IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA19-158
Filed: 15 October 2019
Rowan County, No. 16 JT 81
IN THE MATTER OF: E.B.
Appeal by respondent-father from order entered 30 November 2018 by Judge
Kevin Eddinger in Rowan County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 19
September 2019.
Jane R. Thompson for petitioner-appellee Rowan County Department of Social
Services.
Miller & Audino, LLP, by Jeffrey L. Miller, for respondent-appellant father.
ZACHARY, Judge.
Respondent-Father appeals from the trial court’s order terminating his
parental rights. We conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the trial
court’s finding of willful abandonment pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(7).
Therefore, we affirm the termination order.
Background
The minor child E.B.1 was born in 2016. The day after her birth, the child’s
biological mother relinquished custody of her to Petitioner Rowan County
1 Initials are used to protect the identity of the minor child.
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
Department of Social Services (“DSS”) for the purpose of placing her for adoption. The
child’s biological mother identified Respondent-Father as a potential putative father.
On 23 March 2016, Respondent-Father entered into an “Out of Home Family
Services Agreement” with DSS, and on 19 April 2016, a paternity test confirmed that
he was the minor child’s biological father. Thereafter, the minor child was placed in
foster care. Between 12 May 2016 and 25 January 2018, the trial court conducted six
Permanency Planning and Review Hearings. The trial court entered six resulting
orders that placed numerous requirements on Respondent-Father before he could be
reunified with the minor child. Among those requirements were that Respondent-
Father engage in various substance abuse, mental health, domestic violence, and
parenting education services. No juvenile petition was ever filed in the case.
In April 2017, Respondent-Father requested that his sister, ShaVonnda
Young, a California resident, be considered as a placement for the minor child.
Placement of the minor child with Ms. Young was approved on 30 May 2018, but DSS
did not recommend the placement, and the child remained with her foster family. On
22 January 2018, Respondent-Father moved to California.
DSS filed a petition to terminate Respondent-Father’s parental rights on 10
April 2018, alleging grounds of neglect, failure to make reasonable progress, and
willful abandonment. The petition came on for hearing before the Honorable Kevin
Eddinger over the course of four days between July and November 2018.
-2-
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
By order entered 30 November 2018, the trial court terminated Respondent-
Father’s parental rights upon findings of grounds of neglect, pursuant to N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(1); failure to make reasonable progress, pursuant to N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2); and willful abandonment, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-
1111(a)(7). Respondent-Father timely filed written notice of appeal.
On appeal, Respondent-Father argues that the trial court erred in concluding
that grounds existed to terminate his parental rights. Respondent-Father also filed a
petition for writ of certiorari seeking this Court’s review of the six Permanency
Planning Orders entered in this case. Specifically, Respondent-Father contends that
those orders “were entered without subject matter jurisdiction or authority because
there was no pending juvenile action for abuse, neglect, or dependency filed under
the Juvenile Code at the time the Orders were entered.” Accordingly, Respondent-
Father contends that the trial court erred in basing the termination of his parental
rights on his failure to comply with the terms of those orders. We allowed Respondent-
Father’s petition for certiorari by order entered 15 August 2019.
Discussion
I. Standard of Review
This Court reviews a trial court’s conclusion that grounds
exist to terminate parental rights to determine whether
clear, cogent, and convincing evidence exists to support the
court’s findings of fact, and whether the findings of fact
support the court’s conclusions of law. If the trial court’s
findings of fact are supported by ample, competent
-3-
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
evidence, they are binding on appeal, even though there
may be evidence to the contrary. However, the trial court’s
conclusions of law are fully reviewable de novo by the
appellate court.
In re C.J.H., 240 N.C. App. 489, 497, 772 S.E.2d 82, 88 (2015) (citations and quotation
marks omitted).
II. Permanency Planning Orders—Subject-Matter Jurisdiction
The trial court entered six Permanency Planning Orders between 14 July 2016
and 8 March 2018 while the minor child was in the custody of DSS. Those orders
placed numerous requirements on Respondent-Father to overcome the barriers that
the trial court found and impeded his reunification with the minor child, including
that Respondent-Father engage in various substance abuse, mental health, domestic
violence,2 and parenting education services. During the 21 months preceding the
filing of the termination petition, Respondent-Father complied with some, but not all,
of those requirements.
However, Respondent-Father contends, and DSS concedes, that the trial court
lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to conduct review hearings or enter the
Permanency Planning Orders in this case, in that DSS failed to file a proper juvenile
petition consistent with the requirements of N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7B-402(a) and 403(a),
2Respondent-Father was previously the victim of domestic violence, and his domestic violence
assessment recommended that he complete the “Batterer’s Intervention Program.”
