In the Matter of the Involuntary Termination of the Parent-Child Relationship of T.J. (Minor Child) and J.S. (Mother) and T.J. (Father) v. Indiana Department of Child Services (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Oct 31 2019, 7:17 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT J.S. ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Steven Knecht Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Vonderheide & Knecht, P.C. Attorney General
Lafayette, Indiana Robert J. Henke
Deputy Attorney General
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT T.J. Indianapolis, Indiana
Harold E. Amstutz
Lafayette, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In the Matter of the Involuntary October 31, 2019
Termination of the Parent-Child Court of Appeals Case No.
Relationship of T.J. (Minor 19A-JT-1003
Child) Appeal from the Tippecanoe
and Superior Court
The Honorable Faith A. Graham,
J.S. (Mother) and T.J. (Father), Judge
Appellants-Respondents, Trial Court Cause No.
79D03-1810-JT-139
v.

Indiana Department of Child
Services,
Appellee-Petitioner

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 Crone, Judge.

Case Summary
[1] J.S. (“Mother”) and T.J. (“Father”) (collectively “Parents”) appeal a trial court

order terminating their parental relationships with T.J. (“Child”). Finding that

neither has established clear error, we affirm.

Facts and Procedural History
[2] The facts most favorable to the judgment are as follows. Mother and Father are

the parents of Child, born in May 2016. In October 2016, Father was convicted

of class A misdemeanor operating while intoxicated (“OWI”) with

endangerment, with Mother and Child as passengers in his vehicle. In January

2017, the Indiana Department of Child Services (“DCS”) received two reports

concerning the family. According to the first report, Mother was homeless and

unable to provide a stable environment for Child, and according to the second

report, police had been dispatched to a domestic disturbance involving Parents

that resulted in Father’s arrest. Parents had been the subject of several police

contacts, including a report of domestic battery, an incident in which Father

drove his vehicle with Mother hanging onto the outside of the window, and

Father threatening Mother with a samurai sword. Police found Mother to have

injuries consistent with domestic abuse. Father was incarcerated for a short

time, and Mother refused to obtain a civil protective order and expressed her

desire to reunite with him upon his release.

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[3] In February 2017, Child was removed from Mother’s care and placed in

protective custody in kinship foster care with the sister of Mother’s best friend.

Shortly thereafter, DCS initiated proceedings seeking to have Child adjudicated

a child in need of services (“CHINS”). In April 2017, Child was adjudicated a

CHINS. At that time, Mother was living with friends in a two-bedroom

apartment, Father was incarcerated, and the two continued their romantic

relationship. In its May 2017 dispositional order, the trial court ordered Mother

to participate in a domestic violence assessment and services, a mental health

evaluation, a psychological evaluation, a substance abuse assessment and

services, a parenting and bonding assessment, home-based case management,

individual therapy, and supervised parenting time. The trial court ordered

Father to participate in a domestic violence assessment, a domestic abuse

program called Character Restoration, substance abuse and parenting

assessments, a mental health evaluation, home-based case management, a

fatherhood engagement program, individual therapy, and supervised parenting

time. Both Father and Mother were ordered to submit to random drug screens.

[4] During the early stages of the CHINS proceedings, Mother became pregnant

with twins. She was homeless during most of the pregnancy and was

hospitalized several times for dehydration. Father executed paternity affidavits

after the twins’ births, but subsequent DNA tests showed him not to be their

father. The twins were removed from Mother at the hospital and are not

subjects of these proceedings.

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[5] Mother had various jobs throughout the pendency of the proceedings and was,

more often than not, unemployed. Her housing arrangements included staying

with various friends or extended family, and she was unable to establish

independent, stable housing. She completed an initial assessment and was

diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She also completed a

parenting/family functioning assessment but vacillated between admitting and

denying that Father physically abused her. Her participation in individual

therapy and case management was limited. After two supervised visitation

sessions, DCS changed Mother’s visits to therapeutic supervised visits. In

October 2017 and November 2018, the trial court found her in contempt for

failure to submit to drug screens and participate in various services, including

visitation, as she had not visited Child for about five months. By December

2018, Mother refused all services other than visitation. Mother visited Child six

to eight times between November 2018 and January 2019.

