew was not entitled to the bequest, and that the

co-executors did not mishandle the East Hanover property. Other related issues

include the denial of the co-executors' motion for sanctions under the frivolous

litigation statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1; the denial of a motion to intervene filed

by one of the grandnephews; and the award and denial of counsel fees.

Specifically, Barbara Morton Stella, a niece of Victor and Antoinette,

appeals from the February 2, 2016 orders, denying her motion for a declaratory

judgment and granting summary judgment to the Estates; the May 6, 2016 order,

denying reconsideration of the summary judgment order, which determined that

A-2847-16T4
3
the brokerage account adeemed; the June 27, 2016 order, awarding counsel fees

to the Estates' attorneys; and the January 26, 2017 order, approving the final

accounting of the Estate of Victor Alfieri (Victor Estate) and the Estate of

Antoinette Alfieri (Antoinette Estate) (collectively, the Estates). Barbara's son,

Matthew Stella, a grandnephew of Victor and Antoinette, cross-appeals from the

January 26, 2017 order, denying his motion to intervene. Barbara's brother,

Charles Bradley Morton III, a nephew of Victor and Antoinette, appeals from

the February 2, 2016 order, denying him a $40,000 bequest from the Antoinette

Estate; and the June 27, 2016 order, denying him counsel fees. Finally, the

Victor Estate cross-appeals from the May 6, 2016 order, denying its motion for

sanctions against Barbara pursuant to the frivolous litigation statute. Having

considered the arguments and applicable law, we reverse the provision of the

February 2, 2016 summary judgment order, determining that the brokerage

account adeemed. In all other respects, we affirm.

I.

We derive the following facts from the record. Victor and Antoinette's

long-time neighbor, friend, and attorney, Donald McHugh, drafted both of the ir

wills. Victor executed his will on July 20, 2006, and Antoinette executed hers

on July 20, 2007. Both wills named Joanne Cannici and Felicia Feldman, two

A-2847-16T4
4
of their nieces, as co-executors.3 In the second article of both wills, the

surviving sibling inherited the deceased sibling's entire estate. However, if the

surviving sibling was disabled or unable to live independently and manage his

or her own affairs, then all the assets of the estate would pass to a testamentary

trust established to support the disabled or dependent sibling.

The third article of both wills bequeathed certain assets to Victor and

Antoinette's nieces, nephews, grandnieces, and grandnephews upon the death of

the surviving sibling and the termination of the testamentary trust , if one had

been established. Pertinent to this appeal, article three of Antoinette's will

specifically provided:

If my beloved brother shall not survive me or upon his
demise during the trust term, then I bequeath and
appoint the residue of my estate, real and personal, as
follows:

A. The balance of the pre-death shareholdings of
VICTOR VINCENT ALFIERI in his brokerage account
at Smith Barney, in equal shares, to each of my
grandnephews and grandnieces, who are the
grandchildren of my siblings, ELIZABETH JANE
CANNICI, JOHN CHARLES ALFIERI[,] and ANNA

3
Additionally, on July 20, 2007, Victor and Antoinette each executed durable
powers of attorney, designating each other as power of attorney. Joanne and
Felicia were designated as "alternate co-attorneys in fact" in the event Victor
and Antoinette were "unable to act for any reason[,]" including death, removal
or resignation.

A-2847-16T4
5
 MARIE ALFIERI MORTON, [4] per capita and not per
stirpes.

B. The sum of Forty Thousand . . . Dollars to each
of my following nieces and nephews, JOANNE
CANNICI, JOHN CANNICI, STEPHEN CANNICI,
FELICIA ALFIERI FELDMAN, LINDA ALFIERI
WILLMAN, BRENDA ANN MORTON[,] and
BARBARA ANN MORTON STELLA, per stirpes and
not per capita.

C. The rest, residue and remainder of my estate to
my siblings, ELIZABETH JANE CANNICI, JOHN
CHARLES ALFIERI[,] and ANNA MARIE ALFIERI
MORTON, per stirpes and not per capita.

The fourth article expressly exempted Antoinette's brother, Ralph Louis

Alfieri, and his family from any bequests because she had "no contact with him

for many years." Additionally, the seventh article appointed as trustee "the

surviving parent of [any] beneficiary" who was under twenty-five years of age

when the estate became payable, "to have and to hold . . . in trust," "for the

health and education of such beneficiary . . . until such beneficiary attains the

age of [twenty-five] years."

In July 2011, Victor and Antoinette executed substantively identical

codicils. Antoinette's codicil amended paragraph B of the third article and

4
Barbara, Charles, and Brenda Ann Morton are the children of Anna Marie
Alfieri Morton. In addition to her son, Matthew, Barbara has a daughter,
Christina Stella.
A-2847-16T4
6
clarified that "should STEPHEN CANNICI predecease me, his share shall pass

to his natural born children and not to COURTNEY CANNICI. She is the child

of LORI CANNICI and was adopted by STEPHEN CANNICI." Other than this

amendment, the codicil "ratif[ied] and republish[ed]" Antoinette's July 20, 2007

will.

By 2011, Victor and Antoinette were in their eighties and experiencing

failing health. Prior to his death, with the assistance of McHugh, Victor took

various steps for healthcare and estate planning purposes. Among them, on

August 30, 2011, Victor executed a deed giving himself a life estate in the East

Hanover property he shared with Antoinette, and transferred the remainder

interests to designated siblings and nieces as tenants in common. Specifically,

one-third was transferred to each of his siblings, Elizabeth Jane Cannici and

John Charles Alfieri, and the remaining one-third was divided equally between

his nieces, Brenda Ann Morton and Barbara Morton Stella.

On the same date, Victor transferred the assets in his Morgan Stanley

Smith Barney brokerage account to Oppenheimer & Co., another brokerage

firm. The brokerage account had substantially increased in value from

approximately $10,000 in 2006 to over $600,000 in 2011. During his

deposition, when questioned about the testamentary intent of the parties in

A-2847-16T4
7
relation to the brokerage account, McHugh testified he had no discussion with

Victor or Antoinette about transferring the assets in the brokerage account.

However, McHugh acknowledged that in 2011, when he "specifically asked

[Victor]" whether he "want[ed] 600 and some-odd thousand dollars to go to [his]

grandnieces and [grand]nephews[,] . . . his answer was, '[n]o, I do not.'"

Additionally, during their respective depositions, both Felicia and Joanne denied

ever having any discussion with Victor regarding the Smith Barney account.

Victor Puglio, an Oppenheimer broker, was one of three financial advisors

recommended to Victor by McHugh. Puglio testified during his deposition that

Victor transferred the assets from Smith Barney to Oppenheimer for "[a]

consolidation and review." Puglio denied ever meeting or even speaking with

Antoinette.

In addition, on August 30, 2011, Joanne and Felicia established the

"Antoinette E. Alfieri Supplemental Benefits Trust" (the SBT), "an [i]rrevocable

[t]hird-[p]arty [t]rust" established for "the sole benefit of and for the limited

purposes" of "supplement[ing] the personal needs, medical care and general

well-being of [the] [l]ifetime [b]eneficiary," Antoinette. "[S]ubject to prior

payment of the bequests set forth in [Antoinette's] [w]ill[,]" the remainder

beneficiaries of the SBT were Antoinette's siblings, Elizabeth Jane Cannici and

A-2847-16T4
8
John Charles Alfieri, and the children of Antoinette's deceased sibling, Anna

Marie Alfieri Morton, which included Barbara. Joanne and Felicia were

appointed co-trustees of the SBT, and their execution of the trust agreement was

witnessed by McHugh. A few days earlier, utilizing his power of attorney,

Victor had transferred $740,000 of Antoinette's assets to Joanne and Felicia, and

resigned his power of attorney in favor of them. Additionally, Victor transferred

$178,746.86 from his money market account to Antoinette, and $280,000 from

his checking account to Joanne and Felicia.

Shortly thereafter, on September 23, 2011, Victor died. At the time of

Victor's death, Antoinette was residing at a rehabilitation facility following a

hospitalization. Antoinette was later transferred to an assisted living facility,

where she resided for approximately fifteen months, before being transferred to

a nursing home about two months before her death on January 23, 2013.

Because Antoinette never returned to live independently in the East Hanover

property, prior to her death, Barbara's attorney, Meredith Grocott, requested in

writing that the co-executors establish the testamentary trust for Antoinette as

delineated in the second article of Victor's will. Grocott also requested an

accounting of Victor's estate. McHugh responded in writing on the co-

executors' behalf, ultimately denying both requests.

