FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
_________________________________ November 13, 2019
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
MICHAEL F. CHAVEZ, Clerk of Court
Petitioner - Appellant,
v. No. 19-2094
(D.C. No. 1:17-CV-00871-KG-KRS)
GERMAN FRANCO, Warden; STATE OF (D. N. Mex.)
NEW MEXICO,
Respondents - Appellees.
_________________________________
ORDER DENYING A CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
_________________________________
Before BRISCOE, McHUGH, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Petitioner Michael Chavez, a New Mexico state prisoner serving two
concurrent life sentences, requests a certificate of appealability (COA) so that he may
appeal the district court’s denial of his petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2254. We deny Chavez’s request for a COA and dismiss this matter.
I
a) Chavez’s convictions and sentence
In 2010, Chavez was charged in New Mexico state district court with
attempted armed robbery, conspiracy to commit armed robbery, shooting at or from a
*
This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the
case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive
value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
motor vehicle, and two counts of felony murder. In August 2011, Chavez entered a
plea of no contest to the two felony murder counts and, in exchange, the prosecution
dismissed the remaining charges. In October 2011, Chavez was sentenced to two
concurrent terms of life imprisonment. Chavez did not file a direct appeal.
b) The state habeas proceedings
In April 2012, Chavez filed a pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus in New
Mexico state district court. In that petition, Chavez argued that (1) his plea was
unlawfully induced and involuntary, (2) he was the victim of an unconstitutional
search and seizure, (3) he was subjected to police questioning after he invoked his
right to remain silent, and (4) his trial counsel was ineffective in a number of
respects. The state district court appointed counsel to represent Chavez. Appointed
counsel filed an amended habeas petition asserting additional allegations of
ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The state district court held an evidentiary
hearing at which both Chavez and his trial counsel testified. Following the hearing,
the state district court denied Chavez’s habeas petition. Appointed counsel filed a
petition for writ of certiorari with the New Mexico Supreme Court, presenting a
single issue for review, i.e., whether Chavez received ineffective assistance of
counsel when he was not fully apprised of the terms and conditions of the sentence
contemplated by his plea agreement. The New Mexico Supreme Court denied the
petition in February 2015.
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c) The initial federal habeas proceedings
In August 2015, Chavez filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico.
In January 2016, the district court issued proposed findings and a recommended
disposition concluding that the petition contained one exhausted claim and three
unexhausted claims and recommending that the petition be dismissed in its entirety,
without prejudice, in order to allow Chavez to exhaust all of his claims in the New
Mexico state courts. Chavez objected to that proposal and asked that the district
court either stay the action to allow him to exhaust the three unexhausted claims or,
alternatively, to evaluate the merits of the one exhausted claim and allow him to
voluntarily dismiss the three unexhausted claims. In February 2016, the district court
issued an order granting Chavez’s request to voluntarily dismiss the three
unexhausted claims and addressing on the merits the single exhausted claim. As to
the exhausted claim, the district court concluded that Chavez’s trial counsel was not
ineffective for failing to explain to Chavez, at the time of plea negotiations, the
implications of a life sentence. The district court thus denied federal habeas relief as
to that claim.
d) Chavez’s efforts to exhaust his unexhausted claims
In April 2016, Chavez filed a pro se motion in state district court seeking
permission “to reargue claims already presented and present newly discovered
claims.” ECF No. 15, Att. 2, Exh. J at 1. There is no indication in the record that
this motion was ever ruled on.
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In May 2016, Chavez filed a pro se petition for writ of habeas corpus in state
district court asserting six claims for relief: (1) “involuntary plea”; (2) “illegal search
and seizure [sic]”; (3) “involutary [sic] confession”; (4) ineffective assistanc [sic] of
councle [sic] pretrial [sic] & postconviction”; (5) “judical [sic] bias”; and (6) “[t]he
improper admission of evidence.” ECF No. 15, Att. 2, Exh. K at 2–3. Shortly after
Chavez filed his petition, the state district court issued an order summarily dismissing
the petition. In its order, the state district court noted that Chavez’s “petition raise[d]
only one substantive claim: that [Chavez’s] post-conviction counsel was ineffective
for failing to properly investigate [Chavez’s] mental health issues as they may have
affected the validity of his plea.” ECF No. 15, Att. 2, Exh. L at 1. The state district
court in turn noted that “[t]he validity of the plea was established at the time of the
plea and again during prior post-conviction proceedings, including an evidentiary
hearing.” Id. The state district court concluded that Chavez’s “argument that further
investigation would have changed the result of his prior challenges [wa]s not
supported by any evidence in the record.” Id.
