United States v. Marquez

This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.

Before
HITESMAN, J. STEPHENS, and GASTON,
Appellate Military Judges

_________________________

UNITED STATES
Appellee

v.

Michael A. MARQUEZ
Sonar Technician (Submarine) First Class (E-6), U.S. Navy
Appellant

No. 201800198

Decided: 28 October 2019

Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary.
Military Judge: Captain Ann K. Minami, JAGC, USN. Sentence ad-
judged 20 March 2018 by a general court-martial convened at Naval
Base Kitsap, Bremerton, Washington, consisting of a military judge
sitting alone. Sentence approved by the convening authority: reduction
to pay grade E-1, confinement for four years, and a bad-conduct dis-
charge.

For Appellant: Lieutenant Commander Kevin R. Larson, JAGC, USN.

For Appellee: Captain William J. Mossor, USMC; Major Kelli A.
O’Neal, USMC.

Judge GASTON delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Senior
Judge HITESMAN and Judge J. STEPHENS joined.

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 United States v. Marquez, No. 201800198

This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but
may be cited as persuasive authority under NMCCA
Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.

_________________________

GASTON, Judge:
Appellant was convicted, contrary to his plea, of a single specification of
indecent visual recording in violation of Article 120c, Uniform Code of Mili-
tary Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920c (2012), for surreptitiously video record-
ing his 13-year-old stepdaughter, DS, naked in her bedroom after a shower.
When DS later found the video on Appellant’s phone, he denied any
knowledge of it and then had her help him delete it. A copy of the deleted
video was recovered from Appellant’s computer, where it was located within
backup files of an application designed to store hidden data using the last
four digits of Appellant’s social security number as its passcode.
Appellant raises four assignments of error (AOEs), which we reorder as
follows: (1) admission of the backup copy of the deleted video of DS violated
the best evidence rule, Military Rule of Evidence (MIL. R. EVID.) 1002, MAN-
UAL FOR COURTS-MARTIAL (MCM), UNITED STATES (2016 ed.); (2) the military
judge erred in admitting other video recordings under MIL. R. EVID. 404(b)
showing Appellant positioned a video recording device on another occasion in
the family bathroom; (3) the evidence against the accused is factually insuffi-
cient to sustain his conviction; and (4) the military judge erred in denying in
camera review of DS’s mental health records. 1 We find no prejudicial error
and affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

In January 2017, while looking at photos on Appellant’s iPhone, DS dis-
covered a video of herself lying around in her bedroom naked after a shower
before getting dressed. Distraught, DS told her mother, MM, who scrolled
through the video and then confronted Appellant (MM’s husband). Appellant
said he had no idea how the video got on his phone. He became upset and
said he would probably go away for a while and that DS and MM would not
see him again. He then had DS help him delete the video from his phone.

1 All four AOEs are raised pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431
(C.M.A. 1982).

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The authorities were notified and searched various digital media devices
seized from Appellant’s home, including his iPhone, an iPad, a laptop, and a
desktop computer. The video of DS was not found on the iPhone, but a copy of
a video matching the video DS and MM described was recovered from the
iPhone’s backup data files on the desktop computer. The backup copy of the
video was found within files associated with an application called “Secret
Calculator,” which is designed to secure hidden files on a cellular phone and
used the last four digits of Appellant’s social security number as its passcode.
The recovered 15-minute video was created on 23 April 2016, when DS
was 13 years old. In the video, a blurry figure in plaid pajama pants—whose
body and hand are the size of an adult’s—appears briefly near the beginning
of the video and then leaves the room off to one side after the recording device
is positioned. Moments later, DS enters the room wearing a towel, appearing
as though she has just gotten out of the shower. She takes off the towel and
then lies around on her bed naked before getting dressed. She does not look
at the recording device or appear to know it is there.
The trial centered on the issue of identity. The Defense argued that the
video of DS—admitted into evidence as Prosecution Exhibit 1A—did not itself
provide enough evidence to identify who set up the recording device. The
Defense suggested the recording could have been made by DS’s seven-year-
old brother, LM, or by DS herself as a means of getting out of Appellant’s
house and going back to live with other family members in California.
Three other videos admitted under MIL. R. EVID. 404(b) figured into the
issue of identity. Prosecution Exhibit 1D, recovered from the backup files on
the seized laptop, shows Appellant wearing a pair of distinctive black pajama
pants with orange writing. Prosecution Exhibits 1B and 1C, recovered from
deleted files on the seized iPad, show a video recording device being posi-
tioned in December 2016 in a bathroom of the same family home where DS
was recorded naked in her bedroom eight months earlier. In Prosecution
Exhibit 1B, the recording device is being positioned in the bathroom by some-
one wearing the same distinctive black pajama pants with orange writing
worn by Appellant in Prosecution Exhibit 1D. In Prosecution Exhibit 1C, the
recording device is being repositioned in the same bathroom moments later
by someone wearing Appellant’s watch.
DS testified she was unaware she was being recorded naked in her bed-
room when the video in Prosecution Exhibit 1A was made, but that she had
noticed a phone that appeared to be recording her after she showered on
another occasion around December 2016 in the same family home.
Additional facts necessary for resolution of the AOEs are included in the
discussion below.