A-2847-16T4
9
 In his written responses, McHugh explained that Barbara was not entitled

to "financial information" regarding Victor's estate because Antoinette was the

sole beneficiary. Additionally, according to McHugh, the testamentary trust was

not established because, based on "Antoinette's circumstances and medical

prognosis, the conditions precedent to establishment of the trust in Victor's Will

have not been met." McHugh explained that "the estate . . . intend[ed] to

establish the Trust . . . if her medical and mental condition meets the standards

noted in the Will" because the trust would "protect the assets due to Antoinette

as sole beneficiary from [Medicaid's] long term care medical spend down"

requirements. McHugh noted, however, that since no trust was established, any

"court filing" by Barbara "would certainly be considered a frivolous lawsuit."

After Antoinette died, McHugh reiterated in correspondence dated April 10,

2013, that "Barbara . . . and her children" were "not beneficiaries" of Victor's

Will and no "trust was established" before Antoinette's death in which Barbara

would have an interest.

As a result, on June 12, 2013, Barbara filed a verified complaint to compel

an accounting and distribution of Victor's assets. In her complaint, Barbara

alleged that given Antoinette's death, the testamentary trust established under

the second article of Victor's will for the benefit of Antoinette "pass[ed] to the

A-2847-16T4
10
remainder beneficiaries" as set forth in the third article of Victor's will, of which

Barbara was "a remainder beneficiary." According to the complaint, "[e]ven if

the co-executors . . . fail[ed] to fund the Trust, the assets in [Victor's] estate

would then become an asset of the Estate of Antoinette," of which Barbara was

"a residuary beneficiary." Barbara also alleged in the complaint that "[d]espite

being a [one-sixth] owner of the East Hanover property," the co-executors

wrongfully withheld notice of her interest in the property. She claimed the first

time she became aware of her interest was "nearly five months after the deed

was executed and nearly four months after [Victor's] death." She also alleged

that the co-executors "wrongfully denied [her] access to the . . . property" until

August 8, 2012. As a result, she was seeking "damages for breach of fiduciary

duty" and "for denying [her] access" to the East Hanover property. Upon receipt

of Barbara's complaint, pursuant to Rule 1:4-8, McHugh demanded in writing

that she withdraw her complaint because it was frivolous litigation. In response,

Barbara refused.

By July 2013, the bulk of Victor's estate was transferred to Antoinette's

estate. At the direction of the co-executors, in a July 9, 2013 letter, McHugh,

serving as the attorney of the co-executors, notified each of the intended

beneficiaries of the bequests. Specifically, the letter indicated that "the former

A-2847-16T4
11
Smith Barney account," valued at approximately $610,000 at the time of Victor's

death, would be distributed equally to the six grandnieces and grandnephews

named in Antoinette's will, and $40,000 would be allocated to each of the seven

nieces and nephews named in the will "from other estate assets." The letter

further advised that as stipulated in Antoinette's will, a trust would be

established with their respective share for any grandnieces and grandnephews

under the age of twenty-five.

Notwithstanding the position taken by McHugh on behalf of the co-

executors in the July 9, 2013 letter, on May 23, 2014, the co-executors filed a

verified complaint to approve the proposed accounting and distribution of the

Antoinette Estate, claiming that the bequest to the grandnieces and

grandnephews was "subject to ademption." According to the complaint, the

third paragraph of Antoinette's Will left "'the balance of the pre -death

shareholdings of [Victor's] . . . brokerage account at Smith Barney'" to the named

grandnephews and grandnieces. However, "[t]he 'balance of pre-death

shareholdings in Victor's Smith Barney account' as of Antoinette's date of death

[was] valued at 'zero' as neither the account nor the funds . . . existed[,]" having

been "transferred to Oppenheimer by Victor in August 2011, inherited by

Antoinette, assimilated within her account and rebalanced to suit her particular

A-2847-16T4
12
needs." The complaint alleged further that while "the Estate of Antoinette" was

"ready for distribution[,]" with the value of the Oppenheimer account passing to

the residuary, Barbara's lawsuit "against the Estate of Victor . . . seeking the

posthumous funding of a supplemental benefits needs trust for the benefit of the

now deceased Antoinette[,]" would "adversely impact the residuary

beneficiaries of the Estate of Antoinette."

On June 13, 2014, the court consolidated the two estate litigations. In a

hearing conducted prior to the consolidation, the court determined Barbara was

entitled to an accounting and limited discovery of Antoinette's medical records.

The court also entered an order indicating that Barbara and the co-executors

"consent[ed] to the jurisdiction of [the c]ourt over the Estate of Antoinette" to

"determine whether Courtney Cannici [was] a beneficiary of the brokerage

account" referenced in both Victor's and Antoinette's wills, and to "determine

how and at what time the brokerage account should be valued" for purposes of

distribution.

On July 25, 2014, Barbara filed an answer to the co-executors' complaint

"as beneficiary and nominated trustee" of Antoinette's will, claiming various

exceptions to the accounting. In particular, she claimed that the brokerage

account was not subject to ademption. Barbara's brother and Antoinette's

A-2847-16T4
13
nephew, Charles, also filed an answer, claiming exceptions to the accounting

and asserting he "should be deemed a residuary beneficiary" of Antoinette's Will

under the anti-lapse statute, N.J.S.A. 3B:3-35, which provides that:

If a devisee who is a . . . lineal descendant of a
grandparent of the testator is dead at the time of the
execution of the will, or fails to survive the testator, or
is treated as if he predeceased the testator, the issue of
the deceased devisee who survive the testator by 120
hours take in place of the deceased devisee and if they
are all of the same degree of kinship to the devisee they
take equally, but if of unequal degree then those of
more remote degree take by representation.

Charles claimed "one-third of the one-third which would have otherwise passed

to his mother, Anna Marie Alfieri Morton, as [she] predeceased Antoinette." In

his answer, Charles also asserted that he "should be deemed to be a beneficiary

of a general devise of $40,000[]" pursuant to the will because "the omission of

his name . . . was an obvious error which [was] contrary to the probable intent

of the testator."

Given the exceptions to the accounting, the court denied the co-executors'

motion for summary judgment without prejudice, and ordered the parties to

engage in discovery, including conducting depositions. In particular, in a March

6, 2015 order, the court ordered the co-executors to comply with Barbara's

discovery requests by answering certain interrogatories and producing relevant

A-2847-16T4
14
documents, and ordered McHugh to provide his scrivener's notes pertaining to

the preparation of Victor's and Antoinette's wills. McHugh later responded that

in 2011, he "discarded" his "checklists and/or notes" associated with the drafting

of the wills.

Following the completion of discovery, the Estates again moved for

summary judgment on all issues. Barbara opposed the motion and cross-moved

for a declaratory judgment, pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2A:16-53 and -55, regarding

the disposition of the brokerage account. Matthew filed a certification with his

mother's cross-motion, requesting that Barbara continue to represent his

interests in the litigation, or, in the alternative, requesting "permission to join"

the litigation. Additionally, Charles moved for summary judgment on the anti-

lapse issue and to be deemed a beneficiary of the $40,000 bequest.

On February 1, 2016, the court issued an oral decision, later supplemented

by a February 2, 2016 written statement of reasons, disposing of several issues.

Regarding Barbara's claim for damages stemming from the co-executors

denying her access to the East Hanover property, the court acknowledged that,

although Barbara's remainder interest in the property vested upon Victor's death,

she did not receive a key until nearly one year later. Nonetheless, the court

rejected Barbara's claim that the co-executors ousted her from the property as

A-2847-16T4
15
"moot." The court reasoned that Barbara no longer had an "interest in the

property" after it "sold in October 2012," and she "received approximately

$70,000" from the sale proceeds. According to the court, Barbara "could have

potentially had a claim for ouster before the home was sold," but took no "action

to enforce her right to access the property."

The court further explained that even if Barbara's claim were viable, she

"failed to provide . . . any appropriate evidence of damages." In that regard, the

court noted that Barbara "submitted a market analysis showing a $30,000

differential between the value of the property at Victor's death and the selling

price of the property[,]" alleging that the "storing of [the] [c]o-[e]xecutor's

personal property diminished the property value." However, the court found

that Barbara "failed to support [her] allegations with an expert opinion." In any

event, the court found "no evidence of . . . wrongdoing" on the part of the co -

executors "in the handling" of the East Hanover property. The court explained

that "[i]f the [c]o-[e]xecutors were concerned about [Barbara] . . . wrongfully

tak[ing] [d]ecedents['] personal belongings," as they claimed, "then [they] acted

rightfully by removing the personal belongings first before giving [Barbara]

access to the property."