-4-
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
and thus no juvenile abuse, neglect, or dependency action was ever commenced.3 See
In re A.R.G., 361 N.C. 392, 397, 646 S.E.2d 349, 352 (2007) (“A juvenile abuse, neglect,
or dependency action is a creature of statute and is commenced by the filing of a
petition, which constitutes the initial pleading in such actions.” (quotation marks
omitted)); In re T.R.P., 360 N.C. 588, 591, 636 S.E.2d 787, 790 (2006) (noting that
“[t]he Juvenile Code sets out the specific requirements for a valid juvenile petition”
in order to invoke the court’s subject-matter jurisdiction to conduct review hearings
and enter permanency planning orders, including that the petition “ ‘be drawn by the
[DSS] director, verified before an official authorized to administer oaths, and filed by
the clerk, recording the date of filing’ ” (alteration in original) (citing N.C. Gen. Stat.
§ 7B-403(a) (2005)4)); see also In re T.P., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 803 S.E.2d 1, 7 (2017)
(“[A] petition in the form required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-402 ensures that the due
process rights of a parent are protected by requiring a petitioner to make specific
allegations of abuse, neglect or dependency and set out the relief it is seeking from
the court in connection with the juvenile at issue.”). Accordingly, Respondent-Father
asserts that “[n]either the court nor DSS had the legal authority to condition [his]
custody relationship with [the minor child] prior to the filing of the petition to
3 The record reveals that the only pleading filed in this matter prior to the entry of the
Permanency Planning Orders was Petitioner’s “Motion for Review of Custody and Permanency
Planning,” which failed to satisfy any of the requirements under N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7B-401, -405.
4 The current version of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-403(a) contains the same pertinent language as
the 2005 version.
-5-
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
terminate his rights,” and that it was thus “prejudicial error for the court to then use
his failure to meet its conditions as the principal basis to terminate his parental
rights.”
Indeed, because no abuse, neglect, or dependency action was commenced in the
instant case by the filing of a proper petition, the trial court was without subject-
matter jurisdiction to enter its six Permanency Planning Orders. See In re T.R.P., 360
N.C. at 593, 636 S.E.2d at 792 (“A trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction over all
stages of a juvenile case is established when the action is initiated with the filing of
a properly verified petition.”). Accordingly, each of those orders is void, and the
requirements imposed on Respondent-Father therein are nugatory. See id. at 590,
636 S.E.2d at 790.
We therefore disregard the six Permanency Planning Orders that were entered
in this case, and review whether there was clear, cogent, and convincing evidence to
support the trial court’s findings of grounds to terminate Respondent-Father’s
parental rights without reference to any facts relating to his failure to comply with
the terms of the void orders.
III. Order Terminating Respondent-Father’s Parental Rights
Termination of parental rights proceedings are governed by independent
jurisdictional prerequisites. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1101 (2017); see also In re
R.T.W., 359 N.C. 539, 553, 614 S.E.2d 489, 497 (2005) (“Each termination order relies
-6-
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
upon an independent finding that clear, cogent, and convincing evidence supports at
least one of the grounds for termination under N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111. . . . Simply put, a
termination order rests on its own merits.”), superseded by statute on other grounds
as stated in In re K.L., 196 N.C. App. 272, 674 S.E.2d 789 (2009); In re O.C., 171 N.C.
App. 457, 463, 615 S.E.2d 391, 395 (“Motions in the cause and original petitions for
termination of parental rights may be sustained irrespective of earlier juvenile court
activity.”), disc. review denied, 360 N.C. 64, 623 S.E.2d 587 (2005).
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1101 provides, in pertinent part, that
[t]he court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction to hear
and determine any petition or motion relating to
termination of parental rights to any juvenile who resides
in, is found in, or is in the legal or actual custody of a county
department of social services or licensed child-placing
agency in the district at the time of filing of the petition or
motion.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1101; see also id. § 7B-1103(a)(4) (2017) (providing that a “county
department of social services . . . to which [a] juvenile has been surrendered for
adoption by one of the parents . . . of the juvenile[ ] pursuant to G.S. 48-3-701” has
standing to file a petition to terminate parental rights). Thus, pursuant to N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 7B-1101, the trial court is vested “with exclusive subject matter jurisdiction
to determine any petition or motion for termination of parental rights of any juvenile
in the legal or physical custody of DSS at the time of the filing.” In re K.J.L., 363 N.C.
