J-A22004-19
2019 PA Super 337
JOHN AND DEVON SEREDA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CENTER CITY ACQUISITIONS, LLC; :
NOAH OSTROFF :
: No. 239 EDA 2019
Appellants :
Appeal from the Judgment Entered February 13, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
No(s): 160603888
BEFORE: MURRAY, J., STRASSBURGER, J.*, and PELLEGRINI, J.*
OPINION BY MURRAY, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 08, 2019
Center City Acquisitions, LLC (the LLC) and Noah Ostroff (collectively,
Appellants) appeal from the judgment entered, following a bench trial, against
them jointly and severally and in favor of John and Devon Sereda.1 In this
breach of warranty matter, Appellants aver that the trial court erred in: (1)
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 Appellants filed a notice of appeal on January 14, 2019, following the denial
of their post-trial motion, but before judgment was entered on February 13,
2019. See Johnston the Florist, Inc. v. Tedco Constr. Corp., 657 A.2d
511, 514 (Pa. Super. 1995) (en banc) (“[A]n appeal to this Court can only lie
from judgments entered subsequent to the trial court’s disposition of any post-
verdict motions, not from the order denying post-trial motions.”).
Nevertheless, we deem Appellants’ appeal as filed from the subsequently-
entered judgment. See id. at 514-515 (“[T]here are some instances wherein
a party has failed to enter judgment [due to oversight] and our appellate
courts may ‘regard as done that which ought to have been done.’”).
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piercing the corporate veil to find Ostroff personally liable; (2) finding that the
Seredas properly informed Appellants under the warranty about water
damage; and (3) awarding damages under the Pennsylvania Unfair Trade
Practices and Consumer Protection Law2 (UTPCPL). Upon review, we affirm.
“Ostroff is the president, acting officer, and sole shareholder of the LLC.”
Trial Court Opinion, 3/12/19, at 6. In June of 2012, the Seredas prepared to
buy a newly-constructed home, at 1219 N. 3rd Street in Philadelphia, from
Appellants, for the purchase price of $386,600. On June 27, 2012, the
Seredas completed a pre-settlement walk-through inspection of the property
with their realtor, Ryan Kanofsky.3 N.T. Trial, 10/3/18, at 61-62, 138, 146.
They identified 40 to 50 gaps between hardwood floor planks on all three floors
and marked them with blue tape. Id. at 61-62, 111, 139, 147. Some of the
gaps were large enough that quarters and nickels could be placed in them.
Id. at 72. The Seredas prepared a “punch list,” or a list of “cosmetic issues”
for Appellants to resolve, which included the gaps in the hardwood-floors. Id.
at 30.
The parties closed on the property on July 2, 2012, and the “punch list”
was incorporated into the sale agreement. N.T. Trial, 10/3/18, at 30. The
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2 73 P.S. §§ 201-1 – 201-9.3.
3Devon Sereda and Kanofsky first walked through the property together. N.T.
Trial, 10/3/18, at 139, 146. Later that day, John Sereda walked through the
property alone. Id. at 111, 143.
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sale agreement also included a “Builder’s Warranty,” to be in effect for one
year from the date of settlement. It provided:
6. Claims Procedure
If a defect appears which is covered by this Warranty, [the
Seredas] must submit a written notice to [Appellant]
describing the nature of the problem. . . .
7. Repairs
Upon receipt of [the Seredas’] notice of a defect, if the defect
is covered by this Warranty as determined by the Warranty,
[Appellants] will repair or replace said defect at no charge to
[the Seredas.] Said repair work will only be done by
[Appellants] or its subcontractors[. Appellants have] the sole
option and absolute right to choose between repair or
replacement of any defective or damaged item [p]rovided
that doing so the repair is to a reasonably acceptable
workmanlike condition [sic].
Builder’s Warranty, 7/2/12, at 2; Ex. B to Seredas’ Complaint.
On August 1, 2012, John Sereda sent an email to Ostroff, again notifying
Ostroff of the gaps in the hardwood floors and other issues. N.T. Trial,
10/3/18, at 62. According to John Sereda, Ostroff responded that the gaps
were due to “acclimation of the floors” and that the Seredas should observe
the floors “[o]ver time . . . and see if it’s expansion and contraction.” Id. at
66. However, the floors did not improve and John Sereda “continued to notify
[Ostroff] of the gapping.” Id. One year later, on August 7, 2013 — “after
two months of [John Sereda] trying to get [Ostroff] out to [see] the
property” — Ostroff visited the home and observed the gaps. Id. Ostroff then
directed “Ray,” the contractor who installed the floors, to replace three or four
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hardwood planks in the second-floor bedroom.4 Id. at 70-71, 78-79.
