Opinion issued October 31, 2019
In The
Court of Appeals
For The
First District of Texas
————————————
NO. 01-17-00734-CR
———————————
MANUEL GUTIERREZ, Appellant
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee
On Appeal from the 263rd District Court
Harris County, Texas
Trial Court Case No. 1460210
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury found Manuel Gutierrez guilty of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Child
and assessed his punishment at 65 years’ confinement. He appeals, contending that:
(1) the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the verdict;
(2) the trial court erred in allowing the prosecution to (a) introduce into
evidence an incomplete version of his victims’ therapy records and (b)
elicit testimony from a clinical psychologist about extraneous acts of
sexual abuse committed and admitted by Gutierrez; and
(3) his attorneys provided ineffective assistance of counsel.
We affirm.
BACKGROUND
A grand jury indicted Gutierrez for Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Child—his
niece, A.V.—from April 1, 2011 through February 21, 2015. See TEX. PENAL CODE
§ 21.02. Gutierrez pleaded not guilty and was tried by a jury.
Gutierrez had resided with his sister and her family—her husband and their
daughters, A.V., C.V., and G.V.—off and on over the years. He visited his sister and
her family often when he did not live with them. Gutierrez was frequently alone with
his nieces.
In February 2015, when A.V. was 12 years old, she told her mother that
Gutierrez had sexually abused her. The following day, her younger sister C.V.
divulged that Gutierrez had been sexually abusing her too.
At trial, A.V. testified that Gutierrez first molested her when she was four.
The first time, he lured her with the promise of a lollipop. He then laid her on a bed
and fondled her chest and vagina over her clothes.
Gutierrez repeatedly abused her thereafter. A.V. testified that he touched her
vagina, both over and under her clothes, on multiple occasions. He also touched her
breasts and made her touch his penis. In her testimony, A.V. recounted other
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particular instances of sexual abuse, including one in which Gutierrez pulled down
her pants and underwear, laid her down on her stomach on his bed, and put his erect
penis on her buttocks and rubbed it against her. She recounted another occasion
when he took out his penis and pushed her head toward it with his hand. She did not
comply, but she stated that she knew he wanted her to perform oral sex.
The final incident occurred in February 2015 when A.V. went with Gutierrez
to get milkshakes. In his truck, he touched her vagina over her clothes, stopping only
when she moved away toward the passenger-side door. He then offered her money
and asked what A.V. would do for it, and increased the offer if she could figure out
what he wanted her to do. According to A.V., it was clear that Gutierrez was
proposing to pay for “something sexual.”
When Gutierrez and A.V. returned home, she told her mother what he had
done. A.V.’s father phoned the police. The responding officer spoke with A.V. and
her mother and then arrested Gutierrez.
After Gutierrez was arrested, A.V. and her mother went to the hospital, where
Jamie Ferrell, a forensic nurse, performed a sexual assault examination. The exam
did not reveal any physical trauma or injury, which Ferrell testified was not
inconsistent with A.V.’s allegations of abuse.
The next day, C.V. disclosed that Gutierrez had been sexually abusing her too.
At trial, C.V. was 13 years old. She did not remember when the abuse began. The
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earliest incident that she could remember took place when she was eight: Gutierrez
came into the bathroom and fondled her chest over her clothes. From then onward
he molested her “countless times.”
C.V. testified about other specific instances of abuse. When she was 10 years
old, Gutierrez found her while she was changing clothes. She had taken off her shirt
but was still wearing pants. Gutierrez put her on the bed and laid down on top of her.
He told her to lie still and held her down. Gutierrez pulled down his pants and
underwear and rubbed his penis against her vagina for a few minutes. Afterward, her
pants were wet where his penis had been. She testified about another occasion on
which Gutierrez rubbed or grinded his penis against her bare anus. C.V. stated that
these two instances were not the only times that he had rubbed his penis on her
vagina or anus in this fashion.
A.V. and C.V.’s mother subsequently took both girls to the Children’s
Assessment Center. Claudia Gonzalez, the Center’s supervisor of forensic services,
interviewed both girls about Gutierrez’s abuse of them two days after A.V.’s outcry.
Dr. Marcella Donaruma, a pediatrician affiliated with the Children’s
Assessment Center, saw both girls in March 2015. She concluded that both A.V. and
C.V. had been molested by Gutierrez based on their “highly detailed,
developmentally appropriate and internally consistent accounts of sexual abuse that
actually match up with each other.”