[6] During the pendency of the proceedings, Father was in and out of jail six times

for short periods. In early 2018, he pled guilty to and was convicted of class A

misdemeanor invasion of privacy for violating a no-contact order with respect

to Mother. He had approximately five different jobs, including self-

employment as a handyman. He had three different residences, including one

in Illinois, where he stayed for three months during the pendency of the

proceedings. He completed an initial assessment and a substance use

assessment but failed to complete a parenting assessment or domestic violence

services. He ceased all contact with Child as of February 2018. In July 2018,

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 he informed DCS Family Case Manager (“FCM”) Lore Thompson that he

never wanted DCS to contact him again. In November 2018, the trial court

found him in contempt for failure to engage in the following ordered services:

the character restoration domestic abuse program, fatherhood engagement

program, home-based case management, individual therapy, and parenting

time.

[7] In January 2018, DCS changed the permanency plan to adoption by the kinship

foster family and initiated involuntary termination proceedings. The trial court

found that DCS had failed to present clear and convincing evidence in support

of termination and denied the initial termination petition. In October 2018,

DCS filed a second petition for involuntary termination based on Mother’s and

Father’s failure to engage in visitation or other services during the preceding

months. The trial court conducted its factfinding in January 2019. In April

2019, the court issued an order with findings of fact, concluding that there is a

reasonable probability that neither Mother nor Father will remedy the

conditions that led to Child’s removal, that there is a reasonable probability that

continuation of Parents’ parental relationships with Child would pose a threat

to Child’s well-being, that termination is in Child’s best interests, and that there

is a satisfactory plan for Child to be adopted by his current foster parents.

Mother and Father now appeal the termination order. Additional facts will be

provided as necessary.

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 Discussion and Decision
[8] Parents separately challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial

court’s judgment terminating their parental relationships with Child. When

reviewing a trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions thereon in a case

involving the termination of parental rights, we first determine whether the

evidence supports the findings and then whether the findings support the

judgment. In re E.M., 4 N.E.3d 636, 642 (Ind. 2014). We will set aside the trial

court’s judgment only if it is clearly erroneous. Bester v. Lake Cty. Office of Family

& Children, 839 N.E.2d 143, 147 (Ind. 2005). We neither reweigh evidence nor

judge witness credibility. E.M., 4 N.E.3d at 642. Rather, we consider only the

evidence and inferences most favorable to the judgment. Id. “[I]t is not enough

that the evidence might support some other conclusion, but it must positively

require the conclusion contended for by the appellant before there is a basis for

reversal.” Best v. Best, 941 N.E.2d 499, 503 (Ind. 2011) (citations omitted).

Where the appellant does not specifically challenge any of the trial court’s

findings, they stand as proven, and we simply determine whether the

unchallenged findings are sufficient to support the judgment. T.B. v. Ind. Dep’t

of Child Servs., 971 N.E.2d 104, 110 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied; see also

McMaster v. McMaster, 681 N.E.2d 744, 747 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997) (unchallenged

findings are accepted as true).

[9] In Bester, our supreme court stated,

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
protects the traditional right of parents to establish a home and

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 raise their children. A parent’s interest in the care, custody, and
control of his or her children is perhaps the oldest of the
fundamental liberty interests. Indeed the parent-child
relationship is one of the most valued relationships in our culture.
We recognize of course that parental interests are not absolute
and must be subordinated to the child’s interests in determining
the proper disposition of a petition to terminate parental rights.
Thus, parental rights may be terminated when the parents are
unable or unwilling to meet their parental responsibilities.

839 N.E.2d at 147 (citations, quotation marks, and alteration omitted).

[10] To obtain a termination of a parent-child relationship, DCS is required to

establish in pertinent part:

(A) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) The child has been removed from the parent for at least six (6)
months under a dispositional decree.

….