Thereafter, however, Ray acknowledged that gaps still existed. Id. at 71, 78.
Meanwhile, the Seredas were advised by other flooring contractors — and the
Seredas told Ostroff — that sanding and replacement of some planks would
not resolve the gaps, and instead, the entire floor had to be replaced with new
hardwood. Id. at 71, 78, 82-83.
In October of 2013, Ostroff sent the Seredas an email, offering to either
have the gaps filled and the floors restained, or give them a $2,500 credit.
N.T. Trial, 10/3/18, at 70, 73-74. The parties continued to communicate by
email for several months about the floors as well as other construction issues.
On March 28, 2014, John Sereda emailed Ostroff, requesting information
about repairs from the pre-settlement punch list, and stating he would file a
lawsuit if Ostroff did not provide the information. Id. at 81-81. Ostroff replied
that same day:
“We have your best interests in mind. John, do not threaten
me ever again. I will respond when I have a plan for you. I am
waiting for Ron [a contractor] to get back to me.
If I get any more threats from you, I will turn this over to my
attorney and have him deal with this, and nothing will get
accomplished, and it will cost you a lot of money, time, and
aggravation.
I have also sent you four emails on a credit for the floors
which you have failed to respond to. My offer will not remain
forever. I will be looking for a response on this issue ASAP. I
would like to be done with you and this house ASAP. Thank you.”
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4 The record does not include Ray’s last name.
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Id. at 82.
At trial, John Sereda acknowledged that he and his wife had not
responded to Ostroff’s previous four emails offering a credit. N.T. Trial,
10/3/18, at 82. However, after Ostroff’s March 28, 2018 missive, John Sereda
rejected Ostroff’s offer. Id. John Sereda reiterated that the Seredas “have
been told by several flooring installer/contractors, including two of [Ostroff’s]
own hired flooring installers, that the floors need to be replaced throughout
the home,” and that “[a] $2,500 credit is not even close to what that will cost.”
Id. at 84. He also testified: “We bought things new, and we wanted the floors
to be the way they were supposed to be, so . . . that’s why we rejected”
Ostroff’s offer to fill the gaps or give them $2,500. Id. at 121.
On cross-examination, John Sereda disagreed that Ostroff had offered
“a complete repair of the floor at the builder’s expense.” N.T. Trial, 10/3/18,
at 121. In response to Appellants’ counsel’s continued questioning, John
Sereda explained: “Repairs, no. I guess you have to define ‘repair.’ For me,
at that point, . . . a repair would be a full-scale repair, meaning replacing all
the hardwood floors based on the prior context [sic].” Id. at 121-122.
Immediately following this statement, the trial court observed:
The two of you are disagreeing over an undefined word. One
of you may think “repair” means one thing. The other has a
different definition of “repair.”
I think it’s pretty clear that the offer to fill in the gaps, refinish
the floor, if you call that a repair, was an unacceptable repair. The
repair that was being sought was pulling up the floors and putting
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down new floors.
Id. at 122. Finally, the Seredas presented an expert report, which opined
that the cost to replace the hardwood floors would be $37,789. Id. at 167.
Meanwhile, unrelated to flooring, in the spring of 2013, the Seredas
observed “cracking” and “separation” in the bay window frames in their two
second-floor bedrooms. N.T. Trial, 10/3/18, at 50 (testimony of John Sereda),
149 (testimony of Devon Sereda). On April 20, 2013, the Seredas emailed
Ostroff a second “punch list” of 31 items to be repaired, including the
hardwood floors and the bedroom-windows. Id. at 32-33. With respect to
the windows, Devon Sereda testified that initially there was no water
infiltration, but the “cracking and separation” grew and, by the fall of 2013,
rain water began coming through the cracks. Id. at 149. In March of 2014,
a contractor, Ron Rooney, at Ostroff’s direction, “tried to fix various parts of
the house,” including applying caulk around the bedroom windows. Id. at 90.