Chavez filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the New Mexico Supreme
Court asserting the “same arguments/claim[s]” presented to the state district court in
his May 2016 habeas petition. ECF No. 15, Att. 4, Exh. M at 5. The New Mexico
Supreme Court denied the petition for writ of certiorari in July 2017.
e) The current federal habeas proceedings
Chavez initiated these proceedings by filing a pro se petition for writ of habeas
corpus on August 23, 2017. ROA, Vol. 1 at 4. The petition asserted six grounds for
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relief: (1) involuntary plea; (2) illegal search and seizure; (3) involuntary confession;
(4) ineffective assistance of trial and postconviction counsel; (5) judicial bias; and (6)
improper admission of custodial statements.
Respondents filed an answer asserting that the petition was “time-barred and
[that] neither statutory nor equitable tolling [wa]s proper.” Id. at 61. Chavez filed a
reply conceding that his habeas petition was time-barred, but arguing that he was
entitled to equitable tolling because he had diligently pursued his rights. Id. at 410–
11.
On January 4, 2019, the magistrate judge assigned to the case issued proposed
findings and a recommended disposition. The magistrate judge noted at the outset
that “the sole issue [wa]s whether the doctrine of equitable tolling save[d] Chavez’s
concededly untimely petition.” Id. at 417. After briefly reviewing the requirements
for equitable tolling, the magistrate judge noted that, “[a]t bottom, Chavez blame[d]
his state post-conviction attorney for failing to present all grounds for collateral relief
to the New Mexico Supreme Court.” Id. at 418. The magistrate noted, however, that
“[a]lthough ‘serious misconduct’ by post-conviction counsel may constitute an
extraordinary circumstance beyond a habeas petitioner’s control, a ‘garden variety
claim of excusable neglect’ by the attorney does not satisfy the rare-and-exceptional
circumstance standard for [equitable] tolling.” Id. (quoting Holland v. Florida, 560
U.S. 631, 649 (2010)). The magistrate judge ultimately concluded that Chavez failed
to allege and establish “specific facts showing more than mere attorney negligence.”
Id. In particular, the magistrate judge noted that, “[w]ithout details, [it was] left to
5
speculate what communication Chavez had with his attorney and what direction, if
any, Chavez gave to post-conviction counsel.” Id. The magistrate judge therefore
recommended that Chavez’s petition be dismissed with prejudice as untimely.
Chavez filed written objections to the magistrate judge’s recommendation. He
argued that “[t]he neglegence [sic] on the part of [his state post-conviction] attorney,
by not protecting an [sic] assuring all possible aveneas [sic] of relief [wa]s not ‘a
garden variety claim of excusable neglegence [sic].’” Id. at 421. But he offered no
other details regarding his interactions with his state post-conviction counsel.
