Eastside Hwy Dist v. Delavan

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
Docket No. 45553

EAST SIDE HIGHWAY DISTRICT, a )
political subdivision of the State of Idaho, )
)
Plaintiff/Cross-Defendant/ Appellant, )
)
Boise, September 2019 Term
v. )
)
Opinion Filed: December 11, 2019
GREGORY K. DELAVAN and ELLEN J.O. )
DELAVAN, husband and wife, )
Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
)
Defendants/Cross-Claimants/ )
Respondents. )
)
)

Appeal from the District Court of the First Judicial District of the State of Idaho,
Kootenai County. Lansing L. Haynes, District Judge.

The decisions of the trial court are affirmed in part, reversed in part, and vacated
in part.

James, Vernon & Weeks, P.A., Coeur d’Alene, for appellant East Side Highway
District. Susan P. Weeks argued.

John F. Magnuson, Coeur d’Alene, for respondents Gregory and Ellen Delavan.
John F. Magnuson argued.

_____________________

STEGNER, Justice.
This case involves competing claims to real property asserted by adjacent property
owners: The East Side Highway District (the District) and Gregory and Ellen Delavan (the
Delavans). The parties dispute the location of their common boundary relating to a portion of a
road, Boothe Park Road, which includes a boat ramp located on the shore of Lake Coeur
d’Alene.
The District asserts a claim to the disputed property under two theories: First, the District
claims there was a boundary by agreement that was established by the location of a fence that
was erected by the Delavans’ predecessor in interest. Second, the District claims that Boothe

1
Park Road and the boat ramp at its termination is a public highway pursuant to Idaho Code
section 40-202(3). In response, the Delavans claim that the boat ramp is on their property, and its
use by the public has always been, and remains, permissive. Further, the Delavans assert that the
fence which was erected by their predecessor in interest was intended to act as a barrier, not a
boundary.
After two bench trials, the trial court ruled in favor of the Delavans, finding that the
public’s use of the boat ramp had been permissive. As a result, the trial court ruled that the
District did not have a right to a public easement based on Idaho Code section 40-202(3).
Further, the trial court found that the fence had been erected as a barrier, not a boundary. Instead,
the trial court found that the intention of the parties at the time the disputed property was
conveyed to the Delavans demonstrated that the Delavans owned the property in dispute. The
District timely appealed.
For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we hold that there is substantial and competent
evidence to support the trial court’s findings that there was no boundary by agreement and that
the Delavans own the property in dispute. However, we vacate the trial court’s order granting
summary judgment in favor of the Delavans because there is no hostility requirement in Idaho
Code section 40-202(3). Accordingly, the case is being remanded to determine whether the
District has a public easement under Idaho Code section 40-202(3).
I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
A. The real property in dispute.
1. Plat of the Lakeside Addition to Sunnyside Subdivision.
In 1910, John Boothe (Boothe) and others prepared and recorded the Plat of Lakeshore
Addition to Sunnyside (the Plat). The Plat includes the lake front property in dispute. The Plat
created thirty-seven lake front lots on Lake Coeur d’Alene, numbered 2 through 38. There is also
an unnumbered lot between Lot 18 and Lot 19.
The Plat has had several notable problems. From the outset, the lots were incorrectly
numbered. This is first evidenced in a 1940 deed from Boothe, which conveyed: “All that portion
of Lots Thirty-two (32) and Thirty-three (33) of Lakeshore Addition to Sunnyside . . . according
to the recorded plat thereof, . . . being designated upon the official map of said highway as Lots
Thirty-three (33) and Thirty-four (34) and lying North and East of Lot Thirty-four (34) (highway