After “a couple days,” however, the caulk “expanded or deteriorated.” Id. at
100. On April 30, 2014, John Sereda emailed Ostroff that the cracks
reappeared in both bedroom windows. Id. at 95. In another email dated May
3, 2014, John Sereda notified Ostroff that Rooney told John Sereda that
Rooney should have used — but did not use — silicone caulk; Rooney further
told John Sereda that if “the root of the issue [was something] other than
cracking [at] the entry point of the water[,] it was likely out of [Rooney’s]
expertise.” Id. at 96. Both John and Devon Sereda testified that Ostroff
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made no other offer or attempt to repair the windows. Id. at 102, 152.
At the time of trial in October 2018, water continued to leak through the
windows, necessitating bowls and towels “to collect the pools of water when
it drips.” Id. at 98-99, 149-150. The Seredas had contractors examine the
windows, and one advised that the cause of the cracking could not fully be
determined unless “the facade is removed around the window,” which would
cost more than $20,000 — an amount that the Seredas could not afford. Id.
at 151. Devon Sereda testified that whenever they anticipate a rainstorm or
go on vacation, they must move all of their electronic equipment away from
the window, and the windows have caused “a lot of stress and aggravation.”
Id. at 152. The Seredas offered an expert report that estimated the cost to
replace the windows as $22,000. Id. at 38, 166. The Seredas did not seek
damages for any wood rot or mold in the wall, and requested only that the
windows be repaired. Id. at 151-152, 166.
With respect to the trial court’s decision to pierce the corporate veil to
find Ostroff severally and jointly liable, both John and Devon Sereda testified
that the only person they interacted with at the LLC was Ostroff. N.T. Trial,
10/3/18, at 90, 157-158. Devon Sereda stated that their “dealings were
always with [Ostroff]” and that they “never dealt with anybody else but”
Ostroff. N.T. Trial, 10/3/18, at 156. Devon Sereda stated:
My understanding was that [Ostroff] was our seller. He’s the
guy that purchased the lot, and he’s the one that we
communicated with throughout the process. I never saw anyone
else. All our meetings regarding the building specs, all of our
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email communications were only with Noah@PhillyLiving.com.
We had his personal cell phone number. It wasn’t like a
business number. When we would call, it would say on his voice
mail Noah Ostroff.
Id. at 157-158. Finally, we note Devon Sereda’s testimony that generally, in
2013, Ostroff was “responsive to particular issues” — if the Seredas sent him
an email about four issues, Ostroff only responded to two issues. Id. at 155.
However, in 2014, their “requests started to be ignored.” Id.
The Seredas commenced this lawsuit on July 1, 2016, by filing a
praecipe to issue a writ of summons. Their second amended complaint raised
counts of, inter alia: (1) breach of contract for the LLC’s failure to fix the
hardwood floors; (2) breach of implied warranty of habitability and reasonable
workmanlike construction for the LLC’s failure to fix the hardwood floors and
windows; and (3) violations of the UTPCPL against both Appellants, for their
alleged intentional failure to honor the terms of the warranty.5
The case proceeded to a bench trial on October 3, 2018. John and
Devon Sereda both testified as summarized above, and presented the
testimony of their realtor, Ryan Kanofsky. The Seredas also presented, over
Appellants’ objection, their expert reports, as well as the deposition testimony
____________________________________________
5 The second amended complaint also raised a count of negligence against
Appellants, which was stricken by the trial court on Appellants’ preliminary
objections. See Order, 12/27/17. On January 30, 2018, an arbitration panel
found in favor of the Seredas and against the LLC, and awarded the Seredas
$36,789.47. However, the panel found in favor of Ostroff and against the
Seredas. The Seredas appealed to the trial court.
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of Ostroff.
Appellants did not testify or otherwise present a defense.
The trial court issued its decision on October 9, 2018. It found both
Appellants jointly and severally liable to the Seredas for damages in the
amount of $136,087.49. In doing so, the court pierced the corporate veil,
finding that the LLC is both the alter ego of Ostroff and “a sham company
constituting a façade for Mr. Ostroff’s operations.” Trial Court Opinion,
3/12/19, at 6. The court also found that Ostroff’s conduct with respect to both
the floors and windows violated the UTPCPL. The court awarded the estimated
$36,789 for the floors from the Seredas’ expert report. N.T. Trial, 10/4/18,
at 21. For the windows, however, the court assessed treble damages on the
Seredas’ expert report estimate of $22,840, for a total of $68,520. Id. at 30-
31. Although Appellants disputed these amounts, the trial court pointed out,
and Appellants conceded, that Appellants did not present any evidence to
refute the reports. N.T. Trial, 10/3/18, at 183. Finally, the court awarded the
Seredas litigation costs of $10,014.11 and attorneys’ fees of $20,764.38.
