MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Oct 16 2019, 8:46 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Megan B. Quirk Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Quirk & Hunter, P.C. Robert J. Henke
Muncie, Indiana Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
In re the Termination of the October 16, 2019
Parent-Child Relationship of Court of Appeals Case No.
G.C. (Minor Child) and 19A-JT-935
J.M. (Mother), Appeal from the Delaware Circuit
Court
Appellant-Respondent,
The Honorable Kimberly Dowling,
v. Judge
The Honorable Amanda Yonally,
Indiana Department of Child Magistrate
Services, Trial Court Cause No.
18C02-1809-JT-87
Appellee-Petitioner.
Mathias, Judge.
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[1] The Delaware Circuit Court terminated J.M.’s (“Mother”) parental rights to her
minor child, G.C. Mother appeals and argues that termination of her parental
rights is not supported by clear and convincing evidence.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] G.C. was born in October 2012. On February 20, 2017, G.C. was removed
from Mother’s care due to Mother’s arrest and incarceration. Mother was
arrested for theft and leaving G.C. unattended in her vehicle in a Target parking
lot. G.C. was placed in her maternal great grandmother’s care.
[4] On the day Mother was arrested, Mother and G.C. were living in a hotel but
were facing eviction that day. Mother has a history of substance abuse and has
used illicit substances, including heroin, for several years. G.C. was adjudicated
a child in need of services (“CHINS”) on April 11, 2017.
[5] Mother was incarcerated between February 20, 2017 and late September 2017.
She had also been incarcerated for short periods of time on five occasions in
2016. During those incarcerations, G.C.’s maternal grandmother and maternal
great grandmother cared for her.
[6] Between December 2015 and January 2019, nine separate criminal cases were
filed against Mother in four different Indiana counties. The criminal cases
included a probation violation, violation of pre-trial release, multiple charges
for theft and auto theft, a driving while suspended charge, and neglect of a
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dependent. Four of the criminal cases were initiated during the CHINS
proceedings. Mother was found guilty in four of the criminal cases and two
were dismissed by plea agreement. Three of the cases were still pending in
January 2019. Approximately thirteen warrants were issued for Mother’s arrest
based on her failure to appear at hearings relating to her criminal cases.
However, she failed to appear at several of those hearings because she was
incarcerated in another county.
[7] Mother also failed to appear for hearings in the CHINS proceedings held in
February 2018 and August 2018. Mother was not incarcerated on the dates of
those hearings. At the February 5, 2018 permanency hearing, the trial court
ordered that Mother would not have visitation with G.C. until she contacted
the Department of Child Services (“DCS”) and engaged in services. At the
August 6, 2018 periodic review hearing, DCS reported that Mother had not
engaged in services or maintained contact with the department.
[8] Due to her incarceration and failure to participate in services, Mother has only
had in person visitation with G.C. on one occasion since February 20, 2017, the
date G.C. was removed from Mother’s care. The visitation was unauthorized.
However, Mother frequently spoke with G.C. on the phone throughout these
proceedings.
[9] DCS made a referral for Mother to undergo a substance abuse assessment while
she was incarcerated at the Delaware County Jail during the CHINS
proceedings. After she was released from incarceration, Mother failed to seek
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substance abuse treatment. The family case manager contacted Mother on
numerous occasions requesting her address. Mother failed to respond or
responded with multiple addresses. The family case manager unsuccessfully
attempted to locate Mother at those addresses. Mother also had a standing
appointment for drug screens each week, but Mother failed to appear for weekly
drug screens. Mother occasionally submitted to drug screens throughout these
proceedings, and six of those screens yielded positive results for illegal
substances including THC, methamphetamine, cocaine, and fentanyl. Mother
had four positive screens in Fall 2018.
[10] In January 2018, the family case manager made a second referral for Mother to
undergo a substance abuse assessment. The referral expired after several months
due to Mother’s non-participation. Thereafter, Mother failed to maintain
contact with her family case manager until August 2018 when Mother texted
her case manager to inform him that she had housing. Her case manager
requested her address, but Mother failed to respond for approximately two
weeks. On September 5, 2018, Mother provided her address to her case
manager. Since that date she has maintained fairly consistent communication
with her case manager.
