UNPUBLISHED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT
No. 16-4256
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v.
JAMES D. WAITES,
Defendant - Appellant.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, at
Norfolk. Mark S. Davis, Chief District Judge. (2:15-cr-00110-MSD-RJK-1)
Submitted: October 15, 2019 Decided: November 7, 2019
Before KING, KEENAN, and FLOYD, Circuit Judges.
Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.
Geremy C. Kamens, Federal Public Defender, Frances H. Pratt, Assistant Federal Public
Defender, Alexandria, Virginia, Richard J. Colgan, Assistant Federal Public Defender,
OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellant.
Dana J. Boente, United States Attorney, Alexandria, Virginia, Richard D. Cooke, Assistant
United States Attorney, Richmond, Virginia, John F. Butler, Special Assistant United
States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Norfolk, Virginia,
for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
PER CURIAM:
James D. Waites appeals from the judgment of conviction entered after his guilty
plea to Hobbs Act robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) (2012) (count 1), and using,
carrying, and brandishing a firearm during and in relation to the crime of violence of Hobbs
Act robbery charged in count 1, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii) (2012)
(count 2). Waites challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss count 2 of
the indictment, arguing that the district court should have dismissed this count because
Hobbs Act robbery does not qualify as a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
We affirm.
We “review de novo a district court’s denial of a motion to dismiss an indictment
where the denial depends solely on questions of law.” United States v. Said, 798 F.3d 182,
193 (4th Cir. 2015). An offense under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) arises when a defendant uses or
carries a firearm during and in relation to a “crime of violence.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A).
Subsection (c)(3) of § 924 defines the term “crime of violence” as a felony offense that
“has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the
person or property of another.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A). This section is known as the
§ 924(c) force clause. United States v. Fuertes, 805 F.3d 485, 498 (4th Cir. 2015).
Subsection (c)(3) of § 924 also defines a crime of violence as a felony offense “that by its
nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of
another may be used in the course of committing the offense.” 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B).
This section is known as the § 924(c) residual clause. Fuertes, 805 F.3d at 498.
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Waites argues that Hobbs Act robbery does not qualify as a crime of violence under
the § 924(c) force clause and also does not qualify as a crime of violence under the § 924(c)
residual clause because, following the Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. United
States, 135 S. Ct. 2551, 2563 (2015) (holding residual clause of Armed Career Criminal
Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) (2012), is unconstitutionally vague), that clause is
unconstitutionally vague. Although the § 924(c) residual clause is unconstitutionally
vague following Johnson, United States v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 2319, 2336 (2019); United
States v. Simms, 914 F.3d 229, 232-33, 252 (4th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, No. 18-1338,
2019 WL 4923463 (U.S. Oct. 7, 2019), “Hobbs Act robbery constitutes a crime of violence
under the force clause of [§] 924(c),” United States v. Mathis, 932 F.3d 242, 266 (4th Cir.
2019). The district court’s determination in its order denying Waites’ motion to dismiss
count 2 that Hobbs Act robbery qualifies as a crime of violence under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)
thus does not amount to reversible error.
Accordingly, we remove this appeal from abeyance * and affirm the criminal
judgment. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions are
adequately presented in the materials before this court and argument would not aid the
decisional process.
AFFIRMED
*
We previously placed this appeal in abeyance for No. 15-4433, United States v.
Ali. In light of our decision in Mathis—which disposes of Waites’ challenge to the district
court’s determination that Hobbs Act robbery qualifies as a crime of violence under the
force clause of § 924(c)—we remove this appeal from abeyance and affirm.
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