STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
State of West Virginia,
Plaintiff Below, Respondent FILED
November 4, 2019
vs) No. 18-0442 (Preston County 17-F-17) EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
OF WEST VIRGINIA
Kevin Monroe Miller, II,
Defendant Below, Petitioner
MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Kevin Monroe Miller, II, by counsel Lisa Hyre, appeals the Circuit Court of
Preston County’s March 30, 2018, order denying his motions for judgment of acquittal and for a
new trial. Respondent the State of West Virginia, by counsel Benjamin F. Yancey, III, submitted
a response to which petitioner submitted a reply.
This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision is appropriate under Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
In October of 2016, Petitioner Kevin Miller, II and Sonya Shears were in a relationship and
had a son together. However, they had lost custody of the child, H.M. Under the custody order in
place at that time, petitioner was allowed supervised visitation with the child and petitioner’s
parents were also permitted to visit with the child. Under that order, petitioner was not permitted
to remove H.M. from his parents’ property (“the Miller property”) during those visits.1
On October 29, 2016, police responded to a call about a shooting incident between
petitioner and his father, Mr. Miller, at the Miller property. Police were informed that petitioner
and Ms. Shears had left the property so two officers from the Preston County Sheriff’s Department
went to the area of the Jiffy Mart near the Miller property where they encountered petitioner and
Ms. Shears standing on the side of the road a few miles from the Miller property. When officers
approached, petitioner informed them that he had a .45 caliber gun in the vehicle and that he had
used that gun to shoot his father. During that conversation, petitioner informed Deputy Hovatter
that he had been at the Miller property and that H.M. was present at the time. Petitioner further
stated that he and his father got into an argument over H.M. and petitioner’s mother, Mrs. Miller,
1
In March of 2018, both parents’ parental rights to H.M. had been terminated and H.M.
was residing with a foster family.
1
asked petitioner to leave.2 Petitioner refused to leave and stated that he wanted to take H.M. from
the home. According to petitioner, he then walked out of the house and Mr. Miller followed, firing
two shots at petitioner’s feet. Petitioner and Ms. Shears walked to their vehicle, but Mr. Miller
followed, pointing his gun at them. Petitioner then retrieved his gun from the vehicle and peeked
around the outbuilding near the vehicle where he observed Mr. Miller standing approximately
thirty to forty yards away. Mr. Miller’s gun appeared to jam so he began to walk away. However,
as he did so, petitioner shot Mr. Miller. Mr. Miller responded by firing shots toward petitioner so
petitioner and Ms. Shears left the scene.
Another officer, Deputy Cline, spoke with Mrs. Miller before going to the location where
petitioner and Ms. Shears were found. Petitioner agreed to speak with Deputy Cline, relaying a
similar story to the one he told Deputy Hovatter. Deputy Cline arrested petitioner on the side of
the road, and petitioner was subsequently transported to the sheriff’s department. While there,
petitioner spoke with one of the deputies who had originally gone to the Jiffy Mart area, Deputy
Stockett, and that interview was recorded.
On March 7, 2017, the grand jury returned a four-count indictment against petitioner,
charging him with attempted first-degree murder, malicious assault, and two counts of wanton
endangerment with a firearm. Petitioner was tried before a jury between February 6 and 8, 2018.
At the close of the State’s case, petitioner moved for a judgment of acquittal, but the circuit court
denied that motion. At the end of petitioner’s case-in-chief, he again moved for a judgment of
acquittal, but that motion was also denied. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury convicted him of
two counts of wanton endangerment with a firearm but acquitted him of the other charges.
Petitioner filed a renewed motion for judgment of acquittal and motion for new trial in February
of 2018. The circuit court heard oral argument on that motion, but it was denied by the circuit court
by order entered March 30, 2018.
The circuit court entered its sentencing order on April 30, 2018, sentencing petitioner to
two determinate periods of five years of imprisonment, said sentences to run concurrently. He was
given credit for time served at Tygart Valley Regional Jail and while on home confinement.
Petitioner appeals from those orders. Because we review such orders under different standards, we
will address the appropriate standards in conjunction with the assignments of error.
On appeal, petitioner sets forth four assignments of error: (1) the circuit court erred by
denying petitioner’s motion for judgment of acquittal where the State failed to prove that petitioner
was not acting in self-defense when he shot at the man who had shot at him and threatened to kill
him; (2) the circuit court violated petitioner’s Sixth Amendment right of confrontation when it
allowed irrelevant and highly prejudicial Rule 404(b) evidence to be admitted during the trial, in
the form of hearsay, and under the guise of res gestae; (3) the circuit court erred when it did not
2
Petitioner now denies that any such argument took place prior to the shooting. Without
citing to the record, he contends that both he and Ms. Shears testified that there was no argument
prior to Mr. Miller shooting at petitioner.
