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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
QUADIR POWELL :
:
Appellant : No. 1031 EDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence January 23, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0002889-2016
BEFORE: PANELLA, J., DUBOW, J., and NICHOLS, J.
MEMORANDUM BY PANELLA, J.: FILED OCTOBER 08, 2019
Appellant, Quadir Powell, appeals from the judgment of sentence
imposed following his guilty plea to violations of the Uniform Firearms Act
(“VUFA”). Specifically, Appellant challenges the denial of his motion to
suppress the discovery of a firearm. The suppression court properly found
that the arresting police officer had reasonable suspicion for a traffic stop and
to perform pat-down searches on Appellant, which ultimately revealed a
loaded .22 caliber revolver. Accordingly, we affirm.
The trial court summarized the evidence presented at the suppression
hearing:
[On March 2, 2016,] Philadelphia Police Officer [Jeffrey] Donahue
was working with his partner Police Officer Gerard in a marked
patrol vehicle, in the vicinity of the 6500 block [of Paschall
Avenue] in the City and County of Philadelphia. (N.T. [Suppression
Hearing, 8/18/16] at 5 and 6)[.] He described it as “a high crime
area a high-drug, high-crime, high-shooting area. At the time I
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was in our tactical squad, I had several officers make gun arrests
in that exact location.” (N.T. at 13)[.]
At approximately 7:44 p.m., they noticed a dark Dodge
Charger, with three occupants, traveling westbound on Paschall
Avenue. The car had no license plate, only a temporary sticker,
with no readily visible identifying numbers or letters, in the rear
window. (NT. at 5-7)[.] The police issued no ticket for this
violation. (N.T. at 16)[.] The police pulled over the Charger, using
lights and sirens. The car stopped in the running lane and all the
occupants turned and looked in the direction of the police. (N.T.
at 7)[.] Officer Gerard then signaled for the driver to pull over to
the side of the road, which he did. Again, all occupants turned and
looked at the police. [Appellant] was the front passenger. (N.T. at
8)[.]
As Officer Donahue approached the passenger side he saw
[Appellant], “reach up with his left hand several times and touch
his left front pocket of his jacket. The kind of thing people do when
they’re checking on their gun.” He described the coat as a “puffy”
winter coat. (N.T. at 9).
The key testimony regarding removing [Appellant] from the
car and frisking him was:
BY MS. BIRCH (Prosecutor):
Q. Based on your observation what, if anything, did
you do?
A. At that point, I knocked on the window to indicate
for him to roll it down. He turns and asks, What? I ask him
to roll down the window. He does.
I began asking him a few questions of where he lives
and where they were going that evening. He was being very
vague. Like when I asked him where he was living, he would
just give an area where he lives, like, Buist Ave. And he was
not being direct.
While I’m asking him questions, he touches his pocket
again. At that point in time, I feel that he had something on
him that could either endanger myself or my partner and I
ask him to step out of the vehicle. As he steps out, I do a
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frisk of the outer garments of him and I don’t feel anything
at this point in time. I pass him back to the vehicle where
there was back up officers standing there with the other
occupants. Then I was about to begin a search of the
immediate area where he was sitting.
Q. Where is the [Appellant] when you are about to
start the frisk of where he’s sitting?
A. He’s on the back of the trunk area with his hands
on the trunk.
Q. And do you have the opportunity to look back at
him?
A. That’s correct. As I’m getting ready to do the frisk
search of the car, I make a quick glance back to make sure
the other officers were safe. Again, I see him take his hands
off and touch the pocket.
Q. Same motion as before?
A. That’s correct.
Q. After you observe him what, if anything, did you
do?
A. I go back to the vehicle and I do another frisk at
which point I feel in the left front pocket, a small firearm.
(NT. at 9, 10 and 11)[.]
In addition, the police did a check through NCIC, PCIC
and found that Defendant had an outstanding warrant for a
probation violation. (NT. at 12)[.]
