NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 17-2122
___________
THOMAS JAMES CLAUSO,
Appellant
v.
JUDGE SOLOMON; JOAN SPADEA, ESQ., Ex Prosecutor; EX-JUDGE
FLUHEARTY, And His Estate; NANCY JANE HOLLOWAY, and Estate; PATRICIA
EGAN JONES, Surrogates Court; GEORGE STILLWELL, Ex Prosecutor; COURIER
POST NEWSPAPER, Staff Editor; GARY M. LANIGAN, Dept. of Corrections,
Commissioner; NEW JERSEY STATE PAROLE BOARD, James T. Plousis, Chairman;
MS. ROBIN C. STACY, ESQ., New Jersey Parole Board
____________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.N.J. Civ. No. 14-cv-05280)
District Judge: Honorable John Michael Vazquez
____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
December 3, 2018
Before: MCKEE, COWEN and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed October 29, 2019)
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OPINION*
___________
*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not constitute binding
precedent.
PER CURIAM
Thomas Clauso, a New Jersey state prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals from the
District Court’s dismissal of his complaint. We will affirm the District Court’s judgment.
Clauso filed a complaint in August 2014 seeking monetary damages for, inter alia,
an allegedly wrongful conviction and sentence. He named as defendants state judges and
judicial staff, the Camden County Prosecutor’s Office and several of its employees, the
New Jersey Parole Board and its Director, the Courier-Post newspaper, and certain
private citizens. Many of those defendants filed motions to dismiss. The District Court
determined that Clauso’s claims were barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486-
87 (1994) (holding that § 1983 claims are not cognizable if a judgment in the plaintiff’s
favor necessarily would imply the invalidity of a conviction or sentence that has not been
overturned or otherwise invalidated). By an order entered on June 22, 2015, the District
Court dismissed the complaint without prejudice, and afforded Clauso an opportunity to
reinstate the matter upon the filing of an amended complaint. Clauso appealed instead,
and this Court dismissed the appeal as jurisdictionally defective under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
See C.A. No. 15-2620.
Meanwhile, Clauso filed a motion for an extension of time to file an amended
complaint. The District Court granted that request, and an amended complaint raising
claims purportedly under the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 20, 1871, 17 Stat. 13, later
codified at 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985, and civil RICO under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d), was
filed on May 26, 2016. The State defendants and the Courier Post responded with
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motions to dismiss. In an order entered on April 11, 2017, the District Court granted the
Courier Post’s motion with prejudice. A subsequent order was entered on April 27, 2017,
granting the State defendants’ motion as well; that order dismissed some claims with
prejudice and some without prejudice. In particular, Clauso’s § 1985 claim against
defendant Assistant Prosecutor George Stillwell and his § 1983 claims regarding the
conditions of confinement in Northern and East Jersey State Prisons (where he was
previously confined) were dismissed without prejudice. Once again, the District Court
afforded Clauso the opportunity to reopen the proceeding by filing an amended
complaint. Clauso instead sought review in this Court, and the appeal was listed for
possible jurisdictional dismissal.
Generally, an order that dismisses a complaint without prejudice is neither final
nor immediately appealable under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, “because the deficiency may be
corrected by the plaintiff without affecting the cause of action.” Borelli v. City of
Reading, 532 F.2d 950, 951 (3d Cir. 1976) (per curiam). “Only if the plaintiff cannot
amend or declares his intention to stand on his complaint does the order become final and
appealable.” Id. at 951-52. Clauso chose not to further amend his complaint; he instead
appealed and has declared his intention to stand on his complaint. See Frederico v. Home
Depot, 507 F.3d 188, 192-93 (3d Cir. 2007) (determining that a plaintiff had elected to
stand on her complaint where she did not seek to correct the purported pleading
deficiencies, but instead repeatedly asserted that her complaint was sufficient as filed);
see also Batoff v. State Farm Ins. Co., 977 F.2d 848, 851 n.5 (3d Cir. 1992) (order
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becomes final where plaintiff given 30 days to amend complaint, but instead files notice
of appeal within that time). Accordingly, we conclude that jurisdiction is proper under §
1291.
We exercise plenary review over the District Court’s decision to grant a motion to
dismiss pursuant to either Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) or 12(b)(6). See
United States ex rel. Atkinson v. Pa. Shipbuilding Co., 473 F.3d 506, 514 (3d Cir. 2007)
(Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1)); Howard Hess Dental Labs. Inc. v. Dentsply Int’l, Inc., 602
F.3d 237, 246 (3d Cir. 2010) (Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6)). “To survive a motion to dismiss,
a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to
relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citation
omitted). When reviewing disposition of a motion to dismiss, we “disregard rote recitals
of the elements of a cause of action, legal conclusions, and mere conclusory statements.”
