Dixon v. GAA Classic Cars, LLC

2019 IL App (1st) 182416
No. 1-18-2416
September 30, 2019

FIRST DIVISION

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

JOHN DIXON, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of Cook County.
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
) No. 18 L 005429
v. )
) The Honorable
GAA CLASSIC CARS, LLC, ) Daniel J. Kubasiak,
) Judge Presiding.
Defendant-Appellee. )

JUSTICE WALKER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
Presiding Justice Griffin and Justice Hyman concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶1 John Dixon sued GAA Classic Cars, LLC (GAA), for fraudulent misrepresentations in

connection with the sale of an automobile at an auction livestreamed over the Internet from

North Carolina. The circuit court granted GAA’s motion to dismiss the complaint for lack of

personal jurisdiction. We hold that Dixon’s allegations that GAA sent fraudulent

advertisements, e-mails, and phone calls to Illinois and made fraudulent misrepresentations
 No. 1-18-2416

on its website suffice to give Illinois courts personal jurisdiction over GAA. We reverse the

circuit court’s judgment.

¶2 I. BACKGROUND

¶3 On January 25, 2018, plaintiff John Dixon saw an advertisement posted by GAA on a

car-related website. The advertisement listed a 1973 Ford Bronco for sale at auction. Dixon

responded to the advertisement by sending an e-mail to GAA, requesting more information

about the Bronco, including how to bid for it. GAA responded with an e-mail to Dixon,

inviting Dixon to bid on the Bronco at the auction scheduled for March 2, 2018. GAA’s e-

mail told Dixon he could participate “via live simulcast bidding or on the telephone via

phone bidding.” GAA added that Dixon could find more information about the Bronco at

GAA’s website. Dixon, via e-mail, asked for pictures of the Bronco’s engine. GAA again

responded by e-mail that it would send him pictures of the engine once GAA received the

Bronco from its owner. GAA told Dixon that the auction price for the Bronco should “run

around $30,000.00 - $40,000.00.”

¶4 Dixon spoke telephonically with an agent of GAA on February 6, 2018. They discussed

registration for the March auction, and the agent offered to e-mail the forms that Dixon

needed to return for participation in the auction. In a subsequent phone conversation, GAA

reaffirmed the representations it made in the advertisement, that the owner had the Bronco

“Frame Off Restored in 2017” with “New Brakes & Tires” and the Bronco was “Garage

Kept & Frequently Driven Since Restoration.” GAA’s agent added that the Bronco was rated

“4.5 out of 5.” Dixon returned the signed registration form to GAA, and GAA forwarded a

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photograph of the Bronco via text message to Dixon’s cell phone. On February 27, 2018,

GAA sent Dixon two photographs of the Bronco’s engine.

¶5 GAA telephoned Dixon on March 2, 2018, at his Illinois telephone number, to obtain

Dixon’s bids on the Bronco. Dixon watched GAA’s simulcast of the auction, and in the

simulcast, GAA again said the Bronco was “frame off restored.” Dixon bid $37,000 for the

Bronco, and he was the highest bidder. GAA e-mailed a bill of sale to Dixon, along with

payment instructions. Dixon hired the shipping transport company GAA recommended to

ship the Bronco to Illinois. On March 13, 2018, Dixon received the Bronco, and he

immediately recognized that it had significant problems because GAA had misrepresented

the Bronco’s condition.

¶6 Dixon had the Bronco towed to a mechanic “well-versed in the repair, building, and

restoration of 1973 Ford Broncos.” The mechanic determined that the Bronco

“(1) was not ‘frame off’ restored; (2) was in a mechanically and electrically

unsafe condition; (3) contained significant material defects that were purposefully

hidden to conceal their discovery and identity; (4) had significant safety issues

that were hidden to conceal their discovery and identity; (5) was inoperable and

could not have been ‘frequently drive[n]’ as represented by Defendant; (6) did not

have ‘new brakes’ as represented by Defendant; (7) had a steering stabilizer that

was worn out and leaking; (8) did not have an operable heating system; (9) had an

illegally oversized right rear drum; (10) had cut electrical wires controlling the

turn signal connector, windshield wiper, and interior lights; (11) contained an

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engine that was not original and had been improperly modified; and (12) was not,

by any means, in a condition where it would receive a ‘4.5/5’ rating.”

¶7 In May 2018, Dixon filed a complaint against GAA. The complaint, as amended, alleged

negligent misrepresentation, fraudulent misrepresentation, deceptive practices, and fraudulent

concealment. GAA filed a motion to dismiss the first amended complaint for lack of

jurisdiction. GAA, a North Carolina corporation with its principal place of business in

Greensboro, North Carolina, argued that it did not have ongoing activity in Illinois and never

purposely availed itself of the privilege of conducting business in Illinois.