Suppression Court Opinion, 11/20/17, at 3-4. The suppression court denied
the motion.
On November 14, 2016, Appellant entered an open guilty plea to illegally
possessing a firearm (due to his prior conviction of possession with intent to
deliver), 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6105; carrying a firearm without a license, 18
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Pa.C.S.A. § 6106; and carrying a firearm on public streets or public property
in Philadelphia, 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6108. See N.T. Guilty Plea, 11/14/16, 8-9.
The trial court accepted the plea. Without objection from the Commonwealth,
the trial court also granted Appellant’s request to reserve the right to appeal
the denial of his motion for suppression.
On January 23, 2017, the court sentenced him to three concurrent
sentences for an aggregate county sentence of not less than eleven-and-one-
half nor more than twenty-three months of confinement, to be followed by
five years of reporting probation. This timely appeal followed. Both Appellant
and the suppression court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
On appeal, Appellant presents one over-arching general question and
four subsidiary questions for our review:
Did the [trial] court violate the Fourth and Fourteenth
Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article 1,
Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution in denying Appellant’s
motion to suppress because:
A. The police lacked reasonable suspicion or probable
cause to conduct a traffic stop where the officer’s belief that
the law requires a metal plate in addition to a valid
temporary registration plate is not objectively reasonable,
such that the recovery of the firearm was fruit of the
unlawful seizure?;
B. The police lacked reasonable suspicion that
Appellant’s act of touching his pocket several times
established that Appellant was armed and dangerous
sufficient to conduct a Terry frisk, such that the second frisk
and recovery of the firearm were fruit of the initial unlawful
frisk?;
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C. The police lacked reasonable suspicion to conduct
a second Terry frisk of Appellant because the first frisk
dispelled any suspicion that Appellant was armed and
dangerous, and Appellant engaged in no new conduct which
would provide reasonable articulable facts that Appellant
remained armed and dangerous?; and
D. The officer exceeded the permissible scope in
conducting the second Terry frisk because the officer
manipulated the item inside Appellant’s pocket without the
requisite probable cause?
Appellant’s Brief, at 3.
Our standard of review for a challenge to the denial of a motion to
suppress evidence is well-settled:
[An appellate court’s] standard of review in addressing a challenge
to the denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining
whether the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by
the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those
facts are correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the
suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as
remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as
a whole. Where the suppression court’s factual findings are
supported by the record, [the appellate court is] bound by [those]
findings and may reverse only if the court’s legal conclusions are
erroneous. Where . . . the appeal of the determination of the
suppression court turns on allegations of legal error, the
suppression court’s legal conclusions are not binding on an
appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the suppression
court properly applied the law to the facts. Thus, the conclusions
of law of the courts below are subject to [ ] plenary review.
Commonwealth v. Smith, 164 A.3d 1255, 1257 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citation
omitted). For our review, we examine the totality of the circumstances. See
Commonwealth v. Smith, 77 A.3d 562, 572 (Pa. 2013).
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In his first issue, Appellant claims, in effect, that because Officer
Donahue misconstrued the statutory requirements for display of a temporary
license plate, his stop of the vehicle in which Appellant was a passenger was
in error and violated the state and federal constitutions. (See Appellant’s
Brief, at 11-15). We disagree.
“The issue of what quantum of cause a police officer must possess in
order to conduct a vehicle stop based on a possible violation of the Motor
Vehicle Code is a question of law, over which our scope of review is plenary
and our standard of review is de novo.” Commonwealth v. Holmes, 14 A.3d
89, 94 (Pa. 2011) (citation omitted). Where it is not necessary to stop a
vehicle to determine that a vehicle code violation has occurred, an officer must
possess probable cause of the violation to stop the vehicle. See
Commonwealth v. Salter, 121 A.3d 987, 993 (Pa. Super. 2015).