[11] On September 5, 2018, DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental
rights to G.C.1 At the January 17, 2019 fact-finding hearing, Mother admitted
1
Shortly thereafter, G.C.’s father filed a consent to her adoption by her maternal great grandmother.
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that there was still an active felony warrant for her arrest in Marion County for
theft charges, which will likely result in her incarceration. Tr. p. 52; Ex. Vol.,
Ex. 15 p. 52. But she also testified that she has had stable housing for over six
months and stable employment for three months.
[12] The Court-Appointed Special Advocate (“CASA”) believed that termination of
Mother’s parental rights was in G.C.’s best interest. The CASA noted Mother’s
failure to participate in services and failure to appear at hearings on dates when
she was not incarcerated. The CASA expressed concern that Mother had not
addressed her substance abuse issues. The CASA noted Mother’s positive drug
screens in December 2018, just a few weeks before the fact-finding hearing.
[13] On April 7, 2019, the trial court issued an order terminating Mother’s parental
rights to G.C. The court acknowledged the recent housing and employment
improvements Mother had made. However, the court determined that
“Mother’s criminal history, substance abuse, failure to provide support,
[historical] lack of adequate housing and employment are all factors that
support termination of Mother’s parental rights.” Appellant’s App. p. 25.
Furthermore,
There is a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted
in the child’s removal and continued placement outside of the
home will not be remedied. Throughout the duration of the
CHINS case, Mother either failed to participate in or benefit
from services ordered in the Dispositional Decree. Although
Mother was intermittently incarcerated throughout the CHINS
case, she did not avail herself of services during periods when she
was not incarcerated that could have assisted her. Mother did not
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maintain communication with DCS and has not demonstrated
that she has addressed her substance abuse or pattern of criminal
behavior. DCS has presented clear and convincing evidence upon
which the court can reasonably conclude that Mother has not
remedied the conditions that resulted in the child’s removal.
Id. The trial court also concluded that termination of Mother’s parental rights
was in G.C.’s best interest. Mother now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[14] Mother argues that DCS failed to present clear and convincing evidence
sufficient to support the termination of her parental rights to G.C. The
controlling statute provides that a petition to terminate parental rights must
allege:
(B) that one (1) of the following is true:
(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.
(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the
continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a
threat to the well-being of the child.
(iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;
(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and
(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment
of the child.
Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2).
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[15] DCS must prove each element by clear and convincing evidence. Ind. Code §
31-37-14-2; In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1260 (Ind. 2009). Because Indiana
Code section 4(b)(2)(B) is written in the disjunctive, the trial court is required to
find that only one prong has been established by clear and convincing evidence.
In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 220 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). Clear and convincing
evidence need not establish that the continued custody of the parent is wholly
inadequate for the child’s very survival. Bester v. Lake Cty. Office of Family &
Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 148 (Ind. 2005). It is instead sufficient to show by
clear and convincing evidence that the child’s emotional and physical
development are put at risk by the parent’s custody. Id. If the court finds the
allegations in a petition are true, the court shall terminate the parent-child
relationship. Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a).
[16] We have long had a highly deferential standard of review in cases involving the
termination of parental rights. In re D.B., 942 N.E.2d 867, 871 (Ind. Ct. App.
2011). We neither reweigh the evidence nor assess witness credibility, and we
consider only the evidence and reasonable inferences favorable to the trial
court’s judgment. Id. In deference to the trial court’s unique position to assess
the evidence, we will set aside a judgment terminating a parent-child
relationship only if it is clearly erroneous. Id. Clear error is that which leaves us
with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. J.M. v. Marion
Cty. Office of Family & Children, 802 N.E.2d 40, 44 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans.
denied.