(B) that one (1) of the following is true:

(i) There is a reasonable probability that the conditions
that resulted in the child’s removal or the reasons for
placement outside the home of the parents will not be
remedied.

(ii) There is a reasonable probability that the continuation
of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to the well-
being of the child.

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 (iii) The child has, on two (2) separate occasions, been
adjudicated a child in need of services;

(C) that termination is in the best interests of the child; and

(D) that there is a satisfactory plan for the care and treatment of
the child.

Ind. Code § 31-35-2-4(b)(2).

[11] In recognition of the seriousness with which we address parental termination

cases, Indiana has adopted a clear and convincing evidence standard. Ind.

Code § 31-37-14-2; Castro v. State Office of Family & Children, 842 N.E.2d 367,

377 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. “Clear and convincing evidence need

not reveal that the continued custody of the parents is wholly inadequate for the

child’s survival. Rather, it is sufficient to show by clear and convincing

evidence that the child’s emotional and physical development are threatened by

the respondent parent’s custody.” In re K.T.K., 989 N.E.2d 1225, 1230 (Ind.

2013) (citation omitted). “[I]f the court finds that the allegations in a

[termination] petition … are true, the court shall terminate the parent-child

relationship.” Ind. Code § 31-35-2-8(a) (emphasis added).

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 Section 1 – Father has failed to demonstrate that the trial court
clearly erred in concluding that there is a reasonable
probability that the conditions that led to Child’s removal will
not be remedied.
[12] Father asserts that the evidence is insufficient to support the trial court’s

conclusion that a reasonable probability exists that the conditions that led to

Child’s removal will not be remedied. 1 He does not specifically challenge any

of the trial court’s findings, and as such, we simply determine whether the

unchallenged findings are sufficient to support the judgment. T.B., 971 N.E.2d

at 110. When assessing whether there is a reasonable probability that

conditions that led to a child’s removal will not be remedied, we must consider

not only the initial basis for the child’s removal but also the bases for continued

placement outside the home. In re A.I., 825 N.E.2d 798, 806 (Ind. Ct. App.

2005), trans. denied. Moreover, “the trial court should judge a parent’s fitness to

care for his [or her] children at the time of the termination hearing, taking into

consideration evidence of changed conditions.” In re J.T., 742 N.E.2d 509, 512

(Ind. Ct. App. 2001), trans. denied. “Due to the permanent effect of termination,

the trial court also must evaluate the parent’s habitual patterns of conduct to

determine the probability of future neglect or deprivation of the child.” Id. In

1
Father also challenges the trial court’s conclusion that there is a reasonable probability that the
continuation of the parent-child relationship poses a threat to Child’s well-being. Indiana Code Section 31-
35-2-4(b)(2)(B) requires DCS to prove only one of the three circumstances listed. Because we find no error
concerning the reasonable probability that the conditions will not be remedied, we need not address the
threat to Child’s well-being.

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 making its case, “DCS need not rule out all possibilities of change; rather, [it]

need establish only that there is a reasonable probability that the parent’s

behavior will not change.” In re Kay.L., 867 N.E.2d 236, 242 (Ind. Ct. App.

2007). The court may properly consider evidence of a parent’s substance abuse,

criminal history, lack of employment or adequate housing, history of neglect,

and failure to provide support. McBride v. Monroe Cty. Office of Family & Children,

798 N.E.2d 185, 199 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003).

[13] As a preliminary matter, we categorically reject Father’s argument that the trial

court based its termination order solely on unsubstantiated acts of domestic

violence. As addressed more fully below, the unchallenged findings address

multiple police reports and arrests pertaining to Father’s abuse of Mother and

other criminal activity, as well as his failure to comply with court-ordered

services, including visitation. To the extent that he points to Mother’s

intermittent denials concerning the abuse, we note the trial court’s unchallenged

finding that Mother’s vacillation was merely reflective of the on-and-off status

of their romantic relationship. See Appealed Order at 3 (finding 18:

“Depending on the status of the relationship, Mother would admit or deny

domestic violence.”). In short, the domestic abuse allegations were neither

unsubstantiated nor the sole basis for the trial court’s termination order.

