in the Interest of A.P. and A v. Children

NUMBER 13-19-00342-CV

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG

IN THE INTEREST OF A.P. and A.V., CHILDREN

On appeal from the 156th District Court
of San Patricio County, Texas.

MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Chief Justice Contreras and Justices Hinojosa and Tijerina
Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Contreras

The trial court terminated appellant Mother’s parental rights to her daughters A.P.

and A.V. 1 By three issues, Mother argues that: (1) her constitutional due process rights

and statutory rights under the Texas Family Code were violated, (2) the evidence is legally

and factually insufficient to support termination under § 161.001(b)(1)(N) and

1 To protect the identity of the children, we refer to those involved in the case by aliases, as
necessary. See TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b).
§ 161.001(b)(1)(O) of the Texas Family Code, and (3) the evidence is insufficient to

support a finding that termination was in the best interest of the children. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

On May 29, 2007, the Department of Family and Protective Services (the

Department) received a referral alleging the neglectful supervision and physical neglect

of A.P. and A.V. by Mother. The referral alleged that the children were often left

unsupervised or in the care of other children, that Mother was prostituting herself for food

and money, and that Mother would smoke marijuana in front of the children. It was also

reported that other family members in the house were either using cocaine or selling their

resources for drugs. The report described that the children in the home had lice and

would sometimes go without food. The Department received reports alleging abuse and

neglect of the children throughout 2008 and also in 2012.

On April 18, 2013, the Department received another report alleging the physical

abuse of A.P. by two unknown alleged perpetrators and the neglectful supervision of A.P.

by Mother. The report also alleged that A.V. had scabies and that A.P. had a “BB” gun

pellet embedded in her head. In May 2013, the Department filed a suit affecting parent-

child relationship due to abuse or neglect of the children and removed the children from

Mother’s care. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 262.104 (providing that the Department may

take possession of a child in an emergency without a court order); see also id.

§ 262.001(a) (“A governmental entity with an interest in the child may file a suit affecting

the parent-child relationship requesting an order or take possession of a child with court

order as provided by this chapter.”). On May 16, 2014, the trial court signed a final order

appointing Juan Sandoval and Eulalia Sandoval as permanent managing conservators.

2
 On June 25, 2018, the Department removed the children from the Sandovals’

home due to allegations of abuse and neglect and filed another suit requesting that the

Sandovals be removed as managing conservators, that the Department be assigned as

the temporary managing conservator for the children, and that Mother’s parental rights

be terminated. The Department filed a motion to consolidate the new case with the

previous trial cause number that resulted in the appointment of the Sandovals as

managing conservators. On July 3, 2018, the trial court signed an order consolidating

both causes.

After removing the children from the Sandovals, the Department placed them in a

foster home with Rhonda Brown because they could not go back to Mother. However,

the relationship between the children and Brown deteriorated due to Mother’s contact with

the children through social media. The Department then removed the children and placed

them with a third family.

Trial began in June of 2019 and evidence was presented that, in July 2018, Mother

was provided with a family service plan detailing the actions she needed to complete in

order to be reunited with both girls and avoid the termination of her parental rights. In

particular, the family service plan required Mother to: submit to random drug testing;

cooperate with the Department and demonstrate knowledge of skills learned; maintain

contact with the children as ordered by the court; participate in supervised visits; pay any

ordered child support; have a stable living environment that is free of domestic violence,

clean, safe, and drug free; complete substance abuse counseling and follow all

recommendations; complete a mental health assessment and follow all

recommendations; complete a psychosocial assessment and follow all

3
recommendations, including individual counseling; and complete parenting classes and

demonstrate the appropriate parenting skills attained. The service plan was incorporated

into a court order on August 17, 2018.

Mother was thirty-one years old at the time of trial, had not worked since she was

fourteen years old, and stated she had not lived with the children for nine years. 2 She

testified she completed her mental psychosocial assessment, substance abuse course,

mental health assessment, and parenting classes. The psychosocial assessment

recommended psychiatric services and resuming medication management to stabilize

Mother’s diagnoses; however, Mother had not taken her medication and was planning on

picking it up from the pharmacy after the trial. 3

As to her drug use and the required drug tests, Mother stated she began using

cocaine when she was eight years old and that she tested positive for cocaine in July,

September, and November of 2018. Mother failed to take a drug test as required in

August, October, or December of 2018 or any months between January and June of 2019.