2
suppress petitioner’s statement taken in violation of Miranda3 and petitioner’s Fifth Amendment
right to counsel; and (4) the circuit court erred when it prevented petitioner from calling his expert
witness, Dr. William Fremouw, in violation of petitioner’s Sixth Amendment constitutional right
to call witnesses on his behalf.
We note at the outset that Rule 10(c)(7) of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure
requires that “[t]he argument must contain appropriate and specific citations to the record on
appeal, including citations that pinpoint when and how the issues in the assignments of error were
presented to the lower tribunal.” The Rule further permits the Court to “disregard errors that are
not adequately supported by specific references to the record on appeal.” While petitioner cites to
the appendix record in his statement of facts, his citations to the record in the argument section of
his brief fall far short of complying with Rule 10(c)(7). Due to the lack of citation to the record
and petitioner’s ambiguous arguments, this Court is unable to fully address all of his assignments
error.
In his first assignment of error, petitioner argues that he was entitled to a jury instruction
on self-defense because his father shot first and threatened to kill both petitioner and Ms. Shears.4
He contends that the State failed to prove that petitioner was not acting in self-defense and/or the
defense of others. He asserts that self-defense and the defense of others is a complete defense to
any charge and that the circuit court erroneously denied his request to properly instruct the jury
regarding those issues. Without citing to the record, according to petitioner, this is particularly true
here because petitioner returned gunfire after his father, while shooting at petitioner, threatened to
kill him. He also points to the fact that the jury did not find him guilty of attempted first-degree
murder, attempted second-degree murder, attempted voluntary manslaughter, malicious assault, or
unlawful assault.
This Court has found that “[w]hether facts are sufficient to justify the delivery of a
particular instruction is reviewed by this Court under an abuse of discretion standard. Of course,
in criminal cases where a conviction results, the evidence and any reasonable inferences are
considered in the light most favorable to the prosecution.” State v. Derr, 192 W. Va. 165, 180, 451
S.E.2d 731, 746 (1994). See Syl. Pt. 1, in part, State v. Hinkle, 200 W. Va. 280, 489 S.E.2d 257
(1996) (holding that “[a]s a general rule, the refusal to give a requested jury instruction is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion”). Further, we have held that the elements of self-defense are
as follows:
[A] defendant who is not the aggressor and has reasonable grounds to believe, and
actually does believe, that he is in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm
3
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
4
Petitioner’s only citation to the record in his first assignment of error is to point to the
State’s argument that a self-defense claim does not apply to charges of wanton endangerment.
However, he fails to point this Court to his request to “properly instruct the jury regarding self-
defense and the defense of others in the instructions of each count.” He also references the evidence
presented at trial while failing to point to the record for such evidence.
3
from which he could save himself only by using deadly force against his assailant
has the right to employ deadly force in order to defend himself.
State v. Hughes, 197 W. Va. 518, 524, 476 S.E.2d 189, 195 (1996) (quoting State v. W.J.B., 166
W. Va. 602, 606, 276 S.E.2d 550, 553 (1981)). This Court has also held that “[t]o properly assert
the defense of another doctrine, a defendant must introduce ‘sufficient’ evidence of the defense in
order to shift the burden to the State to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did not
act in defense of another.” Syl. Pt, 4, in part, State v. Cook, 204 W. Va. 591, 515 S.E.2d 127 (1999).
Moreover, as we set forth in Cook,
[a]n intervenor is not obliged to use deadly force in defense of another, unless the
third party is in imminent danger of death or serious bodily harm. This “simply
means that an intervenor cannot act until the party whom the intervenor is defending
is immediately threatened.” Moore, Doing Another’s Bidding Under a Theory of
Defense of Others, 86 Ken.L.J. at 284. This criterion is no different from that which
this Court uses in the context of self-defense. We have held that a person who
reasonably believes he or she “is in imminent danger of death or serious bodily
harm . . . has the right to employ deadly force in order to defend himself.” State v.
W.J.B., 166 W.Va. at 606, 276 S.E.2d at 553 (citing State v. Kirtley, 162 W.Va.
249, 252 S.E.2d 374 (1978); State v. Green, 157 W.Va. 1031, 206 S.E.2d 923
(1974); State v. Bowyer, 143 W.Va. 302, 101 S.E.2d 243 (1957); State v.
Preece, 116 W.Va. 176, 179 S.E. 524 (1935)). Accord State v. Hughes, 197 W.Va.