Appellants filed a timely post-trial motion, which the trial court denied
on December 17, 2018. Appellants then filed a notice of appeal on January
14, 2019 and, at the trial court’s direction, a Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate
Procedure 1925(b) statement of errors complained of on appeal. On February
13, 2019, Appellants filed a praecipe with the trial court clerk to enter
judgment, and judgment was entered. The trial court issued an opinion on
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March 12, 2019.
On appeal, Appellants present the following issues:
1. Did the Trial Court incorrectly pierce the corporate veil by
finding Noah Ostroff personally liable as an officer of Center City
Acquisitions, LLC?
2. Did the Trial Court incorrectly award [the Seredas] damages for
water intrusion and/or water damage stemming from the Property
at issue’s second-floor windows?
3. Did the Trial Court incorrectly award [the Seredas] the
maximum treble damages under the [UTPCPL] by finding that . .
. Appellant Noah Ostroff acted in an intentionally misleading
fashion warranting justifiable reliance?
4. Did the Trial Court incorrectly award [the Seredas] the
maximum treble damages under the [UTPCPL] by finding that . .
. Appellant Noah Ostroff acted with an intent to disregard the one
(1) year Builder’s Warranty?
Appellant’s Brief at 10.
In their first issue, Appellants aver that the trial court erred in piercing
the corporate veil under the participation theory to find Ostroff personally
liable as an officer of the LLC. Appellants argue that the record does not
establish that Ostroff personally acted in tort, or that his conduct rose to the
necessary level of malfeasance, but “[a]t best,” his conduct was
“nonfeasance.” Appellants’ Brief at 20-23. Appellants further maintain that
they “had every reason to believe that [the LLC’s] subcontractors built a
perfectly suitable home” and that Ostroff “undertook efforts to remediate
defects,” including offering the Seredas “a choice of having the flooring
repaired in its entirety or a monetary credit.” Id. at 23-24 (emphasis in
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original). Appellants also cite the Seredas’ “delay of at least five months in
responding to [their] offer.” Id. at 24.
We first note the general standard of review:
Our appellate role in cases arising from non-jury trial verdicts
is to determine whether the findings of the trial court are
supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court
committed error in any application of the law. The findings of fact
of the trial judge must be given the same weight and effect on
appeal as the verdict of a jury. We consider the evidence in a light
most favorable to the verdict winner. We will reverse the trial
court only if its findings of fact are not supported by competent
evidence in the record or if its findings are premised on an error
of law. However, [where] the issue . . . concerns a question of
law, our scope of review is plenary.
Richards v. Ameriprise Fin., Inc., 152 A.3d 1027, 1034 (Pa. Super. 2016)
(citation omitted).
The doctrine of “piercing the corporate veil” is distinct from the
participation theory for finding liability: “There is a distinction between liability
for individual participation in a wrongful act and an individual’s responsibility
for any liability-creating act performed behind the veil of a sham corporation.”
Vill. at Camelback Property Owners Ass’n v. Carr, 538 A.2d 528, 533
(Pa. Super. 1988).
“Where the court pierces the corporate veil, the owner is liable because
the corporation is not a bona fide independent entity; therefore, its acts are
truly his.” Vill. at Camelback Property Owners Ass’n, 538 A.2d at 533.
“[T]here is a strong presumption in Pennsylvania against piercing the
corporate veil. Also the general rule is that a corporation shall be regarded as
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an independent entity even if its stock is owned entirely by one person.”
Advanced Tel. Sys. v. Com-Net Prof’l Mobile Radio, LLC, 846 A.2d 1264,
1277-1278 (Pa. Super. 2004). A court may pierce the corporate veil when
equity requires it to prevent fraud, illegality or injustice. Vill. at Camelback
Property Owners Ass’n, 538 A.2d at 533. The corporate veil may be pierced
under the “alter ego” theory, which applies “where the individual or corporate
owner controls the corporation to be pierced and the controlling owner is to
be held liable.” Miners, Inc. v. Alpine Equip. Corp., 722 A.2d 691, 695 (Pa.
Super. 1998) (emphasis removed).