The United States Supreme Court has held that a police officer’s
reasonable mistake of law can give rise to reasonable suspicion sufficient to
justify a vehicle stop under the Fourth Amendment. See Heien v. North
Carolina, 135 S. Ct. 530, 536 (2014): “[W]e have repeatedly affirmed, the
ultimate touchstone of the Fourth Amendment is reasonableness. To be
reasonable is not to be perfect, and so the Fourth Amendment allows for some
mistakes on the part of government officials, giving them fair leeway for
enforcing the law in the community's protection.” (citations and internal
quotation marks omitted).
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Here, as in Heien, we have no difficulty concluding that Officer
Donahue’s interpretation of the requirements for display of a license plate,
even if the officer’s conclusion may have amounted to a technical error of law,
was objectively reasonable. See 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1331 (requiring display of
necessary identifying numbers and letters on a license plate, and requiring
PennDOT to provide temporary plates); see also 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 1332(b)(3)
(prohibiting display of registration plate which, for any reason, is illegible at a
reasonable distance or is obscured in any manner).
In this case, Officer Donahue observed that the vehicle in which
Appellant was a passenger had no outside license plate. It only had a
temporary sticker in the rear window. From the officer’s vantage point in the
patrol car, the sticker in the rear window did not display any identifying
numbers or letters visible from a reasonable distance. See, N.T., Suppression
Hearing, 8/18/16, at 7. He decided that the sticker did not comply with the
statutory requirement to display visible letters and numbers. See id.
Under Heien, Officer Donahue’s observations were sufficient to support
a finding of probable cause of a vehicle code violation. See Commonwealth
v. Wilbert, 858 A.2d 1247, 1250 (Pa. Super. 2004) (concluding that officer’s
inability to discern information on license plate until she inspected the plate
closely supported a finding of probable cause of a violation of 75 Pa.C.S.A. §
1332). Therefore, even if we assume Appellant is correct in his assertion that
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Officer Donahue was mistaken about the technical requirements for a
temporary plate, Appellant is due no relief.
Appellant’s remaining three questions all challenge the legality of the
frisks, especially the second frisk, which uncovered the loaded weapon. See
Appellant’s Brief, at 3. Chiefly, Appellant challenges whether Officer Donahue
possessed reasonable suspicion to perform two pat-downs for weapons. We
address Appellant’s reasonable suspicion arguments together.
Appellant argues that Officer Donahue lacked reasonable suspicion to
frisk him either the first or the second time. He maintains that touching his
jacket pocket multiple times was the “primary reason” he was frisked.
Appellant’s Brief, at 15. He contends this repeated gesture was insufficient to
justify a frisk. See id. He concludes that his sentence must be vacated, and
the matter remanded for a new trial. We disagree.
There must be a narrowly drawn authority to permit a reasonable
search for weapons for the protection of the police officer, where
he has reason to believe that he is dealing with an armed and
dangerous individual, regardless of whether he has probable
cause to arrest the individual for a crime. The officer need not be
absolutely certain that the individual is armed; the issue is
whether a reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be
warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in
danger.
Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968) (citations omitted).
A police officer may conduct a quick frisk for weapons if he or she
reasonably fears that the person with whom he or she is dealing
may be armed and dangerous. The officer need not be absolutely
certain that the individual is armed; the issue is whether a
reasonably prudent man in the circumstances would be warranted
in the belief that his safety or the safety of others was in danger.
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The existence of reasonable suspicion to frisk an individual must
be judged in light of the totality of the circumstances confronting
the police officer.
Commonwealth v. Cooper, 994 A.2d 589, 592–93 (Pa. Super. 2010)
(citation omitted).
[I]f the officer has a reasonable suspicion, based on specific and
articulable facts, that the detained individual may be armed and
dangerous, the officer may then conduct a frisk of the individual’s
outer garments for weapons. Since the sole justification for a
Terry search is the protection of the officer or others nearby, such
a protective search must be strictly limited to that which is
necessary for the discovery of weapons which might be used to
harm the officer or others nearby.