2
map Lot 35) of said addition[.]” (Italics added.) This inaccuracy in the lot numbers was also
noted in a 2001 survey conducted by Scott Rasor.
“Mr. John Booth [sic], one of the original plattor’s [sic], stated that
an error of 100 feet had been made in locating one of the lots and
that this accounts for the difference in lot numbers.”
The effect of the differences in lot numbering is to shift the numbers 100 feet
north, for example, the originally platted lot 28 becomes lot 29.
Throughout the years, surveyors have noted the incorrect lot numbers. However, the original Plat
itself has never been amended or corrected.
The incorrectly numbered lots caused an additional problem. It appears that each lake
front lot was intended to be 100 feet wide as testified to by Geremy Russell (Russell), the
District’s expert witness and surveyor. Further, Rasor’s 2001 survey noted, “the lots for
Lakeshore Addition to Sunnyside were laid out from prior surveys and the original Plat at 100
feet wide and with parallel lines.” During trial, the parties argued regarding at what point on the
plat the 100 feet was measured. The Delavans argued that it was 100 feet of frontage along Lake
Coeur d’Alene. The District contended that the lots were intended to be measured from the north
and south parallel boundaries, not the meander lines of Lake Coeur d’Alene.
2. The 1949 deed from John and Gertrude Boothe to Oliver and Edna Delavan.
Three generations of the Delavan family have owned the real property in dispute. Oliver
and Edna Delavan are the first generation of property owners and are the parents of Jack and
Frank Delavan. Gregory Delavan is Jack’s son and Oliver’s grandson. For the sake of clarity,
first names will be used when referring to the Delavans as individuals.
In 1945, Louis Wasmer executed a warranty deed conveying to Oliver and Edna Lots 19
through 22 according to the Plat. Oliver subsequently sold Lot 22, retaining Lots 19 through 21.
According to Jack’s testimony, Oliver began building a house on the Delavan property in late
1946.
On August 17, 1949, John and Gertrude Boothe (collectively the Boothes) conveyed to
Oliver and Edna a portion of the unnumbered lot located between Lots 18 and 19. The Boothes
deeded the following described property to Oliver and Edna:
Commencing at the Northwest corner of Lot 19, as originally platted, Lakeshore
addition to Sunnyside, section, 33, Twp 50 North, Range 3 W B M thence
North 79° 58’ East to the West boundary of the existing county road; thence
along the existing right of way line of said county road to its intersection with the
meander line of Lake Coeur d’Alene; thence Southerly along the meander line of
3
 said Lake Coeur d’Alene, to the point of beginning, said land being in the
county of Kootenai, State of Idaho.
The District’s expert, Russell, stated that the deed was likely a corrective measure because Lot
19, as noted on the Plat, was not 100 feet wide.
This appeal largely turns on the italicized language above in the 1949 deed: “thence along
the existing right of way line of said county road to its intersection with the meander line of Lake
Coeur d’Alene[.]” The current existing road is known as Boothe Park Road. Although he did not
know where the county road existed in 1949, Russell testified the best indication of its location
was the Plat, which he stated is harmonious with how the road exists today. Further, Russell
testified that there was no evidence that the road existed in a different location today than in
1949. The Delavans’ surveyor and expert witness, Ernest Warner, also testified he did not know
where the existing county road was located in 1949. Warner testified the existing public road
today is similar to the road depicted in the Plat.
During trial, Marilyn Moore, Boothe’s granddaughter who was born in 1936, testified
that Boothe Park Road went to the boat ramp, just as it did in 1949. (Moore had visited the area
in 2015.) However, Jack (Oliver’s son) testified 1 that the road did not continue to the boat ramp
in 1949 because the boat ramp was not built until 1955. Further, Jack stated that “Boothe Park
[Road] never . . . went past the corner of [the Delavans’] property[.]”
The trial court also admitted in evidence Ray Kindler’s 1956 unrecorded survey, which
showed the roadway as terminating at “Boothe Park,” at a concrete monument near the northeast
corner of the Delavan property. According to both Jack and Kindler, the road did not extend
beyond that point.
3. The creation of Boothe Park.
On January 21, 1955, the Boothes executed a quitclaim deed, by which they conveyed a
portion of the unnumbered lot between Lots 18 and 19, to the Coeur d’Alene Highway District,
the predecessor in interest to the East Side Highway District. The deed described the property as
a parcel of land 120 feet wide and 150 feet deep measuring from the meander line of Lake Coeur
d’Alene. However, this deed was not without its own problems. For example, by all accounts the

1
Jack’s testimony was introduced at trial through a video deposition. The parties stipulated to the introduction of
Jack’s video deposition at trial due to his advanced age and poor health.