¶8 The circuit court granted GAA’s motion, finding that the circuit court lacked specific

personal jurisdiction over GAA because GAA did not have sufficient contacts with the state

of Illinois. Dixon now appeals.

¶9 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 10 On appeal, Dixon argues he alleged facts showing that Illinois courts have personal

jurisdiction over GAA. Because the circuit court decided the jurisdictional issue solely on

documentary evidence, we review the ruling de novo. Wiggen v. Wiggen, 2011 IL App (2d)

100982, ¶ 20.

¶ 11 Illinois courts have general jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant only if the

defendant’s “affiliations with the State in which suit is brought are so constant and pervasive

as to render [it] essentially at home in the forum State.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)

Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 122 (2014). Dixon does not argue that Illinois courts

have general jurisdiction over GAA. Thus, we address only the issue of whether Dixon met

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his burden of alleging facts that establish a prima facie case for specific jurisdiction over

GAA. See Wiggen, 2011 IL App (2d) 100982, ¶ 20.

¶ 12 Specific jurisdiction requires

“a showing that the defendant purposefully directed its activities at the forum state

and the cause of action arose out of or relates to the defendant’s contacts with the

forum state. [Citation.] Under specific jurisdiction, a nonresident defendant may be

subjected to a forum state’s jurisdiction based on certain single or occasional acts in

the state but only with respect to matters related to those acts.” (Internal quotation

marks omitted.) Russell v. SNFA, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 40.

¶ 13 Dixon points to several alleged acts by which GAA directed its activities to Illinois. GAA

posted an advertisement on a website that reached a national audience. GAA sent e-mails to

Dixon in Illinois, and those e-mails included forms for Dixon to fill out to enter the auction

and to complete the purchase of the Bronco. The e-mails included a link to GAA’s website,

which also reached a national audience. In the e-mails and in phone calls, GAA invited

Dixon to participate in the auction by watching it as GAA simulcast it on its website. GAA

engaged in several telephone conversations with Dixon, and GAA called him in Illinois on

March 2, 2018, to solicit his bid for the Bronco.

¶ 14 “The type of Internet activity that is sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction remains

an emerging area of jurisprudence.” Bombliss v. Cornelsen, 355 Ill. App. 3d 1107, 1114

(2005). Generally, “a website that provides only information does not create the minimum

contacts necessary to establish personal jurisdiction over a defendant.” Illinois v. Hemi

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Group LLC, 622 F.3d 754, 759 (7th Cir. 2010). In ruling that Illinois courts had personal

jurisdiction over Hemi Group, the Hemi Group court found:

“Hemi created several commercial, interactive websites through which customers

could purchase cigarettes from Hemi. Hemi held itself out as open to do business

with every state (including Illinois) except New York. After the customers made

their purchases online, Hemi shipped the cigarettes to their various destinations. It

is Hemi reaching out to residents of Illinois, and not the residents reaching back,

that creates the sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois that justify exercising

personal jurisdiction over Hemi in Illinois.” Hemi Group, 622 F.3d at 758.

¶ 15 Similarly, operating a website that permitted Illinois users to submit payment online for

goods and services sufficed to give Illinois courts jurisdiction over the nonresident defendant

in uBID, Inc. v. GoDaddy Group, Inc., 623 F.3d 421 (7th Cir. 2010). GAA’s website

included information on cars for sale to customers in all states, and it simulcast an auction in

which GAA solicited bids from all across the country.

¶ 16 GAA also sent e-mails to Dixon in Illinois, including forms and instructions that served

as an integral part of its extraction of money from Dixon. “[E-]mails may be properly

considered in minimum contacts analyses, especially if they were purposefully sent to a

forum resident knowing that they would ‘most likely’ be read in the forum.” Levin v. Posen

Foundation, 62 F. Supp. 3d 733, 740 (N.D. Ill. 2014) (quoting Felland v. Clifton, 682 F.3d

665, 676 n.3 (7th Cir. 2012)). In Bryant v. Smith Interior Design Group, Inc., 310 S.W.3d

227, 229 (Mo. 2010), the Missouri Supreme Court found that Missouri courts had jurisdiction

over a nonresident defendant who “sent e-mails and fraudulent or misleading documents into

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Missouri with the intent to defraud [the plaintiff] and to conceal the true nature of [the

defendant’s] commission charges, resulting in harm to [the plaintiff] in Missouri.”