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II. DISCUSSION

A. Best Evidence Rule
Prosecution Exhibit 1A was offered and admitted without Defense objec-
tion at trial. 2 Appellant now asserts that admission of the backup copy of the
deleted video of DS violated the “best evidence” rule, which states, “An origi-
nal writing, recording, or photograph is required in order to prove its content
unless these rules, this Manual, or a federal statute provides otherwise.” MIL.
R. EVID. 1002. Because there was no objection at trial, we review for plain
error, which occurs when there is an error, it is obvious, and it results in
material prejudice to a substantial right. United States v. Powell, 49 M.J.
460, 463-65 (C.A.A.F. 1998).
We find an original is not required in this case under MIL. R. EVID. 1002
because the rules of evidence specifically do provide otherwise. First, an
original is not required where “all the originals are lost or destroyed, and not
by the proponent acting in bad faith.” MIL. R. EVID. 1004(a). Second, “[a]
duplicate is admissible to the same extent as the original unless a genuine
question is raised about the original’s authenticity or the circumstances make
it unfair to admit the duplicate.” MIL. R. EVID. 1003.
Here, the “original” video was deleted from Appellant’s iPhone not by the
proponent of the evidence (the Government), but by Appellant himself. We
find no genuine question raised about the authenticity of the video file recov-
ered from Appellant’s computer, which was established through proper foun-
dational testimony and matched what DS and MM saw on Appellant’s phone
before he deleted it. 3 Under these circumstances we find no unfairness, and
no error, let alone plain error, in the admission of Prosecution Exhibit 1A.

B. Admission of Evidence under MIL. R. EVID. 404(b)
Appellant asserts the military judge erred in denying a Defense motion to
exclude three other video recordings—Prosecution Exhibits 1B, 1C, and 1D—

2 The Defense initially objected to the exhibit on foundational grounds, but made
no further objection to its admission after the government laid additional founda-
tional testimony. Record at 217-19, 271-72.
3 While the forensic examiner’s first extraction attempt failed to download a
viewable copy of the video due to the size of the file, the examiner was able to down-
load the entire video after adjusting the digital extraction tool. Record at 209-10. We
disagree with Appellant’s assertion that the first, unsuccessful extraction attempt
somehow created an additional “copy” requiring further analysis under the rule.