-7-
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
343, 350, 677 S.E.2d 835, 839 (2009) (Timmons-Goodson, J., concurring) (original
emphasis omitted).
In the instant case, in that the minor child was in the custody of DSS by virtue
of her biological mother’s relinquishment, DSS had standing to file the petition to
terminate Respondent-Father’s parental rights, thereby vesting the trial court with
subject-matter jurisdiction to enter an order terminating Respondent-Father’s
parental rights. See In re A.L., 245 N.C. App. 55, 60, 781 S.E.2d 856, 860 (2016)
(concluding that the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction to enter an order
terminating the respondent’s parental rights where, “[b]y virtue of the mother’s
relinquishment, DSS had standing to file the termination petition pursuant to section
7B-1103(a)(4)”).
Under the proper exercise of its subject-matter jurisdiction, the trial court
found that three grounds existed to terminate Respondent-Father’s parental rights.
One such ground was willful abandonment, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-
1111(a)(7), which provides for termination of parental rights where
[t]he parent has willfully abandoned the juvenile for at
least six consecutive months immediately preceding the
filing of the petition or motion, or the parent has
voluntarily abandoned an infant pursuant to G.S. 7B-500
for at least 60 consecutive days immediately preceding the
filing of the petition or motion.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(7).
-8-
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
“Whether a biological parent has a willful intent to abandon his child is a
question of fact to be determined from the evidence.” In re S.R.G., 195 N.C. App. 79,
84, 671 S.E.2d 47, 51 (2009), disc. review denied and cert. denied, 363 N.C. 804, 691
S.E.2d 19 (2010). Such a finding must be supported by clear, cogent, and convincing
evidence of “conduct on the part of the parent which manifests a willful determination
to [forgo] all parental duties and relinquish all parental claims to the child.” Id.; see
also id. (“Willfulness is more than an intention to do a thing; there must also be
purpose and deliberation.” (quotation marks omitted)). “The findings must clearly
show that the parent’s actions are wholly inconsistent with a desire to maintain
custody of the child.” In re C.J.H., 240 N.C. App. at 503-04, 772 S.E.2d at 92.
Relevant factors under subsection (a)(7) may include “a parent’s financial
support for a child and emotional contributions, such as a father’s display of love, care
and affection for his children.” In re D.E.M., ___ N.C. App. ___, ___, 810 S.E.2d 375,
377 (2018) (quotation marks omitted); see also In re McLemore, 139 N.C. App. 426,
429, 533 S.E.2d 508, 509 (2000) (“It has been held that if a parent withholds his
presence, his love, his care, the opportunity to display filial affection, and willfully
neglects to lend support and maintenance, such parent relinquishes all parental
claims and abandons the child.”). Moreover, while the “determinative period” for
adjudicating willful abandonment is the six months preceding the filing of the
juvenile petition, “the trial court may consider a parent’s conduct outside the six-
-9-
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
month window in evaluating a parent’s credibility and intentions.” In re D.E.M., ___
N.C. App. at ___, 810 S.E.2d at 378 (quotation marks omitted).
In the instant case, the relevant six-month period ran from 10 October 2017
until 10 April 2018, when the petition to terminate Respondent-Father’s parental
rights was filed. The trial court made several findings of fact to support its
determination that Respondent-Father “willfully abandoned the juvenile pursuant to
N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(7),” which Respondent-Father has not challenged on appeal as
unsupported by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. See In re Humphrey, 156 N.C.
App. 533, 540, 577 S.E.2d 421, 426 (2003) (“Findings of fact to which a respondent
did not object are conclusive on appeal.”).
The trial court found that, prior to the relevant six-month period, Respondent-
Father had “stated . . . that he [was] ‘just going to allow [his] sister to handle the
situation,’ referring to [the minor child’s] care and placement.” The trial court’s
findings show that after Respondent-Father made his intention known, and during
the relevant six-month period, (1) Respondent-Father moved to California on 22
January 2018, without informing DSS of his move or providing DSS with his new
address; (2) Respondent-Father failed to attend the 26 October 2017 Permanency
Planning Hearing,5 and admitted that his absence was “without justifiable excuse”;
5 Although we disregard Respondent-Father’s purported failures to comply with the terms of
the void Permanency Planning Orders, his failure to attend those proceedings is nevertheless
illustrative of Respondent-Father having willfully determined to forgo his parental duties.