James v. City of Wilkes-Barre, 700 F.3d 675, 679 (3d Cir. 2012).
Initially we note that, with the exception of his claims against Judge Fluharty,
many of Clauso’s arguments on appeal are significantly undeveloped. See John Wyeth &
Bro. Ltd. v. CIGNA Int’l Corp., 119 F.3d 1070, 1076 n.6 (3d Cir. 1997) (“[A]rguments
raised in passing . . . are considered waived.”). In any event, we find his arguments
unavailing and his claims properly subject to dismissal for essentially the reasons set
forth by the District Court. Clauso’s claims against the New Jersey state judges in their
official capacities are barred by judicial immunity. Judges are immune from suit under §
1983 “for monetary damages arising from their judicial acts.” Gallas v. Supreme Court
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of Pa., 211 F.3d 760, 768 (3d Cir. 2000); Azubuko v. Royal, 443 F.3d 302, 303 (3d Cir.
2006) (per curiam) (“A judicial officer in the performance of his duties has absolute
immunity from suit and will not be liable for his judicial acts.”). This holds true even if
the action “was in error, was done maliciously, or was in excess of his authority . . . .”
Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356 (1978).
As for his Fourteenth Amendment due process claim, Clauso could not avoid the
significant hurdles of Heck v. Humphrey, and the various immunities raised by
defendants (including Eleventh Amendment, judicial, and prosecutorial immunity). A
statute of limitations issue warranted dismissal of Clauso’s claim against defendant
Stillwell, and his alleged Eighth Amendment violation was properly disposed of for the
reasons set forth by the District Court in its Memorandum Opinion at pages 17-19. As
noted previously, Clauso declined the District Court’s willingness to entertain an
amended submission correcting the deficiencies with this claim.
Clauso appears to contend that many of these doctrines and defenses should be put
aside given the unique circumstances of his case.1 Clauso points to the alleged “abuse of
1
It appears that Clauso is the biological father of a child for whom a final judgment of adoption
was entered in 1972 in a proceeding where the adoptive parents were represented by an attorney
who later became a judge of the Superior Court (Judge Fluharty), and who presided over
Clauso’s criminal trial and sentencing in 1988. Judge Fluharty, who passed away long ago, is
the sibling of one of the adoptive parents. At his trial, the jury returned guilty verdicts on a
number of charges including attempted murder and weapons offenses. The sentence imposed
was life imprisonment with a 25-year parole disqualifier. Clauso states, inter alia, that he did not
discover the facts regarding his daughter and Judge Fluharty’s role until 2012. They serve as the
bases of a counseled motion for a new trial he filed in state court, a motion that apparently
remains pending.
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process” and judicial misconduct carried out by Judge Fluharty as support for his
contention that he should be permitted to litigate the merits of his claims – including an
alleged violation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963) – under the guise of a civil
rights complaint. Clauso advocates for this course despite recognizing that the proper
mechanism to launch a federal challenge to the legality of his criminal conviction is
through the filing of a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.
While the facts surrounding Clauso’s complaint are certainly unusual and troubling, we
are not at liberty to simply ignore doctrines like judicial immunity and Heck v.
Humphrey at the behest of a litigant who otherwise feels frustrated by the course of his
post-conviction state criminal proceedings.
If Clauso believed that the information he discovered in 2012 warranted another
federal challenge to his conviction, he was free to seek leave to pursue habeas relief
through the filing of an application under 28 U.S.C. § 2244 seeking permission to file a
second or successive petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Clauso was advised by the
District Court of the necessity to do so in Clauso v. Warden Northern State Prison, et al.,
D.N.J. Civ. No. 2-12-cv-03969, and by this Court on appeal in C.A. No. 15-3370. That
Clauso may have concluded that he could not satisfy the standard for filing a successive
petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii) does little to open the doors for such a
challenge by the filing of the instant civil complaint. Likewise, his criticisms of the
District Court’s disposition of his § 2254 petition at D.N.J. Civ. No. 2-12-cv-03969
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should have been raised in his appeal to this Court docketed at C.A. No. 15-3370, not in a
subsequently filed civil complaint filed with the District Court.
We have considered Clauso’s remaining arguments and have determined that they
are meritless. Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s order dismissing his
complaint.2
2
Clauso’s letter-motion requesting oral argument and a hearing en banc is denied.
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