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under MIL. R. EVID. 404(b). He argues the evidence was improperly used as
proof of Appellant’s propensity for misconduct. We review such rulings to
admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion, which requires not just a
mere difference of opinion with the trial court but a determination that the
challenged ruling is “arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly
erroneous.” United States v. Solomon, 72 M.J. 176, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (quot-
ing United States v. White, 29 M.J. 236, 239 (C.A.A.F. 2010)).
“Evidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove a per-
son’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person
acted in accordance with the character,” but it may be admitted for other
purposes, such as to prove “motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan,
knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” MIL. R. EVID.
404(b)(1)-(2). A three-part test determines the admissibility of such evidence:
(1) the evidence must reasonably support a finding that the accused commit-
ted the other acts; (2) a fact of consequence—other than the accused’s charac-
ter or propensity for misconduct—must be made more or less probable by the
evidence; and (3) the probative value of the evidence must not be substantial-
ly outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. United States v. Reynolds, 29
M.J. 105, 109 (C.M.A. 1989) (citations omitted).
Here, the military judge admitted the evidence after applying the Reyn-
olds test, finding it relevant for certain non-propensity uses, and determining
its probative value to those non-propensity uses was not substantially out-
weighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. She noted in her preliminary
ruling that “a key fact of consequence in this case is the identity of the indi-
vidual who made the indecent visual recording that is the subject of Charge
I.” 4 She concluded that Prosecution Exhibits 1B, 1C, and 1D bore on that
issue, as well as on other non-propensity issues, including Appellant’s intent
(to place the recording device in a location likely to capture naked images),
motive (to capture naked images), plan or scheme (to position the camera in a
location that would not be observable by the subject), and lack of mistake (by
showing intentional manipulation and positioning of the recording device), in
the creation of the video of DS. 5 In a follow-up discussion at trial, the military

4 Appellate Exhibit XXXIII at 3. Indeed, this was Appellant’s principal defense
throughout the trial—that he was not perpetrator of the offense because he was not
the creator of the recording, the identity of whom is not ascertainable from the video
of DS alone.
5 Id.

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judge adopted her prior reasoning and emphasized that the three videos were
“most probative towards establishing identity.” 6
“Military judges are presumed to know the law and to follow it absent
clear evidence to the contrary.” United States v. Erickson, 65 M.J. 221, 225
(C.A.A.F. 2007) (citation omitted). We find no evidence that the military
judge did not correctly construe the law, nothing unreasonable about her
decision to admit Prosecution Exhibits 1B, 1C, and 1D for the limited purpos-
es she outlined in her written and oral rulings, and no indication that she did
not limit her consideration of the evidence to those purposes. Such proper,
non-propensity use of the evidence under MIL. R. EVID. 404(b) finds ample
support in the case law. 7
Accordingly, we find no abuse of discretion in the admission of Prosecu-
tion Exhibits 1B, 1C, and 1D.

C. Factual Sufficiency
Appellant asserts the evidence is factually insufficient to support a con-
viction for indecent visual recording under Article 120c, UCMJ. We review
such issues de novo. Art. 66(c), UCMJ; United States v. Washington, 57 M.J.
394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002).
In evaluating factual sufficiency, we ask whether, after weighing the evi-
dence in the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally
observed the witnesses, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a rea-
sonable doubt. United States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 325 (C.M.A. 1987). We
do so by taking a “fresh, impartial look at the evidence” and reaching an
“independent determination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of
each required element beyond a reasonable doubt.” Washington, 57 M.J. at

6 Record at 275.
7 See, e.g., United States v. Morrison, 52 M.J. 117, 122 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (use of
other similar acts to establish modus operandi as proof of identity); United States v.
Barnett, 63 M.J. 388, 395 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (factors to consider in assessing similarity
of acts on issue of identity); United States v. McDonald, 59 M.J. 426, 430 (C.A.A.F.
2004) (use of other similar acts to establish intent); United States v. Watkins, 21 M.J.
224, 227 (C.M.A. 1986) (use of other similar acts to show intent and rebut any claim
of accident); United States v. Latney, 108 F.3d 1446 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (subsequent
similar activities admissible to show intent regarding prior charged offense); United
States v. Jenkins, 48 M.J. 594, 598-99 (A.C.C.A. 1998) (use of other similar acts to
establish motive); United States v. Munoz, 32 M.J. 359 (C.M.A. 1991) (other similar
acts from over a decade prior admissible to show plan).