On the other hand, a claim under the participation theory is “an attempt
to assess direct liability in tort against a person acting as an officer or director
of a corporation.” Vill. at Camelback Property Owners Ass’n, 538 A.2d at
533.
Under the participation theory, the court imposes liability on the
individual as an actor rather than as an owner. Such liability is
not predicated on a finding that the corporation is a sham and a
mere alter ego of the individual corporate officer. Instead, liability
attaches where the record establishes the individual’s
participation in the tortious activity.
Id. (citation omitted).
To impose liability on a corporate officer pursuant to the
participation theory, a plaintiff must establish that the corporate
officer engaged in misfeasance, i.e., “the improper performance
of an act.” However, a corporate officer cannot be held personally
liable for nonfeasance, i.e., “the omission of an act which a person
ought [ ] to do.”
Shay v. Flight C Helicopter Servs., 822 A.2d 1, 17 (Pa. Super. 2003)
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(citations omitted).
Here, in finding Ostroff personally liable, the trial court reasoned:
Noah Ostroff, stated plainly, is Center City Acquisitions, LLC.
Mr. Ostroff is the president, acting officer, and sole shareholder of
the LLC. The LLC is a mere alter ego of [Ostroff. The Seredas’]
dealings throughout the sale and management of the property
were all directly with [Ostroff. Ostroff] controlled the corporation
and used it to further his own personal interests by selling a house
that did not meet expectations, then refusing to honor the
warranty. When [Ostroff’s] offer of a mere $2,500 to correct a
$37,000 issue was denied, [Ostroff] hoped to skirt liability by
invoking the protections of his LLC. Center City Acquisitions, LLC
is a sham company constituting a façade for Mr. Ostroff’s
operations. As [the trial court stated at trial], “It would be an
injustice to the [Seredas] to allow Mr. Ostroff to hide behind a
corporation when he is the sole — not just the primary but the
sole — actor to this entire transaction. He bought the land. He
built the house. He promised a warranty. There was no 800
number. If you had a problem with your house, you called Mr.
Ostroff.” [N.T. Trial, 10/4/18, at 20.] In order to avoid an
injustice to [the Seredas], it is appropriate to pierce the corporate
veil with regards to [Ostroff].
Trial Court Opinion, 3/12/19, at 6 (emphases added).
As Appellants point out, the trial court’s discussion referred to both
piercing the corporate veil under the alter ego theory and assessing liability
under the participation theory.6 Nevertheless, we agree with its finding under
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6 Appellants acknowledge that the trial court’s opinion “found that the LLC is
a mere alter ego of” Ostroff. Appellants’ Brief at 25-26. Nevertheless,
Appellants contend that the court did not truly apply the alter ego theory
because its opinion did not discuss the necessary factors set forth in Lumax
Indus. v. Aultman, 669 A.2d 893 (Pa. 1995) (“Lumax”). See Lumax, 669
A.2d at 895 (factors to be considered in disregarding the corporate form are:
undercapitalization, failure to adhere to corporate formalities, substantial
intermingling of corporate and personal affairs and use of the corporate form
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the participation theory to find Ostroff personally liable.7 See Shay, 822 A.2d
at 17; Vill. at Camelback Property Owners Ass’n, 538 A.2d at 533.
Appellants’ insistence that Ostroff offered to repair the floors in their “entirety”
ignores: (1) John Sereda’s testimony that several flooring contractors,
including Appellants’ own contractor who installed the floors, advised that
repairs were not feasible and instead, the floors would have to be replaced,
N.T. Trial, 10/3/18, at 71, 78, 82-83; (2) John Sereda’s specific denial, at
trial, that Ostroff offered a “complete repair” and the trial court’s observation,
not disputed by Appellants, that the parties had differing opinions as to what
constituted an adequate “repair,” id. at 121-122; (3) John Sereda’s
undisputed testimony that Ray, the contractor who installed the floors,
replaced 3 or 4 hardwood planks and subsequently acknowledged that the
gaps remained, id. at 78; and (4) John and Devon Sereda’s undisputed
testimony that $2,500 was wholly insufficient to cover the cost of replacing all
the hardwood floors. Id. at 84, 155. The weight of the above testimony was
for the trial court to determine. See Richards, 152 A.3d at 1034. Further,
Appellants do not address the undisputed trial testimony that, aside from one
unsuccessful application of the wrong kind of caulk, Ostroff took no action to
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to perpetrate a fraud). Because we affirm on the basis of the trial court’s
participation-theory discussion, we need not address this argument.