Commonwealth v. Scarborough, 89 A.3d 679, 683 (Pa. Super. 2014)
(citations omitted).
Here, Appellant asserts that he was compliant with Officer Donahue.
Nevertheless, he concedes “[h]e might not have been as forthcoming as the
officer would have liked, but that should be irrelevant.” Appellant’s Brief, at
19. He posits that “a lack of full cooperation” should not be treated as
suspicious conduct. Id. To do so, he insists, “would allow police to use the
assertions of constitutional rights as evidence of a crime.” Id.
Appellant’s argument is misconceived and mistaken. His bald,
unsupported generalization overlooks, or chooses to ignore, decades of well-
settled jurisprudence beginning with Terry itself:
Where a police officer observes unusual conduct which leads him
reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal
activity may be afoot and that the persons with whom he is dealing
may be armed and presently dangerous, where in the course of
investigating this behavior he identifies himself as a policeman
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and makes reasonable inquiries, and where nothing in the initial
stages of the encounter serves to dispel his reasonable fear for his
own or others’ safety, he is entitled for the protection of himself
and others in the area to conduct a carefully limited search of the
outer clothing of such persons in an attempt to discover weapons
which might be used to assault him. Such a search is a
reasonable search under the Fourth Amendment, and any
weapons seized may properly be introduced in evidence
against the person from whom they were taken.
Terry, 392 U.S. at 30–31 (emphasis added).
Furthermore, Appellant posits, but fails to support by reference to
pertinent authority, a de facto rule imposing unspecified conditions under
which a second frisk is prohibited. Instead, Appellant employs the simple but
unsupported expedient of citing numerous cases which permitted a second
frisk, and concluding that none of the cases cited fit the situation here. See
Appellant’s Brief, at 21. Appellant’s reliance is misplaced. His argument lacks
merit.
On independent review of the totality of circumstances, we conclude
that the suppression court properly determined that Appellant’s motion did
not merit relief. The police made a lawful traffic stop at night in “a high-crime,
high-shooting area.” N.T., Suppression Hearing, 8/18/16, at 13. Appellant
gave Officer Donahue hesitant and vague answers to simple questions, such
as where he was from. See id., at 10. Appellant’s unresponsive answers failed
to give Officer Donahue the assurance that everything was in order. See id.
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Officer Donahue also noticed that Appellant repeatedly patted the upper
left pocket of his puffy winter coat. See id. He patted Appellant down for
weapons but found none. See id.
However, when he observed Appellant continuing to pat the upper left
pocket of his coat, the officer checked again. See id., at 11. This time he
found the loaded revolver. See id.
In view of these facts, we cannot blind ourselves to the
need for law enforcement officers to protect themselves
and other prospective victims of violence in situations
where they may lack probable cause for an arrest. When an
officer is justified in believing that the individual whose suspicious
behavior he is investigating at close range is armed and presently
dangerous to the officer or to others, it would appear to be clearly
unreasonable to deny the officer the power to take necessary
measures to determine whether the person is in fact carrying a
weapon and to neutralize the threat of physical harm.
Commonwealth v. Stevenson, 894 A.2d 759, 771–72 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 23-24) (emphasis in original).
Finally, Appellant argues that the second frisk was unlawful under the
plain feel doctrine, citing cases in which a weapons search uncovered other
contraband. Appellant’s argument misconstrues the relevance of some of his
authority. See Appellant’s Brief, at 22, citing, inter alia, Adams v. Williams,
407 U.S. 143, 149 (1972) (concluding that heroin was properly admitted at
trial, where arrest on weapons charge supported by probable cause, and
search of defendant and vehicle incident to arrest was lawful). In any event,
Appellant’s argument is essentially irrelevant to the issues on this appeal. No
non-weapon contraband was discovered here. There is, therefore, no issue of
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using a weapons search as a justification for the warrantless search for non-
weapons contraband evidence. Appellant’s argument does not merit relief.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/8/19
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Com. v. Powell, Q.
Combined Opinion