On June 4, 2019, the district court issued a memorandum opinion and order
rejecting Chavez’s objections and adopting the magistrate judge’s findings and
recommended disposition. Id. at 433. The district court noted that, under Tenth
Circuit law, “‘sufficiently egregious misconduct on the part of a habeas petitioner’s
counsel may justify equitable tolling of the [Antiterrorism and Effective Death
Penalty Act (AEDPA)] limitations period.’” Id. at 435 (quoting Fleming v. Evans,
481 F.3d 1249, 1256 (10th Cir. 2007)). But, the district court concluded, “Chavez
provided no additional information in his Objections that would allow the Court to
conclude that [he] experienced ‘exceptional circumstances.’” Id. Instead, the district
court concluded, “[p]ost-conviction counsel’s failure to exhaust all available claims
during the applicable period constitute[d] mere negligence.” Id. The district court
also concluded that, “[e]ven if [it] were to find that equitable tolling applie[d],
Chavez’s Objections [we]re self-defeating.” Id. In particular, the district court noted
that Chavez asserted in his objections that “‘[a]ll claims presented [in this habeas
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petition] [we]re tied together by the ineffectiveness of [his trial] attorney.’” But, the
district court noted, it previously addressed and rejected “his ineffective assistance of
trial counsel claim” in the first federal habeas proceedings. Because “Chavez’s
ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim[] was rejected on the merits,” the district
court concluded that Chavez could “not relitigate that issue in a second petition.” Id.
at 436. The district court therefore denied Chavez’s petition and denied him a COA.
Chavez filed a timely notice of appeal. He has since filed a combined opening
brief and application for COA with this court.
II
We may issue a COA only if Chavez makes “a substantial showing of the
denial of a constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). Where, as here, a
district court denies a habeas petition on procedural grounds without
reaching the prisoner’s underlying constitutional claim[s], a COA
should issue when the prisoner shows, at least, that jurists of reason
would find it debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the
denial of a constitutional right and that jurists of reason would find it
debatable whether the district court was correct in its procedural ruling.
Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000).
Under AEDPA, a prisoner seeking federal habeas relief pursuant to § 2254
must apply for a writ of habeas corpus within one year from the latest of
(A) the date on which the judgment became final by the conclusion of
direct review or the expiration of the time for seeking such review;
(B) the date on which the impediment to filing an application created by
State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States
is removed, if the applicant was prevented from filing by such State
action;
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(C) the date on which the constitutional right asserted was initially
recognized by the Supreme Court, if the right has been newly
recognized by the Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to
cases on collateral review; or
(D) the date on which the factual predicate of the claim or claims
presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due
diligence.
28 U.S.C. § 2244(d)(1)(A)–(D). The district court determined, and Chavez does not
dispute, that he failed to satisfy this time limitation when he filed his current federal
habeas petition.
As noted, the sole issue before the district court was whether Chavez qualified
for equitable tolling of the statute of limitations. To qualify for equitable tolling,
Chavez was required to demonstrate that he was reasonably diligent in pursuing his
federal habeas claims and that extraordinary circumstances beyond his control
prevented him from timely filing his federal habeas petition. See Holland, 560 U.S.
at 653; Lawrence v. Florida, 549 U.S. 327, 336 (2007); Marsh v. Soares, 223 F.3d
1217, 1220 (10th Cir. 2000). Attorney negligence will warrant equitable tolling only
in “extraordinary instance[s]” when the conduct constitutes “far more than ‘garden
variety’ or ‘excusable neglect.’” Holland, 560 U.S. at 652. Chavez bore the burden
of demonstrating that equitable tolling was appropriate. Miller v. Marr, 141 F.3d
976, 978 (10th Cir. 1998).
Respondents did not dispute Chavez’s reasonable diligence in pursuing his
claims. That left only the question of whether any extraordinary circumstances
justified equitable tolling. Although Chavez alleged that his state post-conviction
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counsel was ineffective for failing to assert all of the claims in a timely fashion in the
New Mexico state courts, the district court concluded that Chavez offered few, if any,
details to support his claim and that, consequently, he had failed to establish that the
alleged negligence on the part of his state post-conviction counsel constituted “far
more than ‘garden variety’ or ‘excusable neglect.’” Holland, 560 U.S. at 652.
After examining Chavez’s appellate pleadings and the record on appeal,
nothing persuades us that jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district
court was correct in this procedural ruling. We therefore conclude that Chavez has
failed to make the necessary showing for the issuance of a COA.
Chavez’s request for COA is DENIED, his motion for leave to proceed on
appeal in forma pauperis is DENIED, and the matter is DISMISSED.
Entered for the Court
Mary Beck Briscoe
Circuit Judge
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Chavez v. Franco
Combined Opinion