FILED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION
DEC 09 2019
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ROXANA DEL CARMEN LOPEZ- No. 15-71403
LOPEZ,
Agency No. A200-774-421
Petitioner,
v. MEMORANDUM*
WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the
Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted December 5, 2019
San Francisco, California
Before: SILER,** CLIFTON, and BYBEE, Circuit Judges.
Rozana Del Carmen Lopez-Lopez petitions for review of the Board of
Immigration Appeals’s (BIA) order dismissing her appeal from an Immigration
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.
Judge’s (IJ) decision denying her application for asylum, withholding of removal,
and CAT protection. We deny the petition.
We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. “We review denials of asylum,
withholding of removal, and CAT relief for substantial evidence and will uphold a
denial supported by reasonable, substantial, and probative evidence on the record
considered as a whole.” Ling Huang v. Holder, 744 F.3d 1149, 1152 (9th Cir.
2014) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
1. To establish eligibility for asylum on the basis of past persecution, Lopez
“must show: (1) an incident, or incidents, that rise to the level of persecution; (2)
that is ‘on account of’ one of the statutorily-protected grounds; and (3) is
committed by the government or forces the government is either ‘unable or
unwilling’ to control.” Navas v. INS, 217 F.3d 646, 655–56 (9th Cir. 2000)
(footnotes omitted). The BIA concluded that the single threatening letter Lopez
received did not rise to the level of persecution and that, even if it did, it was not
“on account of” a protected ground. Lopez does not point to evidence in the record
that “compels a contrary conclusion from that adopted by the BIA.” Afriyie v.
Holder, 613 F.3d 924, 931 (9th Cir. 2010).
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s decision that the single threatening
letter did not rise to the level of past persecution. See Hoxha v. Ashcroft, 319 F.3d
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1179, 1181–82 (9th Cir. 2003) (harassment, unfulfilled threats, and one beating did
not compel a finding of past persecution). This is especially true considering that
Lopez and her daughter—the subjects of the threat—were never harmed. See
Singh v. INS, 134 F.3d 962, 968 (9th Cir. 1998) (finding it unlikely that past
persecution was established when there is no evidence of physical harm or specific
threats).
Substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s conclusion that Lopez failed to
establish persecution “on account of” a protected ground. Lopez argued that she is
a member of a particular social group defined as “Salvadoran women threatened by
gangs, and where family members have been killed by gangs.” The BIA found that
this social group lacked the requisite particularity or social distinction and that,
even if it were a valid social group, Lopez did not show that was the reason she
was threatened. Lopez points to no evidence in the record that compels a contrary
conclusion. Instead, Lopez only speculates about the gang’s motives. She argues
that the gang must have thought she had money because her late husband received
money from his family in the United States. But there is no evidence in the record
that the gang knew or thought Lopez had money—in fact, the evidence indicates
that the gang asked everyone in the area for similar “rent” payments. See Ochave
v. INS, 254 F.3d 859, 866 (9th Cir. 2001).
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2. Because Lopez failed to make a prima facie case for asylum, she necessarily
failed to meet the higher standard of proof for eligibility for withholding of
removal. See Barajas-Romero v. Lynch, 846 F.3d 351, 360 (9th Cir. 2017).
3. Substantial evidence also supports the BIA’s conclusion that Lopez has not
established that it is more likely than not that she will be tortured with the
acquiescence of the government or government officials if she is returned to El
Salvador. See Delgado-Ortiz v. Holder, 600 F.3d 1148, 1152 (9th Cir. 2010).
There is nothing in the record that indicates that the Salvadoran government—or
anyone in El Salvador—would torture Lopez if she were returned there. In fact,
Lopez’s mother and one of her daughters remain unharmed in the same area of El
Salvador from which Lopez fled. Lopez fails to point to evidence in the record that
compels a contrary conclusion.
PETITION FOR REVIEW DENIED.
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