Father’s argument therefore is meritless.

[14] Father asserts that the conditions that led to Child’s initial removal pertain

solely to Mother, i.e., her homelessness and instability. We disagree. Mother’s

homelessness and instability were the subject of the initial report to DCS, but

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 shortly thereafter, DCS received another report concerning domestic violence

resulting in Father’s arrest. As Father does not challenge any of the trial court’s

findings, they stand as proven and include, in summary: several reports of

Father’s domestic abuse with police intervention and physical evidence of

injuries to Mother; Father’s conviction for class A misdemeanor OWI with

endangerment, where Mother and Child were passengers; his conviction for

invasion of privacy for violating a no-contact order; his inconsistent

employment (five different jobs and some handyman work); his inconsistent

housing arrangements (three different residences, one in Illinois); his six

different short-term stints of incarceration during the CHINS case; his discharge

for failure to complete domestic violence services; his contempt citation for

failure to participate in services such as home-based case management,

individual therapy, fatherhood engagement and domestic violence programs,

and parenting time; and his last communication with DCS, in July 2018, in

which he stated “that he did not want any contact from DCS ever again.”

Appealed Order at 5.

[15] Father was incarcerated for several short stints during the pendency of the

proceedings, and he did not consistently participate in his visitation sessions

when he was not incarcerated. In the fall of 2017, he attended only three of

seven scheduled visits despite DCS’s accommodations to his schedule. He

ceased all contact with Child as of February 2018. His failure to exercise his

visitation rights demonstrates a lack of commitment to the parent-child

relationship and the plan to preserve it. See Lang v. Starke Cty. Office of Family &

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 Children, 861 N.E.2d 366, 372 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (failure to exercise right to

visit one’s children demonstrates lack of commitment to complete actions

necessary to preserve parent-child relationship), trans. denied. In short, Father

has failed to demonstrate clear error in the trial court’s conclusion that the

conditions that led to Child’s removal will likely remain unremedied.

Section 2 –Father has failed to demonstrate that the trial court
clearly erred in concluding that termination is in Child’s best
interests.
[16] Father also asserts that the trial court clearly erred in concluding that

termination is in Child’s best interests. To determine what is in the best

interests of a child, we must look at the totality of the circumstances. In re

A.W., 62 N.E.3d 1267, 1275 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016). Although not dispositive,

permanency and stability are key considerations in determining the child’s best

interests. In re G.Y., 904 N.E.2d 1257, 1265 (Ind. 2009). “A parent’s historical

inability to provide a suitable environment along with the parent’s current

inability to do the same supports a finding that termination of parental rights is

in the best interests of the children.” In re A.P., 981 N.E.2d 75, 82 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2012) (quoting, Lang, 861 N.E.2d at 373). Likewise, “the testimony of

service providers may support a finding that termination is in the child’s best

interests.” In re A.K., 924 N.E.2d 212, 224 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. dismissed.

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[17] With respect to Child’s best interests, the trial court entered the following

unchallenged findings: 2

12. …. At the time of the termination hearing, the circumstances
of Parents had not improved.

….

41. CASA, Bonnie Bodkin, supports termination of parental
rights and adoption in the best interests of Child. CASA noted
Child has been out of the care of Parents since he was very small.
Child has been placed in the same kinship foster home for nearly
two (2) years and needs a permanent home. Child is bonded
with the kinship foster parents who are prepared to adopt. Child
has some special needs and is undergoing testing for
developmental delays and/or autism. Nevertheless, Child is
progressing in the caring and nurturing environment provided by
the kinship foster family.

Appealed Order at 3, 6.

[18] The totality of the circumstances shows that Father has a pattern of unhealthy

interaction with Mother that manifests itself in physical violence and threats of

violence, followed by a breakup and a reconciliation. See Appealed Order at 3

(unchallenged finding 18: “The pattern of abuse in the relationship between

Parents will likely continue. Parents repetitively separated and reunited during

the CHINS case.”). Father also has demonstrated a pattern of noncompliance

2
To the extent that the findings include the parties’ proper names and initials, we refer to the parties as
previously designated.