Mother stated that she had last used cocaine two weeks before trial, had not stayed in

touch with her caseworker, and had not had any contact with her children. 4 Mother could

not recall when she last visited the children, but she testified that it had been over a year.

We note that the Department’s lawsuit removing the children from Mother’s care and appointing
2

the Sandovals as permanent managing conservators was filed in 2013, six years before the termination
trial.

3 According to Mother, she was diagnosed with severe depression, bipolar disorder, and attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder.

4 Later in her testimony, Mother explained she had been in contact with the girls through social

media during the pendency of the case. The court order adopting the family service plan stated that Mother
was to have supervised visitation twice a week.

4
Mother explained she had not visited the children because she lacked transportation from

her home in Taft, Texas to where the visitations were held in Sinton, Texas. 5

When asked about her plans for the children now and in the future, Mother stated

she “just want[s] them to finish school and graduate and have a good job.” She testified

she would get a job if the children were returned to her and that she would quit using

cocaine. According to Mother, the girls tell her that they love and miss her and want to

come home and live with her in Taft. Mother testified she lives in a two-bedroom

apartment with her grandmother. When asked where the children would sleep if they

were returned to her, Mother responded that they would sleep in two beds in the second

bedroom in the apartment and she would sleep on the couch. Mother admitted that her

plans regarding her work were all in the future and that nothing was taking place at the

current moment.

Jennifer Edgehill, the caseworker with the Department assigned to the case, also

testified at trial. According to Edgehill, Mother had not maintained contact with the

Department for the five months preceding trial. Mother contacted Edgehill “from over ten

different phone numbers” and when Edgehill would call back, those numbers were out of

service or it appeared the calls were made through a wireless app.

Edgehill explained Mother had lived in two different homes since she had been

assigned to the case in January 2019 and that Mother currently lived with her

grandmother in a clean two-bedroom apartment. However, according to Edgehill, it would

not have been appropriate to place the girls there because grandmother had one of her

other grandchildren, a child, already living there in addition to Mother. Edgehill stated,

5 The distance between Sinton and Taft is about eight and a half miles.

5
“So there was a bedroom that was taken up already by a child, then [grandmother’s]

bedroom, and then [Mother] on the couch.” Further, “grandmother has validated C.P.S.

[abuse or neglect] history with [A.V.] so the Department would not consider that to be a

safe environment.”

As to the visitation requirement in the plan, Edgehill testified that Mother did not

consistently attend her visits when she had lived in Sinton, the same town where the girls

were located at the time. Mother then moved to Taft and continued to fail to attend her

visits consistently. Mother would often confirm her visit but would cancel twenty minutes

before it was due to start, causing a lot of disappointment and emotion in the children. In

February 2019, Mother texted Edgehill and informed her she no longer wanted to attend

any of her visits because she did not have reliable transportation. Edgehill testified that

Mother had not demonstrated a good faith effort to fulfill the visitation requirement.

Edgehill confirmed Mother completed her substance abuse assessment in October

2018, but that Mother admitted to using cocaine in January 2019. As a result, Edgehill

made a referral for relapse prevention counseling, but the provider told Edgehill that

Mother informed the provider that “she would not be participating in any further services.”

Mother did not complete the relapse prevention program. Mother also did not provide the

Department with a certificate of completion for her parenting classes or take a drug test

since November 2018, as required by the service plan.

According to Edgehill, the children are currently in an approved home study

placement and have expressed to her “clearly and directly that they would like to be

adopted by this family.” Edgehill also explained that the children did not want to live in

Taft because they were afraid of the Sandovals, who also live there. In the foster home

6
with Brown, the children “had been on social media, had stolen phones from the foster

mother and had been [inappropriate] on social media . . . .” Edgehill explained:

Primarily, the girls had expressed that they would be on social media and
their mother would get in contact with them and would make them false
promises; that they would come home and that they were going to be a
family again, and that would cause a rift between the girls and their foster
mother because she couldn’t combat that as much as she really wanted to.
The girls believed what their mother told them and, unfortunately, it led to a
lot of behaviors. I’ve had very direct conversations with them about
choosing not to respond to their mother when she reaches out to them, but
certainly they would get on other kids’ phones at school, things of that
nature, so we really couldn’t control that, but it did lead to a lot of emotional
strife for them, still to this day. [A.P.] is very angry with her mother about
not getting them back and [A.V.] is very sad about it because they feel as
though their mother has given up on them and that she did not make the
efforts to get them back as she promised them.