- 10 -
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
(3) Respondent-Father likewise failed to attend the 25 January 2018 Permanency
Planning Hearing, having moved to California three days prior; (4) Respondent-
Father was a “no-show” at his scheduled child support hearing in January 2018; (5)
Respondent-Father did not request a single visit with the minor child during the six-
month period, despite the fact that he was allowed weekly visits; and (6) although the
minor child’s foster parents allowed Respondent-Father to engage in Skype calls with
the child, Respondent-Father did not make any such calls until May 2018, after the
termination petition was filed.
Such findings sufficiently demonstrate that Respondent-Father willfully acted
in a manner “wholly inconsistent with a desire to maintain custody of the child.” In
re S.R.G., 195 N.C. App. at 87, 671 S.E.2d at 53; cf. In re C.J.H., 240 N.C. App. at
504, 772 S.E.2d at 92 (holding that the respondent’s “last-minute child support
payments and requests for visitation” did “not undermine the trial court’s conclusion
that [the] respondent had abandoned the juvenile,” where the trial court’s findings
otherwise showed that during the relevant six-month period, the respondent “did not
visit the juvenile, failed to pay child support in a timely and consistent manner, and
failed to make a good faith effort to maintain or reestablish a relationship with the
juvenile”); In re McLemore, 139 N.C. App. at 430-31, 533 S.E.2d at 510-11 (reversing
the trial court’s conclusion that the respondent did not willfully abandon his child
where the respondent “made no contacts with his child” during the relevant six-
- 11 -
IN RE: E.B.
Opinion of the Court
month period); In re Apa, 59 N.C. App. 322, 324, 296 S.E.2d 811, 813 (1982)
(concluding that the trial court’s finding of abandonment was sufficiently supported
where, “except for an abandoned attempt to negotiate visitation and support, [the]
respondent made no other significant attempts to establish a relationship with [the
child]”).
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s determination that grounds existed to
terminate Respondent-Father’s parental rights pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-
1111(a)(7). Because we affirm the trial court’s finding of grounds pursuant to N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(7), we need not address the remaining grounds for
termination found by the trial court. In re C.J.H., 240 N.C. App. at 497, 772 S.E.2d
at 88.
Conclusion
For the reasons stated herein, the trial court’s order terminating Respondent-
Father’s parental rights is affirmed.
AFFIRMED.
Judge ARROWOOD concurs.
Judge HAMPSON concurs in part and dissents in part by separate opinion.
- 12 -
No. COA19-158 – In re E.B.
HAMPSON, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I fully concur with the majority in this case on two key points: (1) DSS had
standing to file a Petition seeking termination of Respondent-Father’s parental rights
and the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction over this termination proceeding;
and (2) the trial court had no jurisdiction to enter the Permanency Planning Orders
imposing conditions and requirements upon Respondent-Father in derogation of his
constitutionally protected status as a parent without any judicial adjudicatory
proceeding establishing the child to be abused, neglected, or dependent. However,
because the grounds for termination alleged by DSS and adjudged by the trial court
are inextricably intertwined with the invalid review hearing process, I would
conclude the trial court erred in adjudicating grounds upon which to terminate
Respondent-Father’s parental rights. I would, thus, reverse the trial court’s
Termination of Parental Rights Order.
Central to my overall reasoning in this case is that crucially, for purposes of
asserting ongoing jurisdiction under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-200(b), there was never any
adjudication of the minor child as abused, neglected, or dependent. As such, between
February or March 2016 until entry of the trial court’s Termination of Parental
Rights Order, DSS was able to interfere with and deny Respondent-Father’s custodial
rights without any valid independent judicial determination Respondent-Father had
acted inconsistently with his constitutionally protected status as a parent. DSS was
then able to control placement of the child and impose requirements on Respondent-
IN RE: E.B.
Hampson, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
Father ultimately leading to its purported establishment of grounds on which to
terminate Respondent-Father’s parental rights.6 Indeed, after utilizing the invalid
review hearing process and void Permanency Planning Orders in this case over the
course of several years, DSS, now with an Order terminating Respondent-Father’s
parental rights in hand, admits the trial court had no jurisdiction to enter these
Permanency Planning Orders restricting and conditioning Respondent-Father’s
parental rights.
In my view, although DSS was authorized to file its Petition seeking
termination of Respondent-Father’s parental rights, it should have been required to
establish grounds independent from those derived as a result of the invalid review
proceedings. Here, DSS did not.
The trial court’s Termination of Parental Rights Order rests on three grounds.7
First, the trial court concluded Respondent-Father had neglected the minor child
under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111.
Termination of parental rights based upon this statutory ground
requires a showing of neglect at the time of the termination
hearing or, if the child has been separated from the parent for a
long period of time, there must be a showing of past neglect and
a likelihood of future neglect by the parent.