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 Addtionally, the court found that Barbara lacked standing to litigate

claims on behalf of Courtney, stating that "the only reference" to Courtney in

the will was that she did "not inher[i]t." Further, the court rejected the

application to remove the co-executors, finding "no evidence" of impropriety on

their part. According to the court, "[t]he only issue" supporting the claim of

impropriety was the "non-funding" of the "trust[]," and this issue was

"withdrawn" when Barbara ceased pursuing her complaint as to Victor's estate.

The court also dismissed Charles' claim to the $40,000 bequest, explaining that

it could not "read into the will that he gets $40,000[,]" as there was "no evidence

of any mistake." In making that determination, the court contrasted Charles'

claim in his supporting certification that he "had a good relationship" with

Antoinette, and "should have been" included, against his deposition testimony

that "[h]e live[d] in Texas and . . . only saw [Antoinette] a few times since the

[19]70's." The court did, however, grant summary judgment to Charles on the

anti-lapse issue, which the Estates conceded, declaring he was a one-third

residuary beneficiary of his deceased mother's interest.

Turning to the ademption issue, the court concluded that "the Smith

Barney account adeemed." Relying heavily on McHugh's deposition testimony,

the court found that "[i]n 2011," when Victor "discovered that the account had

A-2847-16T4
17
risen in value to $600,000," he "expressly stated that he did not intend that

amount to pass to the grandnieces and grandnephews[,]" as "those assets"

constituted "the bulk of Victor's estate." According to the court, as a result,

"Victor emptied the Smith Barney account and hired a financial advisor, Victor

Puglio[,]" as "part of a sophisticated pre-death plan to maximize his estate for

the benefit of Antoinette." The court continued that Victor then "set up an inter

vivos trust and facilitated financial transactions to [the] [c]o-[e]xecutors to be

used to benefit Antoinette."

Thus, the court found that these financial changes "show[ed] Victor's clear

intention not to allow the grandnieces and grandnephews to receive such large

amounts of money from the Estate and instead use the money towards

Antoinette's care." Applying the governing legal principles, the court concluded

that "[s]ince the assets from the Smith Barney account no longer existed at the

time of Antoinette's death, the bequests adeemed." Further, according to the

court, it was "irrelevant to the analysis whether Antoinette was privy to Victor's

actions relating to the Smith Barney account" because "it would not change the

fact that the assets in the account were destroyed and instead used for

Antoinette's benefit." The court stressed "Antoinette never inherited a Smith

Barney account because the account was destroyed prior to her death" and

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"[t]hus[] Antoinette's Will could not have [bequeathed] property which [was]

never part of Antoinette's Estate to begin with."

The court expressly rejected Barbara's contention "that the Smith Barney

account was not destroyed, but simply changed in form since the contents were

transferred to Oppenheimer & Co[,]" and rejected Barbara's reliance on "case

law holding that no ademption occurred when the decedent simply moved the

money to another bank, another brokerage company, or rolled the money into an

IRA." See In re Estate of Hall, 60 N.J. Super. 597 (App. Div. 1960). According

to the court,

[t]he problem with this argument is that Victor used the
money that he transferred into the Oppenheimer & Co.
account to set up inter vivos trusts for the benefit of
Antoinette. It is clear from the face of the entire Will
that Victor wanted to care for his sister above
everything else. This action did not just move money
from one account to another, [i]t changed the very
purpose and use of this money by Victor. Although
Victor did not include the intent to alter the bequests in
the Codicil, it is clear from his actions that he did not
intend to have his grandnieces and grandnephews split
over $600,000 of Estate funds.

The court also rejected Barbara's assertion that the Estates were "estopped

from claiming ademption" after McHugh previously "affirmed the bequests from

the Smith Barney account were to be made to the grandnieces and

grandnephews." The court determined "it would be inequitable to apply estoppel

A-2847-16T4
19
to this issue" and "completely alter the [d]ecedents' estate planning based upon

. . . McHugh's [erroneous] statements alone." On February 2, 2016, the court

entered two conforming orders, one granting the Estates' motion for summary

judgment and dismissing Barbara's complaint with prejudice, and the other

denying Barbara's cross-motion for declaratory judgment.

Thereafter, Barbara moved for reconsideration, and the Estate of Victor

moved for sanctions against Barbara for frivolous litigation. On May 6, 2016,

the court denied both motions. In an oral opinion, addressing the ademption

issue, the court "concede[d] that [it] made a mistake in the original decision in

indicating the money [from the Smith Barney account] went into a trust." 5

However, the court explained that the factual "error" was of "no consequence"

because "[t]he evidence was clear" that Victor "intended" to "alter[] the purpose

of that money[,]" and it was "not a matter of simply moving one account to

another."

To support its motion for sanctions for filing frivolous litigation, the

Estate of Victor relied on a July 8, 2013 letter sent by McHugh to Barbara's

5
Instead, the record reflects that the SBT funds were held in a separate and
distinct Oppenheimer account, bearing a different account number. As of
September 30, 2011, the SBT account was valued at $719,132.65, while Victor's
Oppenheimer brokerage account was valued at $614,793.09.
A-2847-16T4
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attorney pursuant to Rule 1:4-8, demanding withdrawal of her verified complaint

because it

intentional[ly] fail[ed] to accurately state the terms of
[Victor's] Will; intentionally [sought] to distort the
decedent's intentions stated in his Will and Codicil;
[sought] a prejudicial interpretation of the Will in
[Barbara's] attempt to better her and her children's
stated beneficiary status in the Will; misstat[ed] the
intentions/actions of both decedents, [Victor and
Antoinette], related to their testamentary intentions and
medical conditions, fail[ed] to disclose to the [c]ourt
that by the time [Victor's] estate was finalized,
[Antoinette] was deceased and you can't establish a
living trust for a dead beneficiary; [and] misstate[d] and
misrepresent[ed] the claimed reasons for her damages
claim.

In rejecting the Estate's application, the court determined that the

frivolous litigation "statute and rule" did not apply because "[t]here was a . . .

good faith [basis] to start this litigation." The court noted that the sanctions

sought were "extremely limited and extremely rare" and intended to apply to

"baseless" cases filed "for the purpose of . . . harassment[.]" However, according

to the court, although Barbara's claims were ultimately unsuccessful, she had

"every right to file a claim[,]" asserting as she had that the conditions precedent

to establishing "a trust" were met "based upon the fact that [Antoinette] . . .

[was] suffering from dementia" and resided in "an assisted living" facility. The

court continued that Barbara's advocacy regarding "[t]he Smith Barney account"

A-2847-16T4
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was also "clearly a legitimate claim[,]" as was her claim regarding the East

Hanover property.

On June 27, 2016, the court awarded counsel fees and costs to the Estates'

attorneys, totaling approximately $233,913, and denied Charles' request for

counsel fees. While the court found the Estates' attorneys' "hourly rates" to be

"reasonable" and the "[services] rendered appropriate," the court found "no legal

authority" to award the fees sought by Charles' attorney and determined the

services rendered did not fall within the purview of Rule 4:42-9(a)(2) or (3).

On January 26, 2017, the court denied Matthew's cross-motion to

intervene in the litigation. The court found no basis to grant the application

"after [Matthew] did nothing for three years [of litigation] except rely on his

mother's . . . representation of him and her litigation efforts to protect his

interest[.]" In a separate order entered on the same date, the court approved the

final accounting of the Estates, rejecting the objection that open issues regarding

the inheritance tax return precluded granting approval. The court also granted

the Estates' attorneys' requests for additional counsel fees and costs totaling

approximately $32,462. In granting the fees, the court "considered the lengthy

. . . certifications of services submitted by both law firms" and "[found] the

hourly rates to be reasonable," and "the activities that were carried out by

A-2847-16T4
22
counsel . . . necessary[.]" In the same order, the court "dismissed" the litigation

"with prejudice[,]" as all issues were adjudicated. These appeals followed.

On appeal, Barbara and Matthew raise the following points for our

consideration:

[POINT ONE]

. . . THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING
SUMMARY JUDGMENT TO THE ESTATES[.]

....

[A]. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN
FINDING THAT THE BROKERAGE
ACCOUNT WAS SUBJECT TO
ADEMPTION[.]

[B]. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN
FAILING TO RECONSIDER ITS DECISION
REGARDING ADEMPTION[.]

[C]. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT
ESTOPPING THE CO-EXECUTORS FROM
ASSERTING THAT THE BROKERAGE
ACCOUNT ADEEMED.