¶ 17 Dixon alleged that in the advertisement and in his telephone conversations with GAA,

GAA misrepresented the condition of the Bronco. Dixon alleged that GAA stated, falsely,

that the Bronco’s owner had the Bronco “Frame Off Restored in 2017,” with “new brakes”;

the Bronco was “frequently driven since 2017”; and the Bronco was rated “4.5/5.”

Fraudulent statements in telephone calls gave Illinois courts jurisdiction over out of state

defendants in Khan v. Gramercy Advisors, LLC, 2016 IL App (4th) 150435, and Zazove v.

Pelikan, Inc., 326 Ill. App. 3d 798 (2001). The Zazove court found, “in cases of fraudulent

misrepresentation, reaching out to Illinois residents, whether by mail, telephone, telex or

facsimile, with an intent to affect Illinois interests, can be a sufficient basis for exercising

personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant.” Zazove, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 806. The

Khan court added, “[o]nly a trivial, formalistic distinction can be made between someone

who utters a fraudulent misrepresentation in person and someone who does so on the phone.”

Khan, 2016 IL App (4th) 150435, ¶ 197.

¶ 18 Andra v. Left Gate Property Holding, Inc., 453 S.W.3d 216 (Mo. 2015), has facts similar

to the facts alleged here. Left Gate listed a vehicle for sale on the eBay auction website.

Andra, using his computer in his Missouri home, saw Left Gate’s listing. Andra clicked the

“Buy It Now” button, which led to a series of phone calls and the mailing of a contract to

Andra and then from Andra to Left Gate. Andra alleged in his complaint that the eBay listing

included many false statements about the condition of the vehicle. The Andra court held:

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“Left Gate made intentional contacts directed toward Mr. Andra to further the sale

of the vehicle, [and] allegedly made fraudulent representations about the features

and conditions of the vehicle ***. ***

Even though Mr. Andra initiated the contract for the purchase of the vehicle

by clicking the ‘Buy It Now’ button, ‘the fact that someone else initiated the first

contact does not mean that the entire course of conduct is considered unilateral.’

[Citation.] *** Instead, the contract and communications must be evaluated in

light of contemplated future consequences, as well as the terms of the contract and

the parties’ course of dealings[.] [Citation.]

***

*** Left Gate’s verbal representations over the telephone about the vehicle’s

features and condition created foreseeable future consequences when the vehicle

did not live up to the customer’s expectations. A defendant purposely avails itself

of the privilege of conducting business in the forum state when it sends fraudulent

misrepresentations into the state because the ‘actual content of communication

with [the] forum gives rise to intentional tort causes of action.’ [Citation.]”

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Andra, 453 S.W.3d at 229-31.

¶ 19 We find that Andra persuasively supports the conclusion that GAA’s contacts with Dixon

suffice to give the Illinois courts specific personal jurisdiction over GAA under the

circumstances of this case.

¶ 20 GAA relies on federal cases for its argument that Illinois courts lack jurisdiction and cites

Monco v. Zoltek Corp., 342 F. Supp. 3d 829 (N.D. Ill. 2018), in which the district court

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dismissed a complaint for failure to plead facts showing personal jurisdiction. The Monco

court gave the plaintiffs an opportunity to amend the complaint to allege “phone and email

communications and sustained contact with Plaintiff in Illinois related to the claims raised,”

because federal cases hold that “email communications directed at plaintiff in Illinois related

to the fraud, combined with plaintiffs’ injury in Illinois, established specific personal

jurisdiction.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Monco, 342 F. Supp. 3d at 836-37. Under

the standards applied in Monco, Dixon has sufficiently alleged facts establishing that GAA

has sufficient contacts with Illinois to give Illinois courts specific personal jurisdiction over

GAA for purposes of adjudicating Dixon’s claims.

¶ 21 Illinois courts “must consider whether the exercise of personal jurisdiction over [a

nonresident defendant] would offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.”

Levin, 62 F. Supp. 3d at 741.

“[S]everal factors guide this inquiry: (1) the burden on the defendant of defending the

action in the forum state; (2) the forum state’s interest in adjudicating the dispute;

(3) the plaintiff’s interest in obtaining effective relief; (4) the interstate judicial

system’s interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of the action; and (5) the

shared interests of the several states in advancing fundamental social policies.”

Bombliss, 355 Ill. App. 3d at 1115.