Edgehill did not believe that Mother had demonstrated to the Department that she

could care for the children long term. She recommended that the trial court terminate

Mother’s parental rights and that termination was in the best interest of the children.

Edgehill acknowledged the girls had expressed conflicting opinions about whether they

wanted to go back to their Mother.

The trial court found there was cause to terminate Mother’s parental rights under

§ 161.011(b)(1)(N) and (O) of the Texas Family Code and that termination was in the

children’s best interest. 6 This appeal followed.

II. 2014 ORDER

By her first issue, Mother argues that her due process and statutory rights were

violated because she was not represented by counsel when the trial court entered a “Final

Order in Suit Affecting the Parent-Child Relationship” on May 27, 2014. See TEX. FAM.

6 The trial court also issued an order that Eulalia Sandoval have no legal relationship with the
children. Juan Sandoval passed away prior to trial. The Sandovals are not parties to this appeal.

7
CODE ANN. §§ 107.013 (providing for the mandatory appointment of attorney ad litem for

the parent), 107.016 (providing that attorney ad litem continues to serve until the end of

the lawsuit). The Department argues that we lack jurisdiction to resolve this issue. We

agree with the Department.

“An appeal from a final order rendered in a suit, when allowed under this section

or under other provisions of law, shall be as in civil cases generally under the Texas Rules

of Appellate Procedure . . . .” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002 (providing for appellate

review under the family code). “To be final, a judgment must determine the rights of the

parties and dispose of all the issues involved so no future action will be necessary in order

to settle and determine the case.” In re N.J.G., 980 S.W.2d 764, 766–67 (Tex. App.—

San Antonio 1998, no pet.) (quoting Kelley v. Kelley, 583 S.W.2d 671, 673 (Tex. App.—

Austin 1979, writ dism’d)); In re J.D., 304 S.W.3d 522, 524 (Tex. App.—Waco 2009, no

pet.) (“Generally, a judgment is final if it disposes of all pending parties and claims in the

record.”). “A judgment is interlocutory when it determines less than all issues as to all

parties thereby leaving something to be determined and adjudicated by the court in

disposing of the parties and their rights.” In re N.J.G., 980 S.W.2d at 67. Accordingly, an

order is interlocutory if it leaves open the issue of permanent conservatorship. Id.; Kelley,

583 S.W.2d at 673.

The 2014 order Mother complains of stemmed from a separate suit affecting the

parent and child relationship filed by the Department. The order appointed the Sandovals

as the permanent managing conservators of the children and denied all other relief

requested not expressly granted in the order. In other words, the 2014 order disposed of

all the issues and parties in that case; thus, the order was final and appealable and subject

8
to the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure for accelerated appeals. See TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 263.405 (providing that “[a]n appeal of a final order rendered under this subchapter

is governed by the procedures for accelerated appeals in civil cases under the Texas

Rules of Appellate procedure.”); In re J.D., 304 S.W.3d at 526; see also TEX. R. APP. P.

28.4. In an accelerated appeal, the complaining party must file its notice of appeal within

twenty days after the judgment or order is signed. TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1. If the appeal is

not timely perfected, then we lack jurisdiction and must dismiss the appeal. See Naaman

v. Girder, 126 S.W.3d 73, 74 (Tex. 2003) (per curiam).

Because more than twenty-one days have passed since the trial court signed the

final order on which Mother bases her complaint, Mother did not timely perfect her appeal,

and we lack jurisdiction to review this complaint. 7 See TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1; Naaman, 126

S.W.3d at 74.

We overrule Mother’s first issue.

III. TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS

Involuntary termination of parental rights involves fundamental constitutional rights

and divests the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers normally

existing between them, except for the child’s right to inherit from the parent. Holick v.

Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985); In re L.J.N., 329 S.W.3d 667, 671 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi–Edinburg 2010, no pet.); see Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 753

(1982). “Termination of parental rights, the total and irrevocable dissolution of the parent-

child relationship, constitutes the ‘death penalty’ of civil cases.” In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d

101, 121 (Tex. 2014) (Lehrmann, J., concurring). Accordingly, termination proceedings

7 Mother was properly represented by counsel in the underlying termination proceeding.

9
must be strictly scrutinized. Id. at 112 (majority opinion). In such cases, due process

requires application of the “clear and convincing” standard of proof. Id. (citing Santosky,

455 U.S. at 769; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002)). This intermediate

standard falls between the preponderance of the evidence standard of civil proceedings

and the reasonable doubt standard of criminal proceedings. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846,

847 (Tex. 1980); In re L.J.N., 329 S.W.3d at 671. “‘Clear and convincing evidence’ means

a ‘measure of degree of proof that will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief

or conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established.” In re N.G., 577

S.W.3d 230, 235 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam) (quoting TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007); see

In re K.M.L., 443 S.W.3d at 112–13 (“In cases requiring clear and convincing evidence,

even evidence that does more than raise surmise and suspicion will not suffice unless

that evidence is capable of producing a firm belief or conviction that the allegation is

true.”).

The trial court may order the termination of the parent-child relationship if the court

finds by clear and convincing evidence that: (1) the parent committed an act or omission

described in family code § 161.001(b)(1) and (2) termination is in the best interest of the

child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b); In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d at 232. “To affirm a

termination judgment on appeal, a court need uphold only one termination ground—in

addition to upholding a challenged best interest finding—even if the trial court based the

termination on more than one ground.” In re N.G., 577 S.W.3d at 232; see TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 161.001(b).

In conducting a legal-sufficiency review, the reviewing court cannot ignore

undisputed evidence contrary to the finding, but it must otherwise assume the factfinder

10
resolved disputed facts in favor of the finding. In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d 624, 630–31 (Tex.

2018). Evidence is legally sufficient if, viewing all the evidence in the light most favorable

to the fact-finding and considering undisputed contrary evidence, a reasonable factfinder

could form a firm belief or conviction that the finding was true. Id. at 631.

In a factual-sufficiency review, the appellate court must consider whether disputed

evidence is such that a reasonable fact finder could not have resolved it in favor of the

finding. Id. Evidence is factually insufficient if, in light of the entire record, the disputed

evidence a reasonable factfinder could not have credit in favor of a finding is so significant

that the factfinder could not have formed a firm belief or conviction that the finding was

true. Id.

IV. FAMILY CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(O)

By her second issue, Mother argues the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support termination under either § 161.001(b)(1)(N) or § 161.001(b)(1)(O)

of the Texas Family Code.

Under part (O) of family code subsection 161.001(b)(1), parental rights may be

terminated upon a finding that the parent

failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically
established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the
child who has been in the permanent or temporary managing
conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services for not
less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal from the parent
under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the child . . . .

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(O).

Here, the children were removed from the Sandovals in 2018 under chapter 262

of the family code. See id. § 262.104 (providing that the Department may take possession

of a child in an emergency without a court order); see also id. § 262.001(a) (“A

11
governmental entity with an interest in the child may file a suit affecting the parent-child

relationship requesting an order or take possession of a child with court order as provided

by this chapter.”). However, the fact that the children were removed from the Sandovals

care, rather than Mother’s, is irrelevant because: (1) the children were originally removed

from Mother’s care in 2013 under chapter 262 due to abuse and neglect of the children;

and (2) “[c]hildren are removed from their parents under Chapter 262 for the abuse or

neglect of a child [even] where the children may have been physically in the care of a

relative, a medical or social services institution, or the Department.” See D.F. v. Tex.

Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., 393 S.W.3d 821, 829–830 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2012,

no pet.) (noting that Texas does not apply a restrictive interpretation to § 161.001(b)(1)(O)

requiring that the children be physically removed from a parent’s care); In re A.A.A., 265

S.W.3d 507, 516 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (concluding that child

in care of a shelter at the time of removal was removed from the parent under chapter

262 for abuse or neglect); see also In re J.B., No. 02-18-00173-CV, 2018 WL 4626427,

at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Sept. 27, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.); In re J.H., No. 09-14-

00171-CV, 2015 WL 5093400, at * 4–5 (Tex. App.—Beaumont Aug. 31, 2015, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (rejecting mother’s argument that child was not removed from her care when

child was removed from relatives appointed as managing conservators because the child

“was originally removed from Mother’s care pursuant to Chapter 262”); In re B.C., No. 04-

14-00744-CV, 2015 WL 1938679, at *3–4 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Apr. 29, 2015, no

pet.) (mem. op.); Z.L. v. Tex. Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs., No. 03-13-00598-CV,

2014 WL 538888, at *4 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 7, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.).