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 with court-ordered services followed by a discharge from those services. See Tr.

Vol. 2 at 54 (FCM Thompson’s testimony that most of Father’s referrals were

“short-term due to not showing up, oversleeping, being argumentative.”). FCM

Thompson described Father’s communication as poor, testifying that he was

very difficult to contact, despite his having three cell phones and five phone

numbers. The last communication she received from Father was a July 2018

text saying that he “did not want [her] to contact … him ever again and that a

new attorney would be in touch with DCS.” Id. at 55. She concluded that

Father “has refused to demonstrate th[e] ability” to take care of Child but that

he “was fairly insistent through the case that we just give the child back to

him.… [S]o … he did not accept responsibility for any … of his actions that

may have led to the child being removed.… [H]e blamed DCS, he blamed

[Mother].” Id. at 41, 54.

[19] Both CASA Bodkin and FCM Thompson testified that termination is in Child’s

best interests. As of the date of termination, Child had been in the same

preadoptive foster placement for more than two-thirds of his life. He has a

stable environment and is bonded with his preadoptive foster family, which

includes his twin half-siblings. He has special developmental needs, the extent

of which has yet to be fully diagnosed, but to which the foster family is

currently attending. The totality of the circumstances supports the trial court’s

conclusion that termination of Father’s parental rights is in Child’s best

interests, and Father has failed to meet his burden of demonstrating otherwise.

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 Consequently, we affirm the court’s order terminating Father’s parental

relationship with Child.

Section 3 – Mother has failed to demonstrate that the trial
court clearly erred in concluding that termination is in Child’s
best interests.
[20] Mother limits her challenge to the trial court’s conclusion that termination of

her parental relationship with Child is in Child’s best interests. She does not

specifically challenge any of the enumerated findings but rather takes issue with

isolated statements within the findings pertaining to the quality of her

supervised visits with Child. We agree with DCS that this could loosely be

characterized as a challenge to portions of findings 26 through 28, which read,

26. At the onset of the CHINS case, Mother was scheduled to
attend supervised parenting time twice per week. Mother’s level
of engagement with Child was very low with a flat demeanor.
Mother refused to accept redirection and did not benefit from
modeling. The bond between Mother and Child was lacking.

27. Between June 2017 and January 2018, Mother was
scheduled to attend therapeutically supervised parenting time.
Mother failed to consistently attend visits as scheduled. Mother
was in jail for a period of time. Mother was generally disengaged
with Child and made little progress in this area. Mother did not
initiate age appropriate activities for Child. Mother was hesitant
to accept redirection and failed to incorporate parenting
suggestions. The last scheduled visit was ended early due to
Mother’s extreme disrespect at which time Mother was
unsuccessfully discharged.

28. Mother’s visits resumed mid to late November 2018. Mother

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 has attended once per week as scheduled. Mother’s level of
engagement with Child has been adequate. However, Mother’s
repeated absences severely affected any bond with Child. Mother
was absent approximately half of the CHINS case from
December 2017 to April 2018. Mother was entirely absent from
mid-April 2018 to September 2018. Mother was incarcerated for
approximately thirty (30) day[s] shortly after the twins were born.

Appealed Order at 4.

[21] With respect to these findings, Mother does not dispute her absenteeism or

disrespect but essentially disputes the court’s statements that her level of

engagement was very low during supervised visits, that her demeanor was flat,

and that she lacked a bond with Child. Mother’s Br. at 16. However, evidence

in the record supports these findings. Family Services Specialist Jennifer

Raderstorf testified that during her supervision of visitation sessions between

Mother and Child,

A. Um, [Mother] just was resistant. So, like, for example, if the
kid would bring me a book, and I, you know, I would say, well
he, he wants you to read, wants you to read to him, and she
would say no, he just tears books, he can’t have it. And so, I
would model just reading the book with him and showing him
pictures. And, I would ask her, would you like to try. No, she
didn’t want to.