7“This Court may affirm on any basis.” Braun v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 24
A.3d 875, 892 (Pa. Super. 2011).
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repair the windows. Appellants do not claim that the Seredas’ repeated
requests for window repairs were unfounded, yet offer no explanation why
they failed to act on them. We agree with the trial court that Ostroff’s conduct
amounted to misfeasance, and therefore the court did not err in holding
Ostroff personally liable under the participation theory. See Shay, 822 A.2d
at 17.
In their second issue, Appellants aver that the trial court erred in
awarding damages for water intrusion from the bedroom windows. Appellants
contend that the Seredas failed to provide written notice specifically “of 2nd
floor water leaks or 2nd floor water intrusion within one year,” as required by
the warranty. Appellant’s Brief at 27. We disagree.
Appellants do not dispute that the Seredas emailed Ostroff on April 20,
2013 about cracks in the second-floor bedroom windows and emailed Ostroff
again on April 30, 2014, notifying him that Ron Rooney’s attempts to caulk
the windows failed and cracks had reappeared. Appellants instead emphasize
that the Seredas did not specify that there was also water damage. This
argument is misplaced. The Seredas clearly and timely advised Ostroff of
cracks along the windows and requested that they be repaired. On appeal,
Appellants overlook Devon Sereda’s testimony that she and John were not
seeking damages for any water damage, such as rot, mold, or other water
infiltration issues, and instead, only sought damages for repairs to the
windows:
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[W]e’re not looking for [damages for wood rot or mold behind the
wall. W]e just want the windows repaired. That’s the only thing
we’ve wanted since April of 2013 when we wrote that email. We
just want them repaired.
N.T. Trial, 10/3/18, at 151-152. Accordingly, Appellants’ claim that the
Seredas failed to notify them specifically of water damage does not merit
relief.
We address Appellants’ last two issues together because they raise
overlapping claims that the trial court erred in awarding treble damages under
the UTPCPL where, according to Appellants, the record did not establish that
Ostroff “acted in an intentionally misleading fashion warranting justifiable
reliance,” or that Ostroff “acted with any intent to disregard the one year
builder’s warranty.” Appellants’ Brief at 28, 33. Appellants reiterate that
Ostroff “offered . . . to repair the defects in the property at the company’s
expense,” this “offer was rejected much later,”8 the Seredas “failed to produce
written notice of water intrusion pursuant to the Builder’s Warranty,” “and the
record contains numerous instances of efforts to fix the cracks in the
windows.” Id. at 31, 34. Appellants also assert that the trial court improperly
awarded treble damages “based upon speculative estimates for repairs.” Id.
____________________________________________
8The statement of questions involved and headings in Appellants’ brief purport
to challenge the treble damages only, which were awarded with respect to the
windows, but not the floors. See N.T. Trial, 10/5/18, at 5-6; Appellants’ Brief
at 10, 28, 33. However, Appellants’ discussion refers to the floors as well.
Appellants’ Brief at 31, 34. We construe Appellants’ argument to challenge
the UTPCPL awards for both the windows and floors.
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This Court has explained:
The UTPCPL is Pennsylvania’s consumer protection law. It
seeks to prevent “[u]nfair methods of competition and unfair or
deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of any trade or
commerce. . . .” 73 P.S. § 201-3. . . . Our Supreme Court has
stated courts should liberally construe the UTPCPL in order to
effect the legislative goal of consumer protection.
The UTPCPL provides a private right of action for anyone who
“suffers any ascertainable loss of money or property” because of
an unlawful method, act or practice. See 73 P.S. § 201-9.2(a).
Upon a finding of liability, the court has the discretion to award
“up to three times the actual damages sustained” and provide any
additional relief the court deems proper. Id. . . .
Richards, 152 A.3d at 1034-1035 (some citations omitted).
Section 201-2(4) sets forth conduct that amounts to “unfair methods of
competition” and “unfair or deceptive acts or practices.” 73 P.S. § 201-2(4).
It includes a “catchall provision,” which includes “[e]ngaging in any other
fraudulent or deceptive conduct which creates a likelihood of confusion or of
misunderstanding.” 73 P.S. § 201-2(4) (xxi); Richards, 152 A.3d at 1035.