1. THE CO-EXECUTORS ARE
JUDICIALLY ESTOPPED FROM
CLAIMING ADEMPTION.

2. THE CO-EXECUTORS ARE
EQUITABLY ESTOPPED FROM
CLAIMING ADEMPTION.

A-2847-16T4
23
 [POINT TWO]

. . . THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO
ENTER DECLARATORY JUDGMENT THAT THE
GRANDNIECES/NEPHEWS ARE BENEFICIARIES
OF THE BROKERAGE ACCOUNT[.]

[POINT THREE]

. . . THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING
SUMMARY JUDGMENT DISMISSING THE CLAIM
REGARDING THE REAL PROPERTY[.]

[POINT FOUR]

. . . THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION
IN APPROVING ALL OF THE FEES SOUGHT BY
THE ESTATES[.]

[POINT FIVE]

. . . MATTHEW STELLA, AS AN INTERESTED
PARTY, HAD A RIGHT TO INTERVENE AND THE
TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING SAME[.]

A. MATTHEW STELLA HAD A RIGHT TO
INTERVENE[.]

B. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT
PERMITTING INTERVENTION[.]

C. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT
PERMITTING MATTHEW STELLA TO
REPRESENT THE CLASS[.]

Charles raises the following points in his cross-appeal:

A-2847-16T4
24
 POINT ONE

AN ATTORNEY HAS AN ETHICAL OBLIGATION
TO HIS CLIENTS, AND TO THE BENEFICIARIES
OF THE CLIENTS' ESTATES TO RETAIN AND
PRESERVE ALL FILE NOTES FOR SEVEN YEARS.

POINT TWO

THE INTENTIONAL DESTRUCTION OF THE
SCRIVENER'S NOTES BY AN INTERESTED
PARTY RAISES A PRESUMPTION THAT THE
NOTES WOULD HAVE SUPPORTED THE CLAIM
OF [MORTON].

POINT THREE

WHEN THE SCRIVENER OF THE WILL HAS
INTENTIONALLY DESTROYED THE FILE NOTES,
IN A CASE WHICH ALLEGES AN ERROR ON HIS
PART, DISMISSAL ON SUMMARY JUDGMENT IS
NOT APPROPRIATE.

POINT FOUR

EVEN IF A PRESUMPTION REGARDING THE
INTENTIONAL DESTRUCTION OF THE NOTES
DOES NOT ARISE, SUMMARY JUDGMENT STILL
SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GRANTED.

POINT FIVE

THE [FEDERAL TRUST6] CASE IS NO LONGER
BINDING AUTHORITY, AS IT EXCLUDES THE
USE OF EXTRINSIC EVIDENCE, AND THUS IS

6
Fed. Tr. Co. v. Ost, 120 N.J. Eq. 43 (Ch. 1937), aff'd, 121 N.J. Eq. 608 (E. &
A. 1937).
A-2847-16T4
25
 CONTRARY TO THE DEVELOPMENT IN
SUBSEQUENT CASELAW SINCE 1937.

POINT SIX

THE EVIDENCE OF THE TESTATOR'S
STATEMENTS, INCLUDING THE RELATIONSHIP
AMONG THE FAMILY MEMBERS, AND THE
SCRIVENER'S NOTES, OR THE ABSENCE OF THE
NOTES, ARE EVIDENCE OF THE PROBABLE
INTENT OF THE TESTATOR.

POINT SEVEN

THE FILING OF THE CLAIM OF [MORTON] WAS
NOT BARRED BY . . . [RULE] 4:85-1, AS IT DID
NOT SEEK TO SET ASIDE THE PROBATE OF THE
DOCUMENT.

POINT EIGHT

IN AN ACTION TO INTERPRET A LAST WILL
AND TESTAMENT, AN AWARD OF COUNSEL
FEES IS APPROPRIATE WHEN THE PLAINTIFF
HAS PREVAILED.

POINT NINE

THE DISMISSAL OF THE CLAIMS OF BARBARA
. . . SHOULD BE UPHELD, EVEN FOR REASONS
NOT RAISED BY THE SCRIVENER.

In its cross-appeal, the Estate of Victor raises the following point:

[POINT ONE]

. . . THE TRIAL COURT'S RULING DENYING
SANCTIONS AGAINST BARBARA STELLA FOR

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26
 FRIVOLOUS LITIGATION SHOULD BE
REVERSED[.]

II.

In reverse order, we first address the Estate of Victor's cross-appeal. We

review a trial court's decision on a motion for frivolous lawsuit sanctions under

"an abuse of discretion standard[,]" United Hearts, L.L.C. v. Zahabian, 407 N.J.

Super. 379, 390 (App. Div. 2009) (citing Masone v. Levine, 382 N.J. Super. 181,

193 (App. Div. 2005)), and will only reverse such a decision if "it 'was not

premised upon consideration of all relevant factors, was based upon

consideration of irrelevant or inappropriate factors, or amounts to a clear error

in judgment.'" McDaniel v. Man Wai Lee, 419 N.J. Super. 482, 498 (App. Div.

2011) (quoting Masone, 382 N.J. Super. at 193).

Rule 1:4-8 and N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 authorize sanctions and reasonable

attorney's fees against parties for bringing frivolous litigation before the court.

N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1(a) provides that a prevailing party of "a civil action, either

[a] plaintiff or defendant, against any other party may be awarded all reasonable

litigation costs and reasonable attorney fees, if the judge finds at any time during

the proceedings or upon judgment that a complaint, counterclaim, cross -claim

or defense of the nonprevailing person was frivolous." To find a complaint

frivolous:

A-2847-16T4
27
 [T]he judge shall find on the basis of the pleadings,
discovery, or the evidence presented that either: (1) The
complaint . . . was commenced, used or continued in
bad faith, solely for the purpose of harassment, delay or
malicious injury; or (2) The nonprevailing party knew,
or should have known, that the complaint, . . . was
without any reasonable basis in law or equity and could
not be supported by a good faith argument for an
extension, modification or reversal of existing law.

[N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1(b).]

"For purposes of imposing sanctions under Rule 1:4-8, an assertion is

deemed 'frivolous' when 'no rational argument can be advanced in its support,

or it is not supported by any credible evidence, or it is completely untenable. '"

United Hearts, 407 N.J. Super. at 389 (quoting First Atl. Fed. Credit Union v.

Perez, 391 N.J. Super. 419, 432 (App. Div. 2007)). Therefore, "[w]here a party

has reasonable and good faith belief in the merit of the cause," a motion for

sanctions will be denied. Perez, 391 N.J. Super. at 432. Indeed, "[t]he nature

of conduct warranting sanction under Rule 1:4-8 has been strictly construed,"

and "'the term "frivolous" should be given a restrictive interpretation' to avoid

limiting access to the court system." Id. at 432-33 (quoting McKeown-Brand v.

Trump Castle Hotel & Casino, 132 N.J. 546, 561-62 (1993)).

Here, we discern no abuse of discretion in the court's denial of the Estate's

motion for sanctions. We agree with the court that while Barbara's claims were

A-2847-16T4
28
largely unsuccessful, they were brought in good faith and were not frivolous

under N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 or Rule 1:4-8(a). Moreover, "a pleading will not be

considered frivolous for purposes of imposing sanctions under Rule 1:4-8 unless

the pleading as a whole is frivolous[,]" United Hearts, 407 N.J. Super. at 394,

"'or of a harassing nature[,]'" id. at 390 (quoting Iannone v. McHale, 245 N.J.

Super. 17, 32 (App. Div. 1990)), neither of which applies here.

III.

We next address Charles' claims. Although Charles delineates several

different point headings in his merits brief, he essentially contends that the court

erred by granting summary judgment to the co-executors on the $40,000

bequest, and denying his motion for counsel fees. Charles contends he should

have been included in the bequest because there was no "specific exclusion" and

the "omission of [his] name was an error in the preparation of the [will]."

Charles continues that a dismissal on summary judgment was not appropriate

where, as here, "the scrivener intentionally destroyed document[s] in violation

of his obligation to retain and preserve them, and the documents might have

favored [Charles]." Further, Charles argues that the court erred in relying on

Ost, 120 N.J. Eq. at 48-49, because it is distinguishable and "has essentially been

overruled" by statute and case law "concerning the 'doctrine of probable intent.'"

A-2847-16T4
29
Finally, Charles asserts the court erred in denying his request for counsel fees

"even for his successful claim on the anti-lapse statute."

A.