518, 524, 476 S.E.2d 189, 195 (1996). The imminent danger standard is appropriate
for the doctrine of defense of another, as it is consistent with the requirement for
using deadly force in self-defense.
204 W. Va. at 601-02, 515 S.E.2d at 137-38. Even in petitioner’s recitation of the facts, he admits
that he reached his vehicle, which was parked around the corner of a building separate from the
Miller home, and retrieved his gun from that vehicle.
Petitioner’s actions after retrieving his gun support the jury’s finding of guilt as to the
wanton endangerment charges and the denial of the requested jury instruction. As the circuit court
found, statements from petitioner indicated that he did not know where his mother and child were
during the shooting, as they had been outside when the first shots were fired. For these reasons,
the circuit court stated that it could not
say that a jury was not justified in finding that [petitioner] wantonly fired his gun
in the direction of his father and the Miller residence, without knowing where the
other family members were located, thereby creating a substantial risk of death or
serious bodily injury to his father and the others.
Based on the facts of the instant case, we find that the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by
denying petitioner’s request to instruct the jury as to self-defense and/or defense of another.
Petitioner’s second assignment of error is his contention that the circuit court effectively
violated his right to confront his accuser by allowing irrelevant and highly prejudicial Rule 404(b)
4
hearsay evidence to be admitted under the guise of res gestae. Petitioner argues that the
combination of inadmissible Rule 404(b) evidence and the State’s comments to the jury about Mr.
Miller’s state of mind violated petitioner’s Sixth Amendment right to confront his accuser.
Petitioner seems to blame the State and the circuit court for Mr. Miller’s failure to appear as a trial
witness despite the State subpoenaing him. He does not point to any request to continue the trial
or otherwise compel Mr. Miller to appear as a witness. The same is true for Mrs. Miller’s failure
to appear.
Petitioner is also critical of the circuit court’s admission of testimony from a Child
Protective Services (“CPS”) worker, addressing the custodial issues as to H.M. Petitioner contends
that it is untenable that the circuit court permitted the admission of Rule 404(b) evidence in the
form of hearsay testimony because the evidence supported the State’s otherwise unsupported
theory of the case. Further, petitioner contends that the State violated Trial Court Rule 42.04(b),
which provides, in relevant part, that “[c]ounsel may not comment upon any evidence ruled out,
nor misquote the evidence, nor make statements of fact dehors the record, nor contend before the
jury for any theory of the case that has been overruled.” Petitioner argues that he was clearly
prejudiced by the admission of prejudicial Rule 404(b) evidence and the extensive comments made
by the State.
Rule 404(b)(1) of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence prohibits the introduction of
“[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act . . . to prove a person’s character in order to show that
on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance with the character.” There are, however,
exceptions to that rule, including that the “evidence may be admissible for another purpose, such
as proving motive, opportunity, [and] knowledge . . . .” In State v. LaRock, 196 W. Va. 294, 310-
11, 470 S.E.2d 613, 629-30 (1996) (footnote and citations omitted), we held that
a trial court’s admission of evidence pursuant to Rule 404(b) involves a three-step
analysis. First, we review for clear error the trial court’s factual determination that
there is sufficient evidence to show the other acts occurred. Second, we review de
novo whether the trial court correctly found the evidence was admissible for a
legitimate purpose. Third, we review for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s
conclusion that the “other acts” evidence is more probative than prejudicial
under Rule 403.
In State v. Willett, 223 W. Va. 394, 397, 674 S.E.2d 602, 605 (2009), we further explained that
“[i]n reviewing the admission of Rule 404(b) evidence, we review it in the light most favorable to
the party offering the evidence . . . maximizing its probative value and minimizing its prejudicial
effect.”
Because petitioner cites to only volumes K and L of the appendix, which contain the State’s
closing and rebuttal closing arguments, without citations to any specific pages therein, we address
only the portions of petitioner’s argument addressed in the State’s closing and rebuttal closing
arguments. In the closing argument, the State told the jury that “[w]ithout that initial custody issue,
without dad saying no, you wouldn’t have had the anger from him, you wouldn’t have had that
intent, you wouldn’t have had that malice.” Further, the State told the jurors, “I told you not to
expect . . . to hear from Kevin Senior and Etta, and you didn’t. Why? Were they afraid? Maybe.
5
Were they too torn about having to testify against their own son? Maybe. . . .” When petitioner’s
trial counsel objected, the circuit court overruled that objection. The State continued by telling
jurors that “just because [Mr. and Mrs. Miller] are not here and you didn’t hear from them doesn’t
mean it’s condoned because you also don’t see them sitting behind [petitioner] either . . . Whatever
reason they cannot bring themselves to come to speak, you have to speak on their behalf . . . .”