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A.V. and C.V. subsequently received counseling from Cassie Smith, a
therapist with the Children’s Assessment Center, for several months. At trial, Smith
testified about their therapy. During therapy, A.V. told Smith that she already had
tried to overdose on pills and had suicidal thoughts. Before therapy, A.V. had cut
herself for about a year and half and had another episode in which she cut herself
after she had been in therapy for several months. Smith opined that A.V.’s behavior
was consistent with sexual abuse. Smith also testified that A.V. displayed “super
sexualized behavior,” which Smith stated is common among sexually abused
children.
Smith further testified that C.V. suffered from “some anxiety and some mild
depression.” C.V. also had thought about hurting herself, but she had not formulated
a plan to do so. Smith opined that Gutierrez’s sexual abuse of C.V. was the cause of
her emotional problems.
The prosecution also called as a witness Dr. Gerald Harris, a clinical
psychologist who evaluated Gutierrez at the request of the criminal defense lawyer
who initially represented him before trial. Harris testified that Gutierrez admitted to
touching and propositioning A.V. when she accompanied him to buy milkshakes in
February 2015. Gutierrez did not admit any other wrongdoing; however, he did tell
Harris that he had moved out of his sister’s house because he developed
inappropriate feelings toward the children.
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Over defense counsel’s objection that the testimony was “more prejudicial
than probative,” the trial court also allowed Harris to testify about sexually
inappropriate behavior that Gutierrez acknowledged he had engaged in as a child.
Harris testified that Gutierrez had sexually touched his sister—A.V. and C.V.’s
mother—when he and she were young children.
Harris further testified that Gutierrez had been a victim of sexual abuse as a
very young child, which, in turn, caused him to engage in sexually-abusive behavior.
Harris stated that Gutierrez had not received treatment for that abuse, was treatable,
and could lead a successful life if he received that treatment. Harris opined that
Gutierrez was not a high risk and exhibited “good characteristics in his everyday
life.”
Gutierrez did not testify. Nor did he call any witnesses in his defense.
After deliberating on the evidence, the jury found Gutierrez guilty. It assessed
his punishment at 65 years’ confinement.
DISCUSSION
I. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Gutierrez contends that the evidence is legally insufficient because A.V’s
outcry was delayed and her testimony was inconsistent; no one else saw him sexually
abuse A.V.; and there was no physical evidence that he had sexually abused her.
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A. Standard of review
In a legal-sufficiency review, we view all the evidence in the light most
favorable to the verdict and determine whether a rational factfinder could have found
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Gear v. State, 340
S.W.3d 743, 746 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) (relying on Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 318–19 (1979)). We must not reevaluate the weight or credibility of the
testimony; rather, we defer to the jury’s resolution of conflicts in the evidence. Isassi
v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Inconsistencies or
contradictions in a witness’s testimony do not make it legally insufficient. Estrella
v. State, 546 S.W.3d 789, 796–97 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d).
B. Applicable law
A person commits the offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Child if (1)
during a period of 30 days or more, he commits two or more acts of sexual abuse
against one or more victims; and (2) at the time he committed the acts, he was at
least 17 years old and his victims were children younger than 14 years old, regardless
of whether the actor knew the age of victims. TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.02(b).
An “act of sexual abuse” includes the offense of Indecency with a Child, as
defined in section 21.11(a)(1) of the Penal Code, so long as “the actor committed the
offense in a manner other than by touching, including touching through clothing, the
breast of a child.” Id. § 21.02(c)(2). Thus, predicate acts of indecency that satisfy the
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offense of Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Child include (1) any touching by a person,
including touching through clothing, of the anus or genitals of a child; or (2) any
touching of any part of the body of a child, including touching through clothing, with
the actor’s anus, breast, or genitals. See id. § 21.11(a)(1), (c).
When, as here, trial is to a jury, its members need not agree unanimously as
to the specific acts of sexual abuse the actor committed or the exact dates when he
committed them. Id. § 21.02(d). The jury need only agree unanimously that the actor
committed two or more acts of sexual abuse during a period of 30 days or more. Id.
The uncorroborated testimony of the child suffices to support a conviction for
Continuous Sexual Abuse of a Child. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.07(a), (b)(1).
C. Analysis
Gutierrez contends that the evidence is insufficient because there was neither
physical evidence nor eyewitness testimony corroborating his sexual abuse of A.V.
But no corroboration is required; A.V.’s testimony, standing alone, suffices to
support Gutierrez’s conviction. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 38.07(a), (b)(1).
A.V. testified that Gutierrez repeatedly abused her for about eight years, beginning
when she was 4 years old and ending when she was 12 years old. She testified to
several specific instances of indecency by contact, including two in which Gutierrez
touched her vagina through her clothing. She also testified that he made her touch
his penis. Based on A.V.’s testimony alone, a rational jury could find beyond a
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reasonable doubt that Gutierrez was guilty of the offense of Continuous Sexual
Abuse of a Child. See TEX. PENAL CODE § 21.02(b), (c)(2); see also Buentello v.