We first address the summary judgment ruling. We review "the trial

court's grant of summary judgment de novo under the same standard as the trial

court." Templo Fuente De Vida Corp. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh,

224 N.J. 189, 199 (2016) (citing Mem'l Props., LLC v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 210

N.J. 512, 524 (2012)). That standard is well-settled.

[I]f the evidence of record—the pleadings, depositions,
answers to interrogatories, and affidavits—"together
with all legitimate inferences therefrom favoring the
non-moving party, would require submission of the
issue to the trier of fact," then the trial court must deny
the motion. On the other hand, when no genuine issue
of material fact is at issue and the moving party is
entitled to a judgment as a matter of law, summary
judgment must be granted.

[Steinberg v. Sahara Sam's Oasis, LLC, 226 N.J. 344,
366 (2016) (quoting R. 4:46-2(c)); see Brill v. Guardian
Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 540 (1995).]

"When no issue of fact exists, and only a question of law remains," we

"afford[] no special deference to the legal determinations of the trial court."

Templo Fuente, 224 N.J. at 199 (citing Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm.

of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)). Thus, "[t]o defeat a motion for

A-2847-16T4
30
summary judgment, the opponent must 'come forward with evidence' that creates

a genuine issue of material fact." Cortez v. Gindhart, 435 N.J. Super. 589, 605

(App. Div. 2014) (quoting Horizon Blue Cross Blue Shield of N.J. v. State, 425

N.J. Super. 1, 32 (App. Div. 2012)). However, "conclusory and self-serving

assertions by one of the parties are insufficient to overcome the motion ," Puder

v. Buechel, 183 N.J. 428, 440-41 (2005) (citing Martin v. Rutgers Cas. Ins. Co.,

346 N.J. Super. 320, 323 (App. Div. 2002)), and the opponent must "do more

than 'point[] to any fact in dispute' in order to defeat summary judgment." Globe

Motor Co. v. Igdalev, 225 N.J. 469, 479 (2016) (alteration in original) (emphasis

omitted) (quoting Brill, 142 N.J. at 529).

In other words, disputes about facts that are "immaterial or of an

insubstantial nature" provide no basis to deny the moving party summary

judgment. Id. at 480 (quoting Brill, 142 N.J. at 529). Rather, "[a]n issue of fact

is genuine only if, considering the burden of persuasion at trial, the evidence

submitted by the parties on the motion, together with all legitimate inferences

therefrom favoring the non-moving party, would require submission of the issue

to the trier of fact." R. 4:46-2(c). "The practical effect of [Rule 4:46-2(c)] is

that neither the motion court nor an appellate court can ignore the elements of

A-2847-16T4
31
the cause of action or the evidential standard governing the cause of action."

Bhagat v. Bhagat, 217 N.J. 22, 38 (2014).

Pertinent to the actions underlying these appeals, "[t]he court's primary

goal in interpreting a [will] is to fulfill the [testator's] intent[,]" In re Tr. of

Nelson, 454 N.J. Super. 151, 158 (App. Div. 2018), and a "preponderance-of-

the-evidence standard of proof applies to interpretation[.]" Id. at 160. "[T]he

goal always is the ascertainment of the testator's intent and it is not to be

thwarted by unduly stressing 'the literal meaning' of his words." Id. at 158

(alteration in original) (quoting Fidelity Union Tr. Co. v. Robert, 36 N.J. 561,

565 (1962)). Notably, "in ascertaining intent," the "focus" is "really" on the

testator's "'probable intent' because 'it is impossible to determine with absolute

certainty [the testator's] actual subjective intent.'" Ibid. (alteration in original)

(quoting Morristown Tr. Co. v. McCann, 19 N.J. 568, 572 (1955)).

"In essence, the doctrine of probable intent is a rule of construction or

interpretation[,]" In re Estate of Flood, 417 N.J. Super. 378, 382 (App. Div.

2010), and "represents . . . a 'broader and more liberal approach to will

construction' than the prior insistence on formalistic results." Id. at 381 (quoting

In re Estate of Burke, 48 N.J. 50, 63 (1966)). While the doctrine "does not

permit a court to 'conjure up an interpretation or derive a missing testamentary

A-2847-16T4
32
provision out of whole cloth,'" Nelson, 454 N.J. Super. at 158 (quoting Engle v.

Siegel, 74 N.J. 287, 291 (1977)), it "'may, on the basis of the entire will,

competent extrinsic evidence and common human impulses strive reasonably to

ascertain and carry out what the testator probably intended . . . .'" Id. at 159

(quoting Burke, 48 N.J. at 64).

Thus, "[t]he doctrine permits the reformation of a will in light of a

testator's probable intent by 'searching out the probable meaning intended by the

words and phrases in the will[,]'" 7 Flood, 417 N.J. Super. at 381 (quoting Engle,

74 N.J. at 291), and offering "extrinsic evidence . . . not only to show an

ambiguity in a will but also, if an ambiguity exists, 'to shed light on the testator's

actual intent.'" Ibid. (quoting Wilson v. Flowers, 58 N.J. 250, 263 (1971)).

Indeed, as codified by statute,

[t]he intention of a testator as expressed in his [or her]
will controls the legal effect of his [or her] dispositions,
and the rules of construction expressed in N.J.S.[A.]
3B:3-34 through N.J.S.[A.] 3B:3-48 shall apply unless
the probable intention of the testator, as indicated by
the will and relevant circumstances, is contrary.

[N.J.S.A. 3B:3-33.1(a).]

7
While "[t]he preponderance-of-the-evidence standard of proof applies to
interpretation[,] . . . the more rigorous clear-and-convincing standard of proof
applies to reformation." Nelson, 454 N.J. Super. at 160.
A-2847-16T4
33
 Here, paragraph B of article three of Antoinette's will bequeathed "[t]he

sum of Forty Thousand . . . dollars to each of my following nieces and nephews,

Joanne Cannici, Stephen Cannici, Felicia Alfieri Feldman, Linda Alfieri

Willman, Brenda Ann Morton, [a]nd Barbara Ann Morton Stella, per stirpes and

not per capita." (Emphasis added). The unambiguous language of the will

expressly excluded Charles by limiting the bequest to specified nieces and

nephews. Charles asserts that McHugh's destruction of the scrivener's notes in

2011 creates an inference in his favor, and that a fact finder could have found

that Antoinette did not intend to treat him differently from the other nieces and

nephews. However, these "[b]are conclusory assertions, without factual support

in the record," Horizon, 425 N.J. Super. at 32 (citing Brae Asset Fund, L.P. v.

Newman, 327 N.J. Super. 129, 134 (App. Div. 1999)), and "unsubstantiated

inferences and feelings[,]" Oakley v. Wianecki, 345 N.J. Super. 194, 201 (App.

Div. 2001), are insufficient to defeat summary judgment. Thus, we agree with

the court that Charles was not bequeathed $40,000 under the unambiguous terms

of Antoinette's will, and we discern no basis to reverse the grant of summary

judgment to her Estate.8 To rule otherwise would "derive a missing testamentary

8
Charles challenges the court's reliance on Ost, which held that a court must
assume it was the testator's intent to omit a nephew from a bequest where, as

A-2847-16T4
34
provision out of whole cloth[.]" Nelson, 454 N.J. Super. at 160 (quoting Engle,

74 N.J. at 291).

B.

Turning to the court's denial of Charles' request for an award of counsel

fees, parties seeking counsel fees bear the burden of proving they are entitled to

an award and that the fees sought are reasonable. Green v. Morgan Props., 215

N.J. 431, 455 (2013). "A prevailing party can recover counsel fees if expressly

allowed by statute, court rule, or contract." Empower Our Neighborhoods v.

Guadagno, 453 N.J. Super. 565, 579 (App. Div. 2018).

Rule 4:42-9(a)(2), pertaining to "a fund in court[,]" permits "[a] fiduciary"

to "make payments . . . for legal services rendered out of a fund entrusted to the

fiduciary for administration, subject to approval . . . by the court upon settlement

of the account." "'Fund in court' has been defined as 'where it is in the hands of

a fiduciary who is a party before the court and when it is within the court's

jurisdictional authority to deal with it.'" In re Prob. of Alleged Will of

Landsman, 319 N.J. Super. 252, 272 (App. Div. 1999) (quoting In re Estate of

here, other nieces and nephews were specifically named. 120 N.J. Eq. at 48-49.
Charles also questions the court's reliance on Rule 4:85-1, permitting an
aggrieved person to file a complaint within specified time frames when "a will
has been probated . . . ." However, there is no indication in the record that the
court relied on either.
A-2847-16T4
35
Thornton, 169 N.J. Super. 360, 369 (App. Div. 1979)). "In order for an attorney

to be entitled to compensation for his services from a 'fund in court' he must

have aided directly in creating, preserving or protecting the fund. He is not

entitled to such an award if his client sues merely for his own interest or benefit."