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[17] We have also often noted that the purpose of terminating parental rights is not
to punish parents but to protect their children. In re S.P.H., 806 N.E.2d 874, 880
(Ind. Ct. App. 2004). Although parental rights have a constitutional dimension,
the law allows for their termination when clear and convincing evidence
establishes that they are unable or unwilling to meet their responsibilities as
parents. Id. Thus, parental interests must be subordinated to the children’s
interests in determining the proper disposition of a petition to terminate
parental rights. G.Y., 904 N.E.2d at 1259.
[18] Here, the trial court concluded that there was a reasonable probability that the
conditions that resulted in G.C.’s removal from Mother’s care, or the reasons
for placement outside her home, would not be remedied. In its consideration of
this statutory factor, the trial court must determine a parent’s fitness to care for
the child at the time of the termination hearing while also taking into
consideration evidence of changed circumstances. A.D.S. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child
Servs., 987 N.E.2d 1150, 1156–57 (Ind. Ct. App. 2013), trans. denied. The trial
court may disregard efforts made only shortly before termination and give more
weight to a parent’s history of conduct prior to those efforts. In re K.T.K., 989
N.E.2d 1225, 1234 (Ind. 2013).
[19] Here, all of Mother’s efforts to improve her ability to care for G.C. were made
in the four months leading up to the termination hearing. From September 2018
to January 2019, Mother maintained contact with her family case manager,
found stable housing, and was employed for three months prior to the
termination hearing.
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[20] However, Mother has not addressed her substance abuse issues and continued
to test positive for illegal substances in the weeks leading up to the fact-finding
hearing. Mother has an outstanding felony warrant out for her arrest. And
Mother admitted that she will likely be incarcerated again as a result of those
pending felony charges. Mother was incarcerated for nearly a year in 2017
during the CHINS proceedings. In 2016, Mother was incarcerated on five
occasions. During the period that she was not incarcerated during the CHINS
proceedings, Mother failed to maintain contact with her family case manager,
failed to engage in services, and failed to appear at two CHINS hearings.2
[21] Mother has not demonstrated that she is able to lead a law-abiding life or
refrain from use of illegal substances. She not taken any steps to address her
substance abuse. Moreover, Mother, by her own admission, will likely be
incarcerated again due to the pending felony charges in Marion County. G.C.
needs a safe, stable, and permanent environment in which to grow and thrive.
2
Mother attempts to analogize her circumstances to those in K.E. v. Indiana Department of Child Services, 39
N.E.3d 641 (Ind. 2015). In K.E., as a result of Father’s incarceration, the trial court granted DCS’s petition to
terminate his parental rights. On appeal, our supreme court reiterated that “incarceration is an insufficient
basis for terminating parental rights.” Id. at 643 (citing In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d at 1264–66). And the court
reversed the trial court’s order terminating Father’s parental rights because “Father made extensive efforts to
better himself by learning parenting skills, addressing his problems with substance abuse, and establishing a
bond with both of his children.” Id. at 643-44. In addition, the CASA recommended delaying termination of
Father’s parental rights.
The only similarity between K.E. and this instant case is the bond that Mother has with G.C. Unlike the
Father in K.E., Mother failed to participate in services even when she was not incarcerated, failed to maintain
contact with her family case manager, failed to address her substance abuse problems, and failed to attend
hearings in the CHINS proceedings. Mother complains that she was not offered services such as a mental
health assessment or counseling, but those services were not made available because she did not cooperate
with DCS.
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Mother has not demonstrated that she is able to provide G.C. with a stable and
secure home. For all of these reasons, we conclude that the trial court’s finding
that there was a reasonable probability that the conditions that resulted in
G.C.’s removal from Mother’s care, or the reasons for placement outside her
home, would not be remedied is supported by clear and convincing evidence.3
[22] We therefore affirm the trial court’s order terminating Mother’s parental rights
to G.C.
[23] Affirmed.
Robb, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
3
Mother also argues that DCS failed to prove all of the statutory factors listed in Indiana Code section 31-35-
2-4(b)(2)(B)(ii) and (iii). But the trial court is required to find that only one prong of that subsection has been
established by clear and convincing evidence. In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 220. We also note that Mother does
not challenge the trial court’s conclusion that termination of her parental rights was in G.C.’s best interest.
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