Because Dixon “has established that the defendant purposely directed his activities at the

forum state, it is the defendant’s burden to show that litigating the dispute in [this] state

would be unreasonable.” Bombliss, 355 Ill. App. 3d at 1115. We find the reasoning of

Bombliss applicable here:

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“First, defendants have not shown that it would be unduly burdensome for

them to defend this action in Illinois. It would appear that most of the

documentary evidence and some of the witnesses are situated in Illinois. The

inconvenience to defendants of litigating here is no more burdensome to them

than the inconvenience of litigating in [North Carolina] would be to plaintiffs.

Turning to the second factor, Illinois has a strong interest in providing its

residents with a convenient forum. [Citation.] Third, any damages sustained by

plaintiffs would have affected their interests in Illinois. And, finally, defendants

have advanced no compelling argument for finding that litigating the cause in

[North Carolina] would serve the interstate judicial system, or that the shared

interests of both states in advancing fundamental social policies would be better

served by litigating in [North Carolina].” Bombliss, 355 Ill. App. 3d at 1116.

¶ 22 GAA, like the defendant in Bombliss, has not met its burden of showing that Illinois will

not provide a reasonable forum for this litigation. We hold that (1) GAA’s advertisement and

its website, sent into Illinois via the Internet, (2) GAA’s e-mails sent into Illinois, and (3) its

phone calls with Dixon in Illinois, considered together, suffice to give Illinois courts specific

personal jurisdiction over GAA for Dixon’s claim that GAA made fraudulent

misrepresentations in the advertisement, on its website, and over the telephone. All of these

forms of communication allowed GAA to profit from its alleged fraud.

¶ 23 GAA argues that Illinois courts should not exercise jurisdiction over GAA because the

bidder registration form Dixon signed stated: “By signing I do hereby affirm that I have read

and agree to the GAA Classic Cars Terms & Conditions.” GAA contends the registration

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form incorporates by reference a separate document titled “GAA Classic Cars Terms &

Conditions,” and that document required Dixon to sue GAA in North Carolina. GAA does

not contend that it sent the “Terms” document to Dixon. GAA does not contend that its e-

mails and phone calls told Dixon about the “Terms” document and how to access it. Small

print on the face of the bidder registration form set out a number of terms for bidder

registration, and GAA repeated several of those terms in its “Terms” document. For example,

the small print informed Dixon that all bids are final and the bidder must pay certain fees

specified in the small print. Notably, the terms on the face of the bidder registration form

make no reference to any limit on the location of litigation. The bidder registration form does

not indicate that the “Terms” appear only on another document and not on the bidder

registration form.

¶ 24 “Generally, one instrument may incorporate another instrument by reference. [Citation.]

The contract must show an intent to incorporate the other document and make it part of the

contract itself.” Turner Construction Co. v. Midwest Curtainwalls, Inc., 187 Ill. App. 3d 417,

421 (1989). “The parties to a contract may incorporate by reference another document if that

intention is clearly shown on the face of the contract.” Jago v. Miller Fluid Power Corp., 245

Ill. App. 3d 876, 879 (1993). The bidder registration form does not specify that the reference

to “Terms” incorporates another document. Because the face of the bidder registration form

does not clearly show an intent to incorporate a separate document, we find no incorporation

here. The bidder registration form does not require litigation in North Carolina. Accordingly,

we hold that Illinois courts have specific personal jurisdiction over GAA for litigation

concerning the misrepresentations GAA allegedly made to Dixon about the Bronco.

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¶ 25 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 26 Dixon adequately alleged that GAA directed its activities to Illinois by sending

advertisements, e-mails, and phone calls into Illinois and by using its website to reach

customers in Illinois. Dixon also adequately alleged that GAA used the advertisements, e-

mails, and phone calls to make fraudulent misrepresentations and to complete a fraudulent

transaction. GAA did not meet its burden of showing that Illinois would not provide an

appropriate forum for litigation concerning the misrepresentations. Because the registration

form did not specifically incorporate the document in which GAA sought to limit litigation to

North Carolina, the registration form does not mandate dismissal of the complaint.

Accordingly, we reverse the circuit court’s judgment and remand for further proceedings on

the complaint.

¶ 27 Reversed and remanded.

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No. 1-18-2416

No. 1-18-2416

Cite as: Dixon v. GAA Classic Cars, LLC, 2019 IL App (1st) 182416

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 18-L-
005429; the Hon. Daniel J. Kubasiak, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys Craig R. Annunziata and Jason D. Keck, of Fisher & Phillips,
for LLP, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys Marc C. Smith, of Fox Rothschild LLP, of Chicago, for appellee.
for
Appellee:

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