Shilowitz v. Shilowitz, 115 N.J. Super. 165, 188 (Ch. Div. 1971), modified, 119

N.J. Super. 311 (App. Div. 1972) (citation omitted).

Additionally, Rule 4:42-9(a)(3) specifically permits the award of counsel

fees in probate actions. "If probate is granted, and it shall appear that the

contestant had reasonable cause for contesting the validity of the will or codicil,

the court may make an allowance to the proponent and the contestant, to be paid

out of the estate." Ibid. (emphasis added). In accordance with this rule, courts

may allow counsel fees to both the proponent and contestant in a will dispute

"'[e]xcept in a weak or meretricious case.'" In re Prob. of Will & Codicil of

Macool, 416 N.J. Super. 298, 313 (App. Div. 2010) (alteration in original)

(quoting In re Reisdorf, 80 N.J. 319, 326 (1979)).

However, whether to award counsel fees and "[t]he extent of such awards

rests within the sound discretion of the trial [court,]" Empower Our

Neighborhoods, 453 N.J. Super. at 579, and "fee determinations by trial courts

will be disturbed only on the rarest of occasions, and then only because of a

A-2847-16T4
36
clear abuse of discretion." Packard-Bamberger & Co. v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427,

444 (2001) (quoting Rendine v. Pantzer, 141 N.J. 292, 317 (1995)). An abuse

of discretion in the award of counsel fees may be demonstrated "if the

discretionary act was not premised upon consideration of all relevant factors,

was based upon consideration of irrelevant or inappropriate factors, or amounts

to a clear error in judgment." Masone, 382 N.J. Super. at 193 (citing Flagg v.

Essex Cty. Prosecutor, 171 N.J. 561, 571 (2002)).

Here, we discern no abuse of discretion in the court's denial of Charles'

request for counsel fees in light of the fact that Charles' pursuit of the $40,000

bequest was unsuccessful, and the Estate conceded Charles was a beneficiary

under the anti-lapse statute, obviating the need for litigation. Given the

"considerable latitude" afforded courts "in resolving fee applications," Grow

Co., Inc. v. Chokshi, 424 N.J. Super. 357, 367 (App. Div. 2012), we see no

reason to intervene.

IV.

We now turn our attention to Matthew's contention that the court erred by

denying his application to intervene as of right, under Rule 4:33-1, or

permissively, pursuant to Rule 4:33-2. To satisfy Rule 4:33-1's requirements to

intervene as of right, a moving party must:

A-2847-16T4
37
 (1) claim "an interest relating to the property or
transaction which is the subject of the transaction," (2)
show [that the movant] is "so situated that the
disposition of the action may as a practical matter
impair or impede its ability to protect that interest," (3)
demonstrate that the "[movant's] interest" is not
"adequately represented by existing parties," and (4)
make a "timely" application to intervene.

[Am. Civil Liberties Union of N.J., Inc. v. Cty. of
Hudson, 352 N.J. Super. 44, 67 (App. Div. 2002)
(alterations in original) (quoting Meehan v. K.D.
Partners, L.P., 317 N.J. Super. 563, 568 (App. Div.
1998)).]

"As the rule is not discretionary, a court must approve an application for

intervention as of right if the four criteria are satisfied." Meehan, 317 N.J.

Super. at 568.

Alternatively, under Rule 4:33-2, "[u]pon timely application[,] anyone

may be permitted to intervene in an action if the claim or defense and the main

action have a question of law or fact in common." "In exercising its discretion[,]

the court shall consider whether the intervention will unduly delay or prejudice

the adjudication of the rights of the original parties." Ibid. Because the decision

"vests considerable discretion in the trial court[,]" Evesham Twp. Zoning Bd. of

Adjustment v. Evesham Twp. Council, 86 N.J. 295, 299 (1981), we review the

trial court's adjudication of a permissive intervention motion under an abuse of

A-2847-16T4
38
discretion standard. See City of Asbury Park v. Asbury Park Towers, 388 N.J.

Super. 1, 12 (App. Div. 2006).

Here, the court denied Matthew's motion to intervene because it was

untimely. The litigation regarding the brokerage account had been ongoing for

over three years, and Matthew failed to move to intervene during that time

period. It was only when the Estates moved for the court to approve the final

accounting that Matthew filed a cross-motion to intervene. We have instructed

that "[o]n the issue of timeliness," the court must "consider the purpose of the

intervention motion in relation to the stage in the action when the motion was

made." Chesterbrooke Ltd. P'ship v. Planning Bd. of Tp. of Chester, 237 N.J.

Super. 118, 125 (App. Div. 1998). "For example, if intervention is sought only

for the limited purpose of taking an appeal, the only 'prejudice to those already

parties in the case' from granting intervention is the inherent 'delay' necessarily

involved in opposing the intervenor's appeal." Ibid. (quoting United States v.

Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 642 F.2d 1285, 1294-95 (D.C. Cir. 1980)).

Here, the court acknowledged that given the Estate's challenge to

"Barbara's standing to pursue [an] appeal[,]" Matthew sought to intervene "in

order to preserve the right to appeal." However, there had been no determination

that Barbara had no standing to pursue an appeal, and the court rejected the

A-2847-16T4
39
Estate's contention that the court had previously made that determination.

According to the court, there was "no order . . . ever entered to that effect," and

such "a determination" would have had to be "reduced to an order" to be binding.

Thus, the court concluded there was "no reason for a change" in "the status quo"

"at this point" by permitting Matthew's intervention. We agree with the court's

determination.

More problematic, however, is the dearth of evidence in the record

demonstrating that Matthew complied with the procedural requirements of Rule

4:33-3, which requires "[a] person desiring to intervene" to "serve on all parties

a motion to intervene stating the grounds therefor and accompanied by a

pleading setting forth the claim or defense for which intervention is sought along

with a Case Information Statement pursuant to [Rule] 4:5-1(b)(1)." Thus, we

are also convinced that Matthew's failure to meet the procedural requirements

of Rule 4:33-3 was fatal to his application.

V.

Finally, we address Barbara's claims in turn.

A.

Turning first to her challenge of the award of counsel fees, Barbara argues

the court "abuse[d] its discretion" by "not reducing the amount of fees sought

A-2847-16T4
40
by the estates' counsel." Barbara posits "[t]he majority of the fees incurred in

Antoinette's estate were as a direct result of the co-executors' change in position

with respect to the disposition of the brokerage account and the time and effort

to prevent the disclosure of relevant information." Additionally, Barbara asserts

that "[t]he fees associated with the filing of the inheritance tax return in

Antoinette's estate should be disallowed" because "[t]he return had to be

amended" as a result of errors, and the co-executors "failed to disclaim assets

from the Victor estate, which would have resulted in an overall tax savings to

the estates." She also contends the certifications submitted by counsel contained

incomplete, duplicative, and erroneous entries.

While Rule 4:42-9(a)(3) permits the award of counsel fees "out of the

estate" in "a probate action," Rule 4:42-9(b) specifies that "all applications for

the allowance of fees shall be supported by an affidavit of services addressing

the factors enumerated by RPC 1.5(a)[,]" and "shall also include a recitation of

other factors pertinent in the evaluation of the services rendered, the amount of

the allowance applied for, and an itemization of disbursements for which

reimbursement is sought." RPC 1.5(a) details the factors a court is required to

A-2847-16T4
41
consider in assessing the reasonableness of attorney's fees. 9 After analyzing the

relevant factors, a court must then "state its reasons on the record for awarding

a particular fee . . . ." City of Englewood v. Exxon Mobile Corp., 406 N.J.

Super. 110, 125 (App. Div. 2009) (quoting Furst v. Einstein Moomjy, Inc., 182

N.J. 1, 22 (2004)).

9
The factors to be considered include the following:

(1) the time and labor required, the novelty and
difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill
requisite to perform the legal service properly;

(2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the
acceptance of the particular employment will preclude
other employment by the lawyer;

(3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for
similar legal services;

(4) the amount involved and the results obtained;

(5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by
the circumstances;

(6) the nature and length of the professional
relationship with the client;

(7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the
lawyer or lawyers performing the services;

(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.