12
 The record also demonstrates that the children were in the temporary managing

conservatorship of the Department for more than nine months after their removal. See

id. § 161.001(b)(1)(O). Mother’s family service plan provided the actions necessary for

Mother to obtain the return of the children, and the trial court adopted Mother’s family

service plan and made it part of an order of the court on August 17, 2018. Thus, to

determine whether termination was proper under § 161.001(b)(1)(O), we look to see

whether Mother failed to comply with the court order. See id.

The burden of complying with the court order is on the parent. In re S.J.R.-Z., 537

S.W.3d 677, 690 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2017, pet. denied). Part (O) does not provide

a means of evaluating partial or substantial compliance with a plan, and it does not “make

a provision for excuses” for the parent’s failure to comply with the service plan. In re D.N.,

405 S.W.3d 863, 877 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2013, no pet.); see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(b)(1)(O). Therefore, “substantial compliance is not enough to avoid a

termination finding” under this statute. In re C.M.C., 273 S.W.3d 862, 875 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). We look only for a parent’s failure to comply fully with

a court order without reference to the quantity of failure or degree of compliance. See In

re S.J.R.-Z., 537 S.W.3d at 690; In re I.G., 383 S.W.3d 763, 771 (Tex. App.—Amarillo

2012, no pet.).

It is undisputed that Mother failed to comply with numerous, material provisions of

the service plan. For example, Mother failed to visit the children regularly as required;

failed to take the medication prescribed after her mental health assessment; failed to

submit to drug tests as required for the months of August, October, and December of

2018 and for the months between January and June of 2019; tested positive for cocaine

13
in July, September, and November of 2018; admitted using cocaine two weeks before

trial; failed to complete the relapse prevention program; and failed to provide a home that

was safe for the children. Accordingly, we conclude that a reasonable fact finder could

have formed a firm belief or conviction that Mother failed to comply with the provisions of

a court order that specifically established the actions necessary for Mother to obtain the

return of the children. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(b)(1)(O); In re J.F.C., 96

S.W.3d at 277–79 (“[S]poradic incidents of partial compliance do not alter the undisputed

fact that the parties violated many material provisions of the trial court’s orders.”); In re

S.J.R.-Z., 537 S.W.3d at 690. The evidence is both legally and factually sufficient. 8 See

In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d at 630–31; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266–67.

We overrule Mother’s second issue.

V. BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILDREN

By her third issue, Mother argues the evidence is legally and factually insufficient

to support a finding that termination was in the best interest of the children.

There is a strong, though rebuttable, presumption that keeping a child with a parent

is in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.131; In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d

112, 116 (Tex. 2006). However, we also presume that prompt and permanent placement

of the child in a safe environment is in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 263.307(a).

8 Having found sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding under part (O), we need not
address whether the evidence was sufficient to support a finding under part (N). See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d
355, 362 (Tex. 2003) (“Only one predicate finding under section 161.001[(b)](1) is necessary to support a
judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest.”); cf. In
re N.G., 577 S.W.3d 230, 235 (Tex. 2019) (per curiam) (“When a parent has presented the issue on appeal,
an appellate court that denies review of section 161.001(b)(1)(D) or (E) finding deprives the parent of a
meaningful appeal and eliminates the parent’s only chance for review of a finding that will be binding as to
parental rights to other children.”); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

14
 Factors that we consider in determining whether termination of parental rights is in

the child’s best interest include: (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical

needs of the child now and in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the

child now and in the future; (4) the parenting abilities of the parties seeking custody; (5)

the programs available to assist the parties seeking custody; (6) the plans for the child by

the parties seeking custody; (7) the stability of the home or proposed placement; (8) the

acts or omissions committed by the parent which may indicate that the existing parent-

child relationship is not proper; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions committed

by the parent. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976); see TEX. FAM. CODE

ANN. § 263.307(b). The party seeking termination is not required to prove all nine Holley

factors; in some cases, undisputed evidence of just one factor may be sufficient to support

a finding that termination is in the best interest of the child. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25,

27 (Tex. 2002); In re S.B., 207 S.W.3d 877, 886 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2006, no pet.).

Evidence that proves one or more statutory grounds for termination may also constitute

evidence illustrating that termination is in a child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at

28. We will discuss the Holley factors for which there was evidence presented.

In determining the child’s best interest, a court may consider the express desires

of a child who is of sufficient age and maturity. In re F.M.E.A.F., 572 S.W.3d 716, 732

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2019, pet. denied); see also In re D.W., 445 S.W.3d

913, 926 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied) (discounting the desires of children ages

five through nine because “there was no indication that any of the children were

sufficiently mature to express preference as to their placement”).