State, 512 S.W.3d 508, 519 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. ref’d)
(neither corroboration nor physical evidence necessary to support child’s outcry).
Gutierrez further contends that the evidence is insufficient because A.V.’s
outcry was delayed. Delay in coming forward to report sexual abuse, however,
presents an issue of credibility. See, e.g., Emenhiser v. State, 196 S.W.3d 915, 930
(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref’d). Credibility goes to the weight of the
evidence, which was for the jury to decide. See TEX. CODE. CRIM. PROC. art. 38.04.
Gutierrez further contends that inconsistencies in A.V.’s testimony render the
evidence insufficient. A.V.’s trial testimony differed in some respects from the
pretrial statements that other witnesses attributed to her in their testimony. For
example, A.V. testified that:
● Gutierrez began molesting her at the age of four, but she told Ferrell that
the sexual abuse had taken place “over the last four years”;
● Gutierrez offered her $200–$250 for sex in February 2015, but she told
Ferrell and her mother that it was $100–$150; and
● she never actually performed oral sex on Gutierrez, but she told her
mother that he had forced her to engage in oral sex.
But these and other inconsistencies do not make the evidence legally insufficient.
Estrella, 546 S.W.3d at 796–97. The jury resolved the conflicts in the evidence
against Gutierrez and we cannot reweigh the evidence. Isassi, 330 S.W.3d at 638.
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Finally, we note that A.V.’s testimony and pretrial statements were not the
sole evidence before the jury. C.V. similarly testified that Gutierrez repeatedly
sexually abused her. The jury was entitled to consider her testimony in assessing
Gutierrez’s guilt with respect to the charged offense. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
art. 38.37, § 2(b); Castillo v. State, 573 S.W.3d 869, 879–80 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2019, pet. ref’d). In addition, Dr. Harris testified that Gutierrez admitted
to the February 2015 episode of abuse against A.V.
We overrule Gutierrez’s legal-sufficiency challenge.
D. Factual sufficiency
Gutierrez contends that we should review the record for factual sufficiency.
The Court of Criminal Appeals, however, has abolished factual-sufficiency review
of criminal convictions. See Butcher v. State, 454 S.W.3d 13, 20 (Tex. Crim. App.
2015); Lipscomb v. State, 526 S.W.3d 646, 654 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2017, pet. ref’d). We therefore cannot review the record for factual sufficiency.
II. Evidentiary Errors
Gutierrez challenges two evidentiary rulings. First, he contends that the trial
court erred in admitting an incomplete version of Ferrell’s therapy records. Second,
he contends that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Harris to testify as to Gutierrez’s
sexual abuse of his own sister when they both were children.
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A. Error preservation, standard of review, and harmless error
To complain about an evidentiary ruling on appeal, the complaining party
must have made a proper objection at trial. TEX. R. EVID. 103(a)(1)(A). The
complaint he raises on appeal must comport with the objection he made at trial.
Thomas v. State, 505 S.W.3d 916, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016).
If the complaint is preserved for review, we review a trial court’s evidentiary
ruling for abuse of discretion. Henley v. State, 493 S.W.3d 77, 82–83 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2016). Under this standard, we may reverse the trial court only if its ruling was
so clearly wrong as to be outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. at 83.
In addition, the complaining party cannot obtain reversal due to an erroneous
evidentiary ruling unless it affected his substantial rights. TEX. R. EVID. 103(a). An
error that did not influence the jury or had but slight effect, when considered in light
of the record as a whole, is harmless. Thomas, 505 S.W.3d at 927.
An evidentiary error also is harmless if the objecting party allowed the
introduction of other evidence proving the same fact without objection earlier or
afterward. Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 282 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Lamerand
v. State, 540 S.W.3d 252, 257 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, pet. ref’d).
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B. Analysis
1. Smith’s therapy records
During Smith’s testimony, the prosecutor introduced a redacted version of her
therapy records. It omitted two pages of her records discussing allegations of sexual
abuse that A.V. and C.V.’s younger sister, G.V., made against their father and
recanted after her older sisters accused Gutierrez of abusing them. Citing the rule of
optional completeness, defense counsel objected to the omission of these two pages.
The trial court overruled this objection.