Q. Okay. How would you rate that level of engagement, um, of
those two visits in mid-August 2017?

A. Very poor.

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 Q. And, how would you describe the bond that you observed
between mom and her, uh, son?

A. Um, I don’t think that they had a bond.

Tr. Vol. 2 at 12.

[22] Mother claims that during visitation, she demonstrated that she could take care

of such basic tasks as diapering and feeding Child and that her lack of

engagement was due to fatigue associated with being pregnant with twins.

Mother’s assertions are more akin to explanations for her low energy level

during visits rather than to claims of clear error in the findings. To the extent

that she also points to the relative brevity of her time under Raderstorf’s

supervision, we again do not find this a challenge to the accuracy of the findings

but rather an attempt to discredit Raderstorf’s observations and

recommendations. See id. at 13 (Raderstorf’s recommendation that visits be

changed to therapeutic after two sessions “[d]ue to the lack of engagement”).

In short, Mother’s assertions are merely invitations to reweigh evidence and

reassess witness credibility, which we may not do.

[23] The totality of the circumstances shows Mother to be unable to develop

consistent healthy patterns of daily living. Her employment history was

haphazard, with shorts stints at fast-food restaurants or retail establishments,

but more often than not, she was unemployed. Her housing was similarly

unstable, as she generally went from “jumping from friend’s couch to friend’s

couch,” to staying with various relatives, to being homeless. Id. at 65. During

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 her pregnancy with the twins, she was essentially homeless and was

hospitalized several times for dehydration. She repeatedly returned to her

abusive relationship with Father and refused to take steps to ensure her own

safety, e.g., her refusal to obtain a civil protective order or set up a safety plan

when Father was released from incarceration. She was issued contempt

citations for failure to comply with court-ordered services, including drug

screens, individual therapy, domestic violence education, home-based case

management, psychological evaluations, and visits with Child. In the

spring/summer of 2018, she went about five months without contacting Child.

Id. at 42. She re-engaged somewhat with her supervised visits in the final two

months of the termination proceedings, attending six to eight visits. Id. at 71.

However, CASA Bodkin observed Mother’s lack of nurturing to be much the

same in the supervised visitation session one week before the termination

hearing as it had been a year earlier. See id. at 81 (CASA’s testimony regarding

last visit before termination hearing that Mother “pretty much sat on the chair

and I didn’t see any activity, didn’t sit on the floor to play with [Child].”). In

other words, Mother’s last-minute visits show her failure to progress in terms of

interacting meaningfully with Child. Yet she claimed to have no need for other

services and refused any such participation. See Appealed Order at 4

(unchallenged finding 25.)

[24] FCM Thompson and CASA Bodkin both concluded that termination is in

Child’s best interests. FCM Thompson noted that Mother’s circumstances had

not improved during the pendency of the CHINS and termination proceedings.

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 Tr. Vol. 2 at 43. She explained that it had become “somewhat difficult to find

providers willing to work with the family,” id. at 41, and concluded, “Every

child deserves permanency. [Child]’s been in this limbo for almost two years.…

[F]ather hasn’t seen him since February of 2018.… [M]other has a long history

of instability as far as housing, employment. Um, she’s not demonstrated the

ability to take care of [Child].” Id. at 54. Meanwhile, as previously discussed,

Child is in a stable home and has bonded with his preadoptive foster family.

He has special needs that require a caregiver “who has the stability to maintain

his appointments and follow through with those appointments.” Id. at 55.

CASA Bodkin also emphasized Child’s need for stability and permanency,

especially with his special needs and autism testing, and indicated that his

preadoptive foster family has “a real … established commitment to him.” Id. at

82. The testimony of service providers underscores his need for permanency

and stability. See A.K., 924 N.E.2d at 224 (“the testimony of service providers

may support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interests.”). Mother

has failed to demonstrate clear error in the trial court’s conclusion that

termination of her parental relationship with Child is in Child’s best interests.

Accordingly, we affirm.

[25] Affirmed.

Baker, J., and Kirsch, J., concur.

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