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 At the time of trial, A.P. and A.V. were fourteen and thirteen years old respectively.

Edgehill testified the children are currently in an approved home study placement with a

family who had expressed an interest in adopting the girls. According to Edgehill, the

children had expressed “clearly and directly” to her that they would like to be adopted by

this new family, and the family wants to adopt them. Mother testified that the children told

her they miss and love her and want to come home, and Edgehill acknowledged the

children previously expressed differing wishes during the case. However, Edgehill

explained:

I think they are very typical children in foster care who want to believe that
their parent tells them about how things are going to change or be different,
but . . . they understand that their mother did not do what the Department
asked of her and they’re both sad and angry about it, truly.

Edgehill also stated the children did not want to live in Taft, where Mother lived with her

grandmother, because they were afraid of the Sandovals, who also lived in Taft and had

abused them. This factor supports termination.

Multiple other factors also support the trial court’s determination that termination

of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of the children. The evidence

presented at trial established that Mother had mental health problems she was failing to

address (she was diagnosed with severe depression, bipolar disorder, and attention

deficit hyperactivity disorder; quit attending therapy sessions; and did not take the

prescribed medication); she had a drug problem that she was failing to address (she

admitted using cocaine two weeks prior to trial, had used cocaine for most of her life,

tested positive for cocaine in each drug test she took during the pendency of the litigation,

and did not attend her relapse prevention program as recommended by her mental health

assessment); and Mother could not maintain gainful employment or provide for the needs

16
of the children (she had not worked since she was fourteen due to a lack of transportation

and had not attempted to obtain a job). Mother failed to visit the children as scheduled

and made false promises to them, which resulted in emotional turmoil for the children. All

of this evidence supports termination and is relevant to the third, fourth, and eighth Holley

factors, regarding danger to the child, parenting abilities of the parent, and propriety of

the parent-child relationship, respectively. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372; In re S.N., 272

S.W.3d at 252 (noting that a parent’s illegal drug use is a circumstance that can contribute

to an unstable lifestyle and is relevant in determining present and future danger to a child’s

physical and emotional well-being); In re K.C., 219 S.W.3d 924, 927 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2007, no pet.) (noting that the fact finder can give “great weight” to the “significant factor”

of drug-related conduct); In re J.D., 436 S.W.3d 105, 118 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (“A factfinder may infer from a parent’s past inability to meet a child's

physical and emotional needs an inability or unwillingness to meet a child's needs in the

future.”); see also In re T.N., 180 S.W.3d 376, 383 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2005, no pet.)

(“[P]arent’s engaging in illegal drug activity after agreeing not to do so in a service plan

for reunification with her children is sufficient to establish clear and convincing proof of

voluntary, deliberate, and conscious conduct that endangered the well-being of her

children.”); Castorena v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., No. 03-02-00653-

CV, 2004 WL 903906, at *11 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no pet.) (mem. op.) (noting that

the trial court could properly infer that parents’ history of instability and criminal conduct,

which had previously endangered the children, might recur if the children were returned

to them).

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 Furthermore, Mother had not lived with the children for nine years, had not seen

the children in over a year, and failed to complete multiple, material requirements of her

family service plan. This evidence is relevant to the fourth and eighth factors and supports

termination. See Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372. Finally, the home that Mother planned to

live with the children in Taft was unacceptable and not safe, according to the Department,

because her grandmother had a prior history of abuse or neglect concerning A.V. On the

other hand, the home where the children were placed at the time was stable, approved

by the Department, and the family intended to adopt the girls permanently. This evidence

is relevant to the sixth and seventh factors (plans for the child by the party seeking custody

and stability of the proposed placement) and also supports termination. See TEX. FAM.

CODE ANN. § 263.307(a); Holley, 544 S.W.2d at 372.

Applying the applicable Holley factors to the evidence, we conclude that a rational

trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that termination was in the best

interest of the children. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266–67; Holley, 544 S.W.2d at

372; In re E.R.W., 528 S.W.3d 251, 266–67 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, no

pet.). The evidence is both legally and factually sufficient. See In re A.C., 560 S.W.3d at

630–31; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266–67.

We overrule Mother’s third issue.

VI. CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

DORI CONTRERAS
Chief Justice

Delivered and filed the
26th day of November, 2019.

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