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399. A conviction for indecent visual recording under Article 120c, UCMJ,
requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant knowingly and
wrongfully recorded the private area of DS, without her consent, under cir-
cumstances in which DS had a reasonable expectation of privacy. MCM, Part
IV, ¶ 45c.a.(a)(2).
Here, the video recording discovered by DS on Appellant’s phone, and
subsequently recovered from backup files on Appellant’s computer, captured
the private area of DS under circumstances in which she had a reasonable
expectation of privacy. DS’s testimony that she did not consent to the record-
ing is supported by the video itself, in which she does not look at the record-
ing device or appear to know it is there. Further, the evidence that Appellant
was the creator of the video, while circumstantial, is strong. When confronted
about the video DS found on his phone, Appellant claimed ignorance, but
then, rather that get to the bottom of how such a recording of his teenaged
stepdaughter came to be, immediately took steps to delete it. The deleted
video was later found in backup files on Appellant’s computer, associated
with an application designed to hide files that used the last four digits of his
social security number as its passcode. At the beginning of the video, a
clothed, adult-size figure can be seen leaving the room off to one side mo-
ments before DS enters the room wearing only a towel. Finally, evidence
found on other digital media from Appellant’s home supports not only that he
was the one who set up the device that recorded the video of DS, but that he
did so knowingly and wrongfully in an effort to surreptitiously record her
private area when she entered her bedroom after taking a shower.
After carefully weighing the evidence in the record of trial and making al-
lowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, we are convinced
of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

D. Production of DS’s Mental Health Records
Lastly, Appellant asserts error in the military judge’s denial of a Defense
motion seeking in camera review of DS’s mental health records. We review
such a denial by the trial court for an abuse of discretion. United States v.
Chisum, 77 M.J. 176, 179 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
Confidential communications between a patient and her psychotherapist
for the purpose of facilitating mental health diagnosis or treatment are gen-
erally protected from disclosure in cases arising under the UCMJ. MIL. R.
EVID. 513(a). Before the military judge may order such privileged material
produced even for in camera review, she must find the moving party has
demonstrated four different things by a preponderance of the evidence:

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(A) a specific factual basis demonstrating a reasonable like-
lihood that the records or communications would yield evidence
admissible under an exception to the privilege;
(B) that the requested information meets one of the enu-
merated exceptions under subsection (d) of [MIL. R. EVID. 513];
(C) that the information sought is not merely cumulative of
other information available; and
(D) that the party made reasonable efforts to obtain the
same or substantially similar information through non-
privileged sources.
MIL. R. EVID. 513(e)(3). If the military judge determines each of the above
factors is met except for meeting one of the rule’s enumerated exceptions, the
military judge must then determine whether in camera review is constitu-
tionally required and, if so, take further action as necessary. J.M. v. Payton-
O’Brien, 76 M.J. 782, 789 (N-M. Ct. Crim. App. 2017).
In support of its motion, the Defense submitted evidence obtained from
DS’s mother, MM, that DS had received mental health treatment for anxiety
and depression prior to discovering the video of herself on Appellant’s phone;
that DS received further mental health treatment in the wake of that discov-
ery; and that during her psychotherapy sessions DS discussed, among other
things, that Appellant had video recorded her. 8 In pursuit of its theory that
DS had created the video herself out of jealousy and a desire to leave Appel-
lant’s house and return to California, the Defense argued it needed “to review
and confront DS with any exculpatory statements contained within her men-
tal health records” following the court’s in camera review of the material. 9
The military judge denied the Defense motion for in camera review of
DS’s mental health records, concluding that Appellant had failed to establish
the first three prongs of MIL. R. EVID. 513(e)(3). 10 We find no abuse of discre-
tion in her ruling, the reasoning of which we summarize briefly in taking up
some of the underlying issues.
First, the military judge concluded the Defense motion failed the first
prong because it was premised on the mere speculation that because DS had