Citing Rules 106 and 107 of the Rules of Evidence, Gutierrez contends on
appeal that the trial court erred by excluding the two omitted pages. He argues that
the two omitted pages are relevant and admissible because they cast doubt on A.V.’s
and C.V.’s testimony against him by documenting false allegations of sexual abuse
made by their youngest sister, G.V., against the three girls’ own father.
When a party introduces part of a writing, Rule 106 allows the party’s
opponent to introduce any other part “that in fairness ought to be considered at the
same time.” TEX. R. EVID. 106. Rule 107 similarly allows the party’s opponent to
introduce any other writing “necessary to explain or allow the trier of fact to fully
understand the part offered.” TEX. R. EVID. 107. These rules embody the principle
of optional completeness, which is intended to prevent any confusion, distortion, or
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false impression that could arise from the use of part of a writing out of context. See
Delapaz v. State, 228 S.W.3d 183, 201–02 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, pet. ref’d).
G.V.’s recanted allegation of abuse was not necessary for the jury to
understand the part of Smith’s therapy records introduced into evidence by the
prosecution. Nor was her recanted allegation a matter that in fairness ought to have
been considered by the jury with the remainder of Smith’s therapy records. G.V. did
not testify at trial and no statements made by her were introduced into evidence.
G.V.’s credibility therefore was not at issue. G.V. accused her father, not Gutierrez,
so her recantation does not have any tendency to make Gutierrez’s guilt more or less
probable than it would be without the evidence. While G.V.’s father did testify at
trial, Gutierrez does not contend that G.V.’s recanted allegation bears on her father’s
credibility. In short, the two pages of Smith’s therapy records relating to G.V.’s
recanted allegation concerned a different and irrelevant subject matter.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing in the redacted version
of Smith’s therapy records over the defense’s optional-completeness objection.
2. Harris’s extraneous-act testimony
The prosecution elicited testimony from Dr. Harris that Gutierrez had told
Harris that he had sexually touched his sister when they were children. Defense
counsel objected that this testimony was “more prejudicial than probative.” The trial
court overruled the objection.
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Gutierrez does not contest the admissibility of Harris’s testimony under
section 2(b) of article 38.37 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. He argues that it
should have been excluded under Rule 403 of the Rules of Evidence. See Caston v.
State, 549 S.W.3d 601, 610–11 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.) (trial
court may exclude evidence under Rule 403 that is admissible under section 2(b)).
But he allowed other witnesses to testify about this subject without objecting both
before and after Harris. We thus decline to decide whether the trial court erred in
admitting Harris’s testimony because any error in the admission of his testimony
was harmless. See Coble, 330 S.W.3d at 282; Lamerand, 540 S.W.3d at 257.
The first witness at trial to refer to Gutierrez’s childhood sexual abuse of his
sister was Ferrell. According to Ferrell, A.V. stated that when she told her mother
about Gutierrez’s abuse, her mother told A.V. that Gutierrez had abused her too. The
defense did not object to Ferrell’s testimony on this subject.
After Dr. Harris testified, two more witnesses testified about Gutierrez’s
childhood abuse of his sister. The children’s therapist, Smith, testified that A.V. and
her mother discussed this topic in therapy. According to Smith, A.V. was angry that
her mother had allowed Gutierrez to live with them, given that he had abused her
mother in the past. The defense did not object to Smith’s testimony.
A.V.’s mother later testified that when she was six or seven years old,
Gutierrez, who was about a year older than her, had abused her sexually.
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Specifically, she testified that he repeatedly touched her anus and vagina with his
penis. She said that she had not realized that he would continue behaving this way
as an adult. Though defense counsel objected that her testimony was irrelevant,
counsel did not object on the basis of Rule 403.
Assuming without deciding that the admission of Dr. Harris’s testimony was
erroneous under Rule 403, we conclude that the error was harmless.
III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Gutierrez contends that his attorneys provided ineffective assistance of
counsel. He argues that their performance was “shoddy” in general and makes
several specific complaints about their representation:
Gutierrez complains his initial attorney was ineffective in allowing Dr. Harris
to conduct a mental-health evaluation. He asserts that his attorney did so without
properly preparing Gutierrez for the evaluation or protecting his interests during the
evaluation. He contends that these failures resulted in him incriminating himself.
Gutierrez complains that his trial attorney “failed to object to false allegations
by the children by not asking for an instruction to disregard or for a mistrial.”
Gutierrez complains that his trial attorney failed to object to extraneous-act
testimony. Specifically, he contends that his attorney should have objected to his
sister’s testimony that Gutierrez had sexually abused her when they were children
as well as Dr. Harris’s testimony about this sexual abuse.