4
property was not 120 feet wide. In the survey performed by Kindler in 1956, he noted the width
of the property to be only 102.5 feet. 2
4. Construction of the boat ramp.
In late January 1955, the Coeur d’Alene Highway District constructed a sixty-by-twelve-
foot concrete boat ramp on the property in dispute. According to Jack, Oliver reached an
agreement with Bill Stark, the secretary of the Coeur d’Alene Highway District, to allow the
construction of the boat ramp on Oliver’s property.
Further, Patrick Seale (Seale), who purchased Lots 17 and 18 in 1982 and 1983, testified
that he personally observed Oliver performing physical work on the boat ramp. Seale testified
over objection that Oliver said that the boat ramp was located on his property, but he allowed the
public to use the ramp. Jack testified that he continued this practice.
5. The Delavans’ fence.
Shortly after the boat ramp was constructed, Oliver built a fence along the south side of
the boat ramp. 3 Jack testified that Oliver built the fence to act as a barrier to keep the public who
were using the boat ramp from venturing onto the private section of his property. Jack testified
that some old posts and remnants of a fence existed when Oliver bought the property. The
District argued that the previous posts likely outlined the boundary of Oliver’s property.
At a commissioner’s meeting in 1956, given the issues with the boundaries as noted
above, the Coeur d’Alene Highway District decided to “straighten out all the property lines of
Boothe Park.” The Coeur d’Alene Highway District hired surveyor Ray Kindler for that
purpose. Kindler’s survey depicted a line between “Boothe Park” and the Delavan property that
is consistent with the fence line.
On October 5, 1956, Kindler sent J. Ward Arney 4 an unsigned cover letter associated
with his survey, noting that “[i]n order not to cause any trouble with the adjacent property
owners, Walker, Delavan and Wiks, we followed [multiple] old fence lines as closely as
possible.” However, there is no evidence that Oliver ever saw the Kindler survey (as it was
never recorded) or that Kindler had ever contacted Oliver while Kindler was surveying the

2
This 102.5 feet also includes the 34.2 feet of lake front at issue in this appeal.
3
It is clear from the photographs in a 1955 newspaper article describing the construction of the boat ramp that there
was no fence at the time the boat ramp was constructed.
4
The record indicates that J. Ward Arney was a local attorney in Coeur d’Alene. However, the extent of Arney’s
representation with respect to the disputed property is unclear.

5
property. Rather than straightening out all the property lines, as originally intended, Kindler’s
survey had little effect on the uncertain boundaries.
6. Dissolution of the Coeur d’Alene Highway District.
The Coeur d’Alene Highway District was dissolved and reorganized in 1971 by order of
the Kootenai County Board of Commissioners. East Side Highway District is the successor in
interest of the Coeur d’Alene Highway District.
7. The 1977 Department of Lands encroachment permit to Kootenai County.
In 1977, Kootenai County submitted an application to the Idaho Department of Lands
(“IDL”) to extend the concrete boat ramp. The attachments to Kootenai County’s application
appear to show that the boat ramp was on the Delavan property. During the first trial regarding
the disputed property, Jim Brady, a specialist employed by IDL, was asked about—and
handwrote on—the application to show that the boundary on the document submitted by
Kootenai County indicated that the Delavans owned the property on which the boat ramp had
been built.
8. The Delavan property is conveyed to Gregory and Ellen.
Oliver and Edna passed away in the early 1990s. 5 In October of 1991, Jack and Frank,
acting as co-personal representatives of the estates of their parents, Oliver and Edna, executed
two deeds of distribution. First, they transferred the property to Edna’s estate and then, from
Edna’s estate to Jack.
On January 10, 1995, Jack and Beverly (Jack’s wife) conveyed by warranty deed certain
property to Gregory and Ellen Delavan, their son and daughter-in-law. The deed described the
property conveyed in 1949 by quitclaim deed from the Boothes to Oliver and Edna. Another
warranty deed from Jack and Beverly to Gregory and Ellen was executed December 30, 1997.
This second deed conveyed the same property that the previous 1995 deed conveyed. It is
unclear why the same property was conveyed more than once.
9. Proceedings before the Kootenai County Board of Equalization.
In 1992, after the property had been conveyed to Jack, he appealed his property tax
assessment for Lots 19 through 21. Jack informed Kootenai County that he was being assessed
for 300 frontage feet (consistent with three one-hundred-foot-wide lots). However, Jack argued