8 Appellate Exhibit XI; Record at 47-78.
9 Appellate Exhibit XI at 6.
10 Appellate Exhibit XXXII.

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told her psychotherapist about finding the video on Appellant’s phone, her
mental health records would contain prior inconsistent statements or other
information impacting her credibility or otherwise exculpatory to Appellant. 11
We agree. The mere fact that an alleged victim has a discussion with her
mental health provider about the subject matter of her prospective trial tes-
timony does not, in and of itself, provide a specific factual basis demonstrat-
ing a reasonable likelihood that access to those privileged discussions would
yield admissible evidence. That is particularly true in this case, where the
video DS claimed to have found, which Appellant then deleted, was not only
seen by MM but also recovered from Appellant’s computer.
Second, the military judge found the requested information did not meet
one of the enumerated exceptions under MIL. R. EVID. 513(d). The Defense
argued below, as Appellant does now, that the information falls within the
“child abuse” exception, which states there is no privilege “when the commu-
nication is evidence of child abuse or of neglect, or in a proceeding in which
one spouse is charged with a crime against a child of either spouse. MIL. R.
EVID. 513(d)(2). Citing our sister court’s decision in LK v. Acosta, 76 M.J. 611
(A. Ct. Crim. App. 2017), the military judge refused to accede to the interpre-
tation that the exception applies in this case, which she reasoned would lead
to absurdity. Among other things, it would mean that due solely to the nature
of the charge against Appellant, no one involved in his court-martial proceed-
ings would have a mental health privilege. 12
We agree with the military judge’s view under the facts of this case. As
the court in Acosta points out, when interpreting rules of evidence under
well-established principles of statutory construction, “the plain language will
control, unless use of the plain language would lead to an absurd result.” Id.
at 617 (quoting United States v. Lewis, 65 M.J. 85, 88 (C.A.A.F. 2007)). The
psychotherapist-patient privilege in MIL. R. EVID. 513 is derived from Jaffee
v. Redmond, 518 U.S. 1 (1996), in which the Supreme Court recognized the
societal benefits of encouraging mental health treatment, which would not
ordinarily be sought out without assurance that the confidential discussions
between patients and their mental health providers would be kept confiden-
tial. Id. at 10-11; MCM, Analysis of MIL. R. EVID. 513, at A22-51. Even taking
into account the maxim that privileges should be narrowly construed, 13 it

11 Id. at 3.
12 Appellate Exhibit XXXII at 4.
13 See Trammel v. United States, 445 U.S. 40, 50-51 (1980).

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would indeed lead to an absurd result if we interpreted the exception under
MIL. R. EVID. 513(d)(2) to eviscerate DS’s mental health privilege at precisely
the time she was arguably most in need of such professional care, which is
itself rooted in maintaining patient confidentiality. 14
Nor does this case present the type of circumstance in which, even absent
proof of an enumerated exception under MIL. R. EVID. 513(d), court interven-
tion is warranted as a means of ensuring Appellant’s constitutional right to
“a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense.” Payton-O’Brien, 76
M.J. at 789 (quoting Holmes v. South Carolina, 547 U.S. 319, 324 (2006)). As
this Court has previously found, such intervention is properly reserved for
cases hinging on the competency, credibility, and reliability of the witness at
issue, such that any potential defects in her capacity to understand, inter-
pret, and relate events are essential to the defense. Payton-O’Brien, 76 M.J.
at 789 n.28. While Appellant’s defense at trial posited that DS could have
made the recording herself —and then waited over eight months to “discover”
it on Appellant’s phone—this theory that DS framed Appellant as means of
getting out of the house is belied not only by common sense but also by the
physical evidence. We decline to find DS’s mental health records were essen-
tial to the Defense under such circumstances, based on the mere possibility of
finding useful impeachment evidence nestled among the privileged discus-
sions.
Finally, the military judge found the information sought by Appellant was
merely cumulative of other information available to the Defense. Based on
the information presented in its motion, the Defense was already aware—and
could establish through DS’s mother, MM—that DS had been diagnosed and
treated for various mental health issues, that she had experienced difficulties
in her relationship with Appellant, and that she had other possible motives to
fabricate. 15 Indeed, the Defense was able to elicit precisely this information
from MM at trial. 16 In this area, as with the other aspects discussed above,
we find nothing arbitrary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable, or clearly erroneous
about the trial court’s ruling.

14 See Jaffee, 518 U.S. at 11-12 (discussing that without a psychotherapist-patient
privilege, “confidential communications between psychotherapists and their patients
would surely be chilled, particularly when it is obvious that the circumstances that
give rise to the need for treatment will probably result in litigation”).
15 Appellate Exhibit XXXII at 4.
16 Record at 173-79.

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III. CONCLUSION

After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
we have determined that the approved findings and sentence are correct in
law and fact and that no error materially prejudicial to Appellant’s substan-
tial rights occurred. Arts. 59 and 66, UCMJ. The findings and sentence as
approved by the convening authority are AFFIRMED.
Senior Judge HITESMAN and Judge J. STEPHENS concur.

FOR THE COURT:

RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court

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