6 For example, DSS rejected placement of the child with the child’s aunt, who had become a
licensed foster parent in California, notwithstanding the fact this relative placement had been
assessed and approved under the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children (ICPC). Instead,
DSS continued to seek termination of parental rights to allow the child’s current foster parents to
commence adoption proceedings.
7 The majority opinion addresses only one of these grounds because it upheld one ground to
terminate parental rights and thus need not reach the remaining grounds.
2
IN RE: E.B.
Hampson, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. 835, 843, 788 S.E.2d 162, 167 (2016). Here, Respondent-Father
has never had custody of the child because DSS has maintained custody of the child
since birth, placing her with foster parents. There is no finding by the trial court of
past neglect by Respondent-Father and no prior adjudication of neglect that might
otherwise serve as evidence of past neglect. See In re M.A.W., 370 N.C. 149, 153, 804
S.E.2d 513, 517 (2017). Moreover, the trial court’s order fails to include any finding
of a likelihood of future neglect should the child be placed in Father’s custody. Thus,
the trial court erred in concluding neglect existed as a ground to terminate parental
rights.
Second, the trial court concluded Respondent-Father willfully left the juvenile
in foster care or placement outside the home for more than twelve months without
showing to the satisfaction of the court that reasonable progress under the
circumstances had been made in correcting those conditions that led to the removal
of the juvenile under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(2). As an initial matter, the minor
child was removed from the mother’s custody at birth after testing positive for a
number of controlled substances and the mother relinquished her rights to the child
almost immediately. No order was ever entered removing the child from the parents
and there was no valid order requiring foster care or other placement outside the
home. Therefore, Section 7B-1111(a)(2) does not support termination of parental
rights in this case. In re A.C.F., 176 N.C. App. 520, 525–26, 626 S.E.2d 729, 734
3
IN RE: E.B.
Hampson, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
(2006) (“[W]e conclude the statute refers only to circumstances where a court has
entered a court order requiring that a child be in foster care or other placement
outside the home.”). In any event, any failure on the part of Respondent-Father to
make reasonable progress under the circumstances derives directly from the
requirements imposed on him by DSS now rendered nugatory.
Third, the trial court concluded Respondent-Father had willfully abandoned
the juvenile for at least six consecutive months immediately preceding the filing of
the petition by DSS under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(7). In this context:
“Abandonment implies conduct on the part of the parent which
manifests a willful determination to forego all parental duties and
relinquish all parental claims to the child” In re Adoption of
Searle, 82 N.C. App. 273, 275, 346 S.E.2d 511, 514 (1986) (citation
omitted). Willfulness is “more than an intention to do a thing;
there must also be purpose and deliberation.” Id. “Whether a
biological parent has a willful intent to abandon his child is a
question of fact to be determined from the evidence.” Id. at 276,
346 S.E.2d at 514.
In re S.R.G., 195 N.C. App. 79, 84, 671 S.E.2d 47, 51 (2009).
A judicial determination that a parent willfully abandoned her
child, particularly when we are considering a relatively short six
month period, needs to show more than a failure of the parent to
live up to her obligations as a parent in an appropriate fashion;
the findings must clearly show that the parent’s actions are
wholly inconsistent with a desire to maintain custody of the child.
Id. at 87, 671 S.E.2d at 53.
Here, the evidence and findings do not clearly show actions wholly inconsistent
with a desire to maintain custody of the child. Again, the whole reason DSS is able
4
IN RE: E.B.
Hampson, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part
to claim abandonment during a six-month period is because, for 33 months, DSS
retained custody of the minor child under void orders including giving DSS discretion
to dictate and limit Respondent-Father’s visitation, which it did. The evidence
reflects during this time, Respondent-Father was advocating for a relative placement
of the minor child with his sister in California and was still seeking placement and
unification with the minor child. While awaiting approval of the ICPC assessment,
Respondent-Father moved to California. Respondent-Father’s actions in this case do
not manifest a willful determination to forego all parental duties and relinquish all
parental claims to the child. See id. Thus, Section 7B-1111(a)(7) does not provide a
ground to terminate Respondent-Father’s parental rights in this case.
Consequently, the trial court’s Termination of Parental Rights Order should
be reversed.8 Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, I respectfully concur in the
majority opinion in part and dissent in part.
8 I certainly acknowledge that there may well have been grounds to support an initial
adjudication of the minor child as abused, neglected, and/or dependent and giving DSS custody. I also
acknowledge that grounds independent from DSS’ use of what it now admits to be an invalid process
may support termination of Respondent-Father’s parental rights.
5
In re: E.B.
Combined Opinion