While the State mentioned a custody issue, arguing that Mr. Miller sought to protect H.M. from
being taken by petitioner, there was no mention of the CPS worker’s testimony. The State
repeatedly referenced testimony from petitioner and Ms. Shears, as well. Based on our examination
of the portions of the appendix referenced by petitioner in this assignment of error, we find that
the circuit court did not err in allowing the State to present the complained-of portions of its closing
and rebuttal closing arguments.
Petitioner next argues that the circuit court erred by preventing him from calling Dr.
William Fremouw to testify. Pursuant to Rule 10(c)(7) of the West Virginia Rules of Appellate
Procedure, this Court declines to address this assignment of error because petitioner fails to point
this Court to his request to present that testimony or the circuit court’s denial of that request. In
addition, the State points out that
unless inadvertently overlooked by the State, there is no hearing transcript of this
in camera testimony in the appendix record for this appeal, “let alone” a direct
ruling from the court on the inadmissibility of Dr. Fremouw’s testimony, although,
during a later pretrial hearing on January 22, 2018, the court noted that it had
“entered an opinion order on [this matter] on January 17th [2018].”
Petitioner’s final assignment of error is that the circuit court erred by allowing the State to
present petitioner’s statement to the jury where, he alleges, the statement was taken in violation of
Miranda and State v. Bradshaw, 193 W. Va. 519, 457 S.E.2d 456 (1995). Petitioner admits that he
voluntarily spoke with at least three officers for more than two hours along the side of the road.
Without citing to the record, petitioner claims that one deputy told petitioner they were considering
him the victim in the case but asked him to sign a waiver of his Miranda rights. He continued
speaking with officers after signing the waiver, telling them the same consistent story of his father
shooting at him without provocation and that he was only trying to protect himself and Ms. Shears.
Petitioner was arrested approximately two hours after signing the waiver, at which time he was
placed in handcuffs and put into the cruiser. He asserts that he was never advised of his Miranda
rights following his arrest, as required by Bradshaw. Citing only to a forty-page hearing transcript,
without citing specific pages of that transcript and without citing the actual motion, petitioner
contends that he asked the circuit court to suppress his statement given at the sheriff’s department.
He points out that he asked to speak with his attorney. However, he admits that when he was unable
to reach his attorney, he proceeded to give a statement. Petitioner now argues that the circuit court
erred in admitting that statement.
[W]e first review a circuit court’s findings of fact when ruling on a motion
to suppress evidence under the clearly erroneous standard. Second, we review de
novo questions of law and the circuit court’s ultimate conclusion as to the
constitutionality of the law enforcement action. Under the clearly erroneous
standard, a circuit court’s decision ordinarily will be affirmed unless it is
6
unsupported by substantial evidence; based on an erroneous interpretation of
applicable law; or, in light of the entire record, this Court is left with a firm and
definite conviction that a mistake has been made. When we review the denial of a
motion to suppress, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the
prosecution.
State v. Lilly, 194 W. Va. 595, 600, 461 S.E.2d 101, 106 (1995) (internal citations and notes
omitted); see also State v. Farley, 192 W. Va. 247, 252-53, 452 S.E.2d 50, 55-56 (1994). As set
forth above, it is undisputed that petitioner initially voluntarily spoke with law enforcement
officers; however, there is a dispute as to whether petitioner was advised of his Miranda rights, as
Deputy Cline asserts that he twice advised petitioner of his Miranda rights prior to his arrest.
During a hearing on February 5, 2018, Deputy Cline specifically testified that he “verbally told
[petitioner], advised him of his Miranda Rights. I mentioned that normally I would have a form, I
didn’t, Deputy Hovatter provided us with that form. I then read the form to [petitioner].” During
the hearing, the State played bodycam footage that purportedly contained the verbal recitations of
petitioner’s Miranda rights. However, neither that exhibit nor a transcript of that recording are
included in the referenced portion of the appendix record before this Court. The same is true for a
video that purportedly showed petitioner signing the Miranda form. The State contends that after
petitioner was unable to reach his attorney, he initiated subsequent communications with officers.
The circuit court found that there was no “evidence in the totality of the circumstances of
compulsion, threats, promises, [or] physical restraints. [Petitioner] was allowed to contact his
attorney. After he attempted to contact his attorney, he re-initiated the conversation.” Thus,
viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we find that the circuit court
did not err in denying petitioner’s motion to suppress his statement.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Affirmed.
ISSUED: November 4, 2019
CONCURRED IN BY:
Chief Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Margaret L. Workman
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice John A. Hutchison
7