15
Gutierrez complains that his trial attorney may have waived error as to the two
omitted pages of Smith’s therapy records by failing to make the proper objections
under Rules 106 and 107 of the Rules of Evidence. He further contends that his
attorney should have tried to introduce the pages during cross-examination of Smith.
Gutierrez complains that his trial attorney failed to introduce evidence during
the punishment phase as to the sexual abuse that he suffered as a child. In particular,
Gutierrez contends that his attorney should have called his mother as a witness and
should have recalled Dr. Harris to testify about the impact of sexual assault.
Gutierrez complains that his attorney was “wrong not to call any witnesses.”
A. Waiver
Like any other claim, an ineffective-assistance claim must be properly briefed
to present the issue for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1. Thus, a party who
states an ineffective-assistance claim in generalities, without making specific
arguments, waives it. See Rayme v. State, 178 S.W.3d 21, 27 n.1 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d); Peake v. State, 133 S.W.3d 332, 334 (Tex.
App.—Amarillo 2004, pet. ref’d). Likewise, a party who fails to support an
ineffective-assistance claim with supporting citations to authority waives it. See
Nanez v. State, 346 S.W.3d 875, 876 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, no pet.); Tufele v.
State, 130 S.W.3d 267, 270–71 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.).
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B. Analysis
Gutierrez devotes three pages of argument to his several ineffective-assistance
complaints. His argument includes a single record citation and refers to two rules of
evidence. Apart from those two rules and a separate section setting forth the standard
of review in general, Gutierrez does not support his argument with citations to
authority. With respect to many of his complaints, he fails to explain why they
constitute deficient performance or else how he was harmed. For example, he
complains that his attorney:
● failed to object to false sex-abuse allegations made by the children but he
does not identify any particular allegations or articulate a proper
evidentiary basis for objection;
● called no witnesses for the defense, but he identifies only two
candidates—Gutierrez’s mother and Dr. Harris—and does not specify
what their testimony would have been beyond generalities or demonstrate
that they would have been available to testify for the defense; and
● did not adequately develop Gutierrez’s history as a victim of sexual abuse
but he does not identify what evidence should have been elicited beyond
Dr. Harris’s existing testimony on this topic.
Not all of Gutierrez’s complaints are factually vague. He plausibly contends
that his attorney should have objected to his sister’s testimony that he sexually
abused her. But Gutierrez offers no supporting legal argument or analysis. He does
not explain why this extraneous-act testimony would not be admissible under section
2(b) of article 38.37 of the Code of Criminal Procedure or argue that it should have
been excluded under Rule 403 even if admissible under section 2(b). Indeed, he does
17
not even mention these provisions. Gutierrez simply leaves it as an exercise for the
court to formulate a legal basis for his position.
Similarly, Gutierrez contends that his attorney did not “properly object to Dr.
Harris’ testimony as it included extraneous offenses at the guilt stage.” His attorney
objected on the basis of Rules 403 and 404 of the Rules of Evidence. Gutierrez does
not specify another basis for objection or cite another rule.
Gutierrez thus has waived most of his ineffective-assistance complaints.
C. Smith’s therapy records
We have held that the trial court did not err in excluding the two pages omitted
from Smith’s therapy records over the defense’s objections under Rules 106 and 107
of the Rules of Evidence. Gutierrez’s attorney therefore did not provide ineffective
assistance with respect to the omission of these two pages. See Toledo v. State, 519
S.W.3d 273, 287 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) (ineffective-
assistance claim premised on failure to object requires demonstration that trial court
would have committed harmful error in overruling objection).
D. Harris’s mental-health evaluation
As to Gutierrez’s complaint about his attorney’s decision to have his mental
health evaluated, the record does not support his position. Gutierrez argues that his
attorney did not properly prepare him for the evaluation and did not attend it and
thereby failed to adequately protect his interests. These are factual assertions that the
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record neither confirms nor contradicts. This lack of record support is fatal to
Gutierrez’s ineffective-assistance claim because the record must affirmatively show
that his claim has merit. Goodspeed v. State, 187 S.W.3d 390, 392 (Tex. Crim. App.
2005). Moreover, counsel ordinarily should have the opportunity to explain his
performance before being found ineffective, and an appellate court should not find
counsel’s performance deficient unless his conduct was so outrageous that no
competent attorney would have engaged in it. Id. The record contains no evidence
as to defense counsel’s decision-making, apart from a letter that suggests he had Dr.
Harris evaluate Gutierrez’s mental health in support of an effort to negotiate a plea
bargain. On this spare record, we cannot say that no competent attorney would have
allowed Gutierrez to be evaluated. See id.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Gordon Goodman
Justice
Panel consists of Justices Lloyd, Goodman, and Landau.
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
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