[RPC 1.5(a).]
A-2847-16T4
42
 Here, McHugh and Cathyanne Pisciotta, as counsel for the Estates,

submitted separate certifications of services in compliance with Rule 4:42-9(b)'s

requirements. The certifications delineated the relevant RPC 1.5(a) factors,

including the attorneys' experience, hourly rates, time expended, and work

performed. After analyzing the pertinent factors, the court determined the fees

were reasonable. Given the length, complexity, and litigious history of the case,

we discern no abuse of discretion in the court's determination, and no reason to

disturb the award.

B.

Next, we address Barbara's contention that the court erred when it

dismissed her complaint for damages arising from the sale of the East Hanover

property. Because this issue was resolved by summary judgment, we review the

court's decision de novo. Templo Fuente, 224 N.J. at 199. Barbara argues the

"court erred in finding that [her] claims were moot" because the house had sold

by the time an action was filed and she had received one-sixth of the sale

proceeds. According to Barbara, she was entitled to "legal damages for the lack

of access during the co-executors' wrongful sole possession" of the property

calculated by "the imputed rental value for use and occupancy." Additionally,

she asserts she was entitled to "the difference between the lower sales price and

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the appraised date of death value of the property," or, more specifically, $5,000,

representing "one-sixth" of "$30,000." Barbara also contends the court erred by

finding "no wrongdoing by the agents of the estates[,]" and by "failing to hold

the co-executors accountable for usurping a co-owner's rights[,]" and "using the

property to store their own personalty."

The court analyzed Barbara's claim as a legally cognizable claim for

ouster. An ouster occurs "where one cotenant . . . remains in possession of a

one-family house which is not susceptible of joint occupancy, and refuses to

accede to plaintiff's demands for access to the property[.]" Newman v. Chase,

70 N.J. 254, 267 (1976). Where "'an ouster or exclusion'" occurs, "the excluded

cotenant may recover the reasonable rental value of the portion of the property

so occupied." Capital Fin. Co. of Del. Valley, Inc. v. Asterbadi, 398 N.J. Super.

299, 312 (App. Div. 2008) (quoting Lohmann v. Lohmann, 50 N.J. Super. 37,

68 (App. Div. 1958)). When an ouster occurs, "'but the ousted cotenant receives

an accounting based on the value of the use and occupation by the cotenant in

possession, equity requires that appropriate payments made by the cotenant in

possession be credited in calculating what is due [to] the cotenant out of

possession.'" Ibid. (quoting Newman, 70 N.J. at 267-68).

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 Here, the parties were not co-tenants. Thus, we question the applicability

of an ouster claim. On the other hand, under N.J.S.A. 2A:35-1, "[a]ny person

claiming the right of possession of real property in the possession of another, or

claiming title to such real property, shall be entitled to have his [or her] rights

determined in an action in the Superior Court." "When a landowner establishes

his or her entitlement to possession of or title to the realty," then a landowner-

plaintiff "'shall be entitled to recover from the defendant any and all incidental

damages, including mesne profits, and the full value of the use and occupation

of the premises for the time, not exceeding 6 years, before the commencement

of the action, during which the defendant was in possession thereof.'" J & M

Land Co. v. First Union Nat'l Bank ex rel. Meyer, 166 N.J. 493, 506 (2001)

(quoting N.J.S.A. 2A:35-2).

Similarly, under N.J.S.A. 2A:39-5,

A person taking possession of real property, without the
consent of the owner or without color of title, and
willfully and without force holding or detaining the
same after demand and written notice given for the
delivery of the possession thereof, by the owner or
person entitled to possession or right to possession shall
be guilty of an unlawful detainer.

A successful plaintiff in an unlawful detainer action "shall be entitled to

possession of the real property[,]" if appropriate, and "shall recover all damages

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proximately caused by the unlawful entry and detainer including court costs and

reasonable attorney’s fees." N.J.S.A. 2A:39-8.

Here, upon Victor's death, Barbara became a one-sixth owner of the East

Hanover property because she held a remainder interest in his life estate.

Barbara filed a timely complaint against the Victor Estate, seeking damages

incurred as a result of the co-executors' possession of the East Hanover property

and denial of her claim for access to the property until over one year after

Victor's death. The co-executors claimed they secured the premises to protect

Victor's and Antoinette's personal belongings from Barbara's pilfering.

Nonetheless, Barbara was permitted "to assert a claim for whatever damages the

facts may lawfully warrant, unrestrained by common law pleading or

nomenclature." Marder v. Realty Constr. Co., 43 N.J. 508, 511 (1964). To that

end, Barbara sought $5,000, representing one-sixth of the difference between

the sale price and the value of the property on the date of Victor's death, and an

unspecified amount, representing the value of the co-executors' use of the

premises. As the court found, however, the former was unsupported by "an

expert opinion," and the latter was speculative at best, particularly given the co-

executors' "fiduciary duty to protect estate assets." Accordingly, we agree with

the court's decision to grant summary judgment and dismiss Barbara's claim

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based on her failure to support her claim for damages, albeit predicated upon a

different cause of action. See Isko v. Planning Bd. of Livingston, 51 N.J. 162,

175 (1968) ("[I]f the order of [a trial court] is valid, the fact that it was predicated

upon an incorrect basis will not stand in the way of its affirmance." ).

C.

Next, we turn to Barbara's contention that the trial court erred in denying

her cross-motion for declaratory relief, in order to declare that the class of

grandnieces and grandnephews are beneficiaries of the brokerage account.

Because Barbara failed to meet certain procedural requirements, her application

was properly rejected.

Declaratory relief pursuant to the Declaratory Judgment Act (DJA),

N.J.S.A. 2A:16-50 to -62, is an equitable remedy "to provide a means by which

rights and obligations may be resolved in a case . . . ." State v. Eatontown

Borough, 366 N.J. Super. 626, 636-37 (App. Div. 2004). "Generally, it rests in

the sound discretion of the trial court whether declaratory relief under the Act

should be granted." Id. at 637. Thus, we review the trial court's denial under an

abuse of discretion standard. Ibid.

The DJA specifies that:

A person interested as or through an executor, . . .
trustee, . . . or other fiduciary, . . . devisee, legatee, [or]

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 heir . . . in the administration of a trust or the estate of
a decedent . . . may have a declaration of rights or legal
relations in respect thereto, to:

a. Ascertain any class of . . . devisees, legatees, heirs
. . . or others; or

b. Direct the executor . . . or other fiduciary to do or
abstain from doing any particular act in his fiduciary
capacity; or

c. Determine any question arising in the administration
of the estate, [or] trust . . . including the construction of
wills and other writings.

[N.J.S.A. 2A:16-55.]

Additionally, N.J.S.A. 2A:16-53 provides that "[a] person interested under a

deed, [or] will . . . may have determined any question of construction or validity

arising under the instrument . . . and obtain a declaration of rights, status or other

legal relations thereunder."

It is undisputed that in addition to being a legatee of a $40,000 bequest,

Barbara is a residuary beneficiary under Antoinette's will since, like her brother

Charles, she would take in place of her mother under the anti-lapse statute,

N.J.S.A. 3B:3-35. Barbara is also the parent of Matthew and Christina Stella,

who are the grandchildren of Anna Marie Alfieri Morton and the grandnephew

and grandniece, respectively, of Victor and Antoinette. Because Christina is

under the age of twenty-five, Barbara would be the trustee of any assets passing

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to her daughter under Antoinette's will. Thus, Barbara qualifies as an interested

person entitled to bring a declaratory judgment action to obtain a declaration of

rights and construction of the will.

However, "[w]hen declaratory relief is sought, all persons having or

claiming any interest which would be affected by the declaration shall be made

parties to the proceeding." Gotlib v. Gotlib, 399 N.J. Super. 295, 313 (App. Div.

2008) (quoting N.J.S.A. 2A:16-56). Indeed, a court "cannot adjudicate the rights

of parties who are not before the court[,]" ibid., and "[a] non-party 'remains

unaffected by any such judgment.'" Id. at 314 (quoting Tal v. Franklin Mut. Ins.

Co., 172 N.J. Super. 112, 116 (App. Div. 1980)). See N.J.S.A. 2A:16-57. Here,

Barbara sought declaratory relief in a cross-motion, rather than a complaint, and

failed to join all interested parties, including other residuary beneficiaries,

grandnieces and grandnephews, as required under N.J.S.A. 2A:16-56. While the

former is not fatal to her application, the latter is.

The stated purpose of the DJA "is to settle and afford relief from

uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status and other legal

relations." N.J.S.A. 2A:16-51. That purpose cannot be achieved unless all

parties having an interest in the subject matter are joined. Indeed, "[t]he court

may refuse to render or enter a declaratory judgment, when, if rendered or

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entered, it would not terminate the uncertainty or controversy giving rise to the

proceeding." N.J.S.A. 2A:16-61. Therefore, we discern no abuse of discretion

in the court's dismissal of Barbara's claim for declaratory relief. See Garnick v.