[A]ny deceptive conduct, “which creates a likelihood of confusion
or of misunderstanding,” is actionable under 73 P.S. § 201-
2(4)(xxi), whether committed intentionally (as in a fraudulent
misrepresentation), carelessly (as in a negligent
misrepresentation), or with the utmost care (as in strict liability).
Whether a vendor’s “conduct has the tendency or capacity to
deceive . . . is a lesser, more relaxed standard than that for fraud
or negligent misrepresentation.”
Gregg v. Ameriprise Fin., Inc., 195 A.3d 930, 939 (Pa. Super. 2018).
The Seredas’ second amended complaint alleged that Appellants
misrepresented that the Property was constructed and/or conformed to
accepted workmanlike standards when, in fact, it did not; the Seredas
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reasonably relied on these misrepresentations; Appellants intentionally failed
to honor the terms of the warranty, which amounted to an “unfair or deceptive
practice” under “the catchall provision” of the UTPCPL, sub-section 201-
2(4)(xxi); and Appellants’ conduct proximately caused the Seredas to suffer
damages. Seredas’ Second Amended Complaint, 11/2/17, at ¶¶ 63-68.
In finding Appellants’ conduct with respect to both the floors and
windows violated the UTPCPL, and awarding treble damages with respect to
the windows, the trial court explained:
The record is flush with testimony regarding [the Seredas’]
repeated pleas with [Ostroff] to fix the cracking in the windows
which was causing water infiltration. [Ostroff] consistently
delayed or ignored their pleas. When [the Seredas] told [Ostroff]
they would seek legal action if the warranty was not honored,
[Ostroff] challenged them, telling them to never threaten him
again. [Ostroff] made it clear that the only remedy [the Seredas]
would have was a $2,500 offer, which “would not remain forever.”
[N.T. Trial, 10/3/18 at 82. The Seredas] were forced to endure
years of water infiltration because [Ostroff] did not uphold his end
of the deal.
[Ostroff’s] actions regarding the flooring did not rise to a level
requiring additional punitive or remedial damages to be assessed.
However, with regards to the water infiltration, as the Court
stated, “The window, the delay in honoring the warranty, in doing
something to fix the window, not only created inconvenience and
concern for the homeowners, but, more importantly, there’s a real
likelihood that it created more damage. If you don’t go in and
stop the water, you wind up with water damage, which is at least
mold if not rot.” [Id. at 30.] For those reasons, the damages
associated with the water damage were trebled to the maximum.
[Ostroff] misled [the Seredas] into believing the errors in
their home would be corrected by promising a builder’s warranty.
[Ostroff] acted intentionally in disregarding the builder’s warranty
by offering a fraction of the required amount and threatening to
take that off the table as well, likely believing he would be shielded
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by his LLC. In order to both discourage [Ostroff] from reoffending
and to remedy the harm [Ostroff’s] inaction caused, the maximum
treble damages were appropriate and justified.
Trial Court Opinion, 3/12/19, at 8-9.
Appellants’ claims that it did not intentionally mislead the Seredas or
intentionally disregard the warranty are meritless, as the catchall provision of
the UTPCPL does not require an actor’s intent, as usually contemplated in a
fraudulent or negligent misrepresentation claim. See Gregg, 195 A.3d at
939. We reiterate that the trial court, as the factfinder, was free to weigh the
evidence that Ostroff offered to fill and resand the hardwood floors, but the
Seredas believed that such remedy was inadequate; Ostroff’s own contractor,
who installed the floors and replaced 3 or 4 planks acknowledged that gaps
remained; the Seredas timely notified Ostroff in writing about cracks along
the windows, and Ostroff’s only attempt to repair the windows was to have a
contractor apply caulk; that contractor subsequently acknowledged he used
the wrong caulk and any issue more serious than caulk was beyond his
expertise; the Seredas promptly notified Ostroff that the caulk deteriorated
after several days and the cracks remained; and the Seredas’ testimony
throughout trial that Ostroff was slow to, or failed to, respond to their repeated
requests for repairs. With respect to Appellants’ contention that the amount
of Seredas’ requested damages was speculative, we note that the trial court’s
accurate observation that Appellants presented no evidence contradicting or
refuting those amounts. Thus, we find no merit to Appellants’ claims.
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In sum, we discern no error by the trial court in finding Ostroff and the
LLC jointly and severally liable to the Seredas and awarding damages under
the UTPCPL. We therefore affirm the trial court.
Judgment affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/8/19
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