5
It is unclear from the record exactly when Oliver and Edna passed away.

6
he should only be assessed for 266 feet because of his limited use of the boat ramp. In response,
the county assessor recommended a valuation that would place a portion of Jack’s property into
the “right of way” category. The Board of Equalization accepted the assessor’s recommendation.
A similar issue arose in 1995, after Gregory had acquired the property. Gregory filed an
appeal from the valuation of Lots 19 and 20 because the boat ramp was located on Lot 19. The
Kootenai County Board of Commissioners, sitting as the Board of Equalization, entered an order
with the following findings of fact:
[Gregory] stated the subject property is located adjacent to Boothe Park which
[has] public access to Lake Coeur d’Alene. Thirty-four feet of lake frontage is
occupied by the boat ramp which belongs to [Gregory].
10. The disagreement between the District and Gregory and Ellen.
On December 16, 2003, the District held a meeting with Gregory in an effort to resolve
the issues regarding ownership of the land on which the boat ramp had been built. Gregory stated
that the boat ramp was on his property and that the District only had the right to use that property
due to a verbal agreement between Oliver and the Coeur d’Alene Highway District. During the
meeting, Bruce Anderson, the county surveyor, said he thought that the Kindler survey done in
1956 controlled who owned what property because the deeds were unclear. The District told
Gregory that it would be his “responsibility to prove to the District that the actual boat launch
area belonged to him.”
On July 13, 2009, the District posted an encroachment notice on a wall constructed by the
Delavans near the boat ramp. On July 22, 2009, the Delavans disputed the encroachment notice,
arguing that the wall and fence were entirely on their property. A lawsuit followed, which is the
basis of this appeal.
B. Course of proceedings.
On April 24, 2012, the District filed its complaint to quiet title and for declaratory
judgment against the Delavans. The District asserted two causes of action. First, the District
sought a declaratory judgment determining that Boothe Park Road, including the boat ramp, was
a public road pursuant to Idaho Code section 40-202(3). Second, the District asserted that it was
entitled to ownership of the roadway, including the boat ramp, due to a “boundary by
agreement,” alleging that Oliver and representatives of the District’s predecessors in interest had
agreed that the fence was the common boundary of the property. On July 13, 2012, the Delavans
filed their Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and Counterclaim. The Delavans asserted