Serewitch, 39 N.J. Super. 486, 500 (Ch. Div. 1956) (holding that joining

interested parties necessary to the litigation is a prerequisite to bringing a

declaratory judgment action).

D.

Finally, we address Barbara's contention that the court erred in granting

the Estate of Antoinette summary judgment on the ademption issue. Having

considered the arguments and applicable law, we are satisfied that the bequest

did not adeem as a matter of law, and the court erred in ruling otherwise.

In New Jersey,

[t]he test of ademption of a specific legacy . . . is
whether the subject is "lost, destroyed, or subsequently
disposed of by testator, or so altered in form, by
testator's subsequent acts, as to indicate a change of
testamentary intent on his [or her] part. Conversely, if
the subject, although somewhat changed in form, be not
sufficiently changed to indicate change of testamentary
intent, there is no ademption."

[Arenofsky v. Arenofsky, 29 N.J. Super. 209, 213 (App.
Div. 1954) (quoting Chase Nat'l Bank v. Deichmiller,
107 N.J. Eq. 379, 382 (Ch. 1930)).]

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 In Arenofsky, we held that the testator's bequest of a partnership interest

did not adeem even though the partnership was converted into a corporation

prior to the testator's death. Id. at 213-14. There, we reversed the trial court's

determination "that the effect of the creation of the corporation and the transfer

to it of the decedent's equal share of the partnership and the receipt in return

therefor of shares of stock was to adeem the bequest of the partnership interest."

Id. at 213. We found "the testator's interest in the corporation remained

precisely the same as it had been in the partnership[,]" "[t]he alteration was in

form only[,]" ibid., and there was "no substantial evidence in the surrounding

circumstances . . . which demonstrate[d] an intention on [the testator's] part to

consider his interest in the corporation as different from that in the partnership. "

Id. at 213-14. We determined "[h]is share was in the business, and the form it

took on under the facts presented" was "immaterial." Id. at 214.

Likewise, in Hall, we reversed the trial court's determination that "a

specific bequest by will of certain bank accounts . . . adeemed by the transfer of

the moneys from four banks named in the will, during the testator's lifetime, to

another bank and a savings and loan association." 60 N.J. Super. at 598. There,

the testator transferred the funds because he moved from Rochester, New York,

to Maplewood, New Jersey, and began using local New Jersey banks. Id. at 599-

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600. The total sum of money in the four New York bank accounts was directly

traceable to the sum of money transferred into the two New Jersey accounts. Id.

at 600. We posited that

[t]he precise question . . . [was] whether the intent of
the testator was to so delimit and confine the subject
matter of the specific bequests . . . that if the money
therein should be transferred before his death to other
depositaries purely for his own custodial convenience,
as was obviously here the case, the bequest was
therefore necessarily revoked because the money was
no longer in "the form of bank accounts" in the specific
banks named in the will.

[Id. at 600-01.]

We noted there was "nothing to indicate that the estate of the testator was

substantially different in size or content when the will was drawn from when he

died." Id. at 602. Focusing on the testator's intent, we explained:

The testator intended to bequeath, not the particular
funds in the Rochester banks, but something having a
value roughly equal, or likely to be substantially equal
at his death, to that amount of money. The location
named in the will was the location of the funds when
the will was made, and this location identified the
moneys, but this was not a vital term of the bequest.
The change in place of deposit did not affect the
substance of the gift.

[Id. at 603.]

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See also White v. White, 105 N.J. Super. 184, 187 (Ch. Div. 1969) (finding

"probable intent of the testator is the determining factor" in assessing

ademption); Wyckoff v. YWCA, 37 N.J. Super. 274, 278 (Ch. Div. 1955) ("The

intention of the testator . . . is involved only when his actions with reference to

the subject matter of the bequest give rise to the inquiry as to whether there has

been an ademption.").

Here, the court framed the issue as whether Victor's transfer of the assets

in his Smith Barney account to Oppenheimer amounted to an ademption of those

funds. However, because Victor's bequest to Antoinette was a general residuary

bequest, rather than a specific bequest, it was not subject to ademption. "A

general legacy is defined as a bequest of personal property payable out of the

general assets of the testator's estate rather than from specific property included

therein." Busch v. Plews, 12 N.J. 352, 356 (1953). On the other hand, "[a]

specific legacy is defined as a bequest of personal property in specie and not

payable from other assets of the estate." Ibid. (citing Camden Tr. Co. v. Cramer,

136 N.J. Eq. 261, 270 (Ch. 1945)). Only "[s]pecific legacies are subject to

ademption; and it is the settled rule of construction that a legacy will not be

deemed specific unless the testator has explicitly indicated such to have been

his intention." Cramer, 136 N.J. Eq. at 270; see also Busch, 12 N.J. at 356.

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Because specific legacies "are subject to ademption with consequent frustration

of the testator's donative purpose, courts lean against construing legacies as

specific." Busch, 12 N.J. at 356 (citing Cramer, 136 N.J. Eq. at 270).

Here, because Victor predeceased Antoinette, the governing provision of

Victor's will reads as follows:

I give, devise[,] and bequeath to my beloved sister,
ANTOINETTE ELEANOR ALFIERI, absolutely and
forever, all of the remainder of my property, real,
personal, and mixed, of whatsoever kind and
wheresoever situated, which I may own, possess[,] or
be entitled to at the time of my death, or over which I
may have any power of appointment or disposition . . . .

The language clearly shows that the bequest to Antoinette was a general rather

than a specific legacy. The will made no mention of specific assets or listed

specific property Antoinette would inherit. "If the subject-matter is not

sufficiently individuated, the legacy is treated as general . . . ." Cramer, 136

N.J. Eq. at 270. As a result, contrary to the court's conclusion, Antoinette did,

in fact, inherit the brokerage account and was free to dispose of the funds as she

wished.

Because paragraph A of the third article of Antoinette's will provided a

bequest "in equal shares" to specified grandnephews and grandnieces of "[t]he

balance of the pre-death shareholdings" of Victor's "brokerage account at Smith

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54
Barney," the issue then becomes whether this specific bequest in Antoinette's

will adeemed. Although there was evidence from McHugh's deposition

testimony of Victor's intention to disinherit his grandnieces and grandnephews,

in interpreting Antoinette's will, the analysis focuses on Antoinette's "probable

intent" after inheriting Victor's brokerage account. In re Estate of Payne, 186

N.J. 324, 335 (2006). In that regard, "in determining the testator's subjective

intent, 'courts will give primary emphasis to [her] dominant plan and purpose as

they appear from the entirety of [her] will when read and considered in the light

of the surrounding facts and circumstances." Ibid. (quoting Robert, 36 N.J. at

564-65).

When Victor moved his assets from Smith Barney to Oppenheimer,

"although [the assets] somewhat changed in form," those assets were not "lost,

destroyed, or subsequently disposed of by" Antoinette. Arenofsky, 29 N.J.

Super. at 213. Indeed, the assets in the Oppenheimer account, consisting of

stocks of various corporations, were virtually identical to the assets transferred

from the Smith Barney account. Neither is there any evidence that those assets

were "so altered in form" by Antoinette's subsequent acts "as to indicate a

change of testamentary intent on [her] part." Ibid. Further, in light of the

surrounding facts and circumstances, there is no evidence demonstrating a plan

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or purpose from the entirety of Antoinette's will that she intended to disinherit

her grandnieces and grandnephews. Pertinent to that determination, in July

2011, when Antoinette executed a codicil specifically excluding Courtney from

her will, there was no mention of the brokerage account or of disinheriting any

other grandniece or grandnephew. In these circumstances, Victor's words and

actions prior to Antoinette's acquisition of his assets are of no consequence in

ascertaining Antoinette's testamentary intent.

In sum, because the Smith Barney brokerage account did not adeem, and

Antoinette bequeathed those assets, valued at over $600,000 at the time of her

death, to specified grandnieces and grandnephews, the court erred as a matter of

law in granting the Estate of Antoinette summary judgment. Based on our

decision, we need not consider Barbara's remaining arguments that the court

erred in denying reconsideration and declining to judicially and equitably estop

the Estate from arguing ademption. Accordingly, the court's order granting the

Estate summary judgment on the ademption issue is reversed. We affirm in all

other respects. To the extent we have not specifically addressed a particular

argument, it is because either our disposition makes it unnecessary or the

argument was without sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion.

R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

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 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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