7
counterclaims for trespass, quiet title, and declaratory relief, arguing that they owned the
disputed property.
On July 11, 2013, Jack was deposed on video. At the time of his deposition, Jack was
eighty-four years old. The parties stipulated to the introduction of Jack’s video deposition at trial.
Jack passed away on December 26, 2015, a few weeks after the first trial.
On November 12, 2014, the District moved to strike portions of the affidavits of Gregory
Delavan and Ernest Warner, as well as portions of Jack Delavan’s deposition. The trial court
entered an order, striking portions of Gregory Delavan’s affidavit. In addition, the trial court
struck portions of Jack Delavan’s deposition testimony.
The parties stipulated to bifurcate trials for various claims. The parties agreed that the
first trial would be limited to the issues relating to the boundary by agreement claim. The
remaining issues would be resolved in the second trial. The trial court entered an order separating
the trials based on the parties’ stipulation.
The day before the first trial, the District filed another objection to portions of Jack
Delavan’s deposition. On December 1, 2015, after the trial but prior to its decision, the trial court
largely denied the request to strike portions of Jack’s deposition. However, it excluded the
following statement by Jack as hearsay: “[Oliver] indicated it was on his property and he let the
highway district use it on a handshake deal with Mr. Stark of the highway district.”
The first trial regarding the boundary by agreement issue was held on November 16, 17,
and 18, 2015. Following post-trial briefing, the trial court entered its Findings of Fact,
Conclusions of Law, and Verdict on March 28, 2016. (Although the trial court’s decision states
that it was a verdict, a verdict is the result of a jury’s deliberative process. Verdict, BLACK’S LAW
DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019).) The trial court concluded that the District had failed to prove
either required element of a boundary by agreement. Further, the trial court found that the “[u]se
of the boat launch by all parties other than [the Delavans] since its construction, has been
permissive.” As a result, the trial court ruled in favor of the Delavans. Following the decision,
only two issues remained: (1) whether the road was a public highway pursuant to Idaho Code
section 40-202(3), and (2) the location of the parties’ common boundary.
On May 26, 2016, the Delavans filed a motion for partial summary judgment on the
District’s claim that it controlled a public easement pursuant to Idaho Code section 40-202(3).
The Delavans argued that, given the trial court’s finding that the use of the boat ramp had been

8
permissive, the District could not establish that the boat ramp was a public highway pursuant to
Idaho Code section 40-202(3). The District opposed the motion. On July 11, 2016, the trial court
entered its order granting the Delavans’ motion for partial summary judgment. The trial court
agreed that because use of the boat ramp had been permissive, the District could not gain a
prescriptive right pursuant to Idaho Code section 40-202(3). In granting summary judgment, the
trial court concluded that the District was required to prove that its use had been “hostile” to the
Delavans and that because this use had always been with permission, hostility could not be
shown.
The trial court proceeded with the second trial regarding the location of the common
boundary. The second trial was held on May 15 and 16, 2017. On June 19, 2017, the trial court
entered its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Verdict. The trial court determined that the
1949 deed from the Boothes to Oliver and Edna was ambiguous because the “existing county
road” was indeterminable. The trial court then determined that the intent of the parties when the
deed was executed in 1949 was to provide the Delavans with 300 feet of frontage on Lake Coeur
d’Alene as a corrective measure. As a result, the trial court ruled in favor of the Delavans.
On September 12, 2017, the trial court entered judgment in favor of the Delavans. The
trial court issued an Amended Judgment because its initial judgment did not comply with
I.R.C.P. 54(a). Ultimately, a Second Amended Judgment was entered to correct an inadvertent
omission in the legal description of the property. The District timely appealed from the Second
Amended Judgment.
C. Illustration of the property in dispute.
Exhibit 1 to this opinion is one of the attachments to the trial court’s Second Amended
Judgment. The property in dispute is indicated in light grey. The area indicated in dark grey is
the property at issue in the District’s challenge to the Second Amended Judgment.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review varies for each issue and will be discussed in the relevant
subsections below.
III. ANALYSIS
A. The trial court abused its discretion in admitting several hearsay statements;
however, not all of the statements challenged by the District were inadmissible.
The District challenges several of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings. As these
evidentiary rulings impact the remainder of our analysis, we will address those first. We hold

9
that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted Jack’s statement regarding the fence,
and Patrick Seale’s testimony concerning Oliver’s statement about the ownership of the boat
ramp. Accordingly, those statements will not be referenced in our review of whether the trial
court’s factual findings were supported by substantial and competent evidence. However, we
hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting statements made by Gregory
Delavan regarding the fence. As a result, those statements may be referenced in our review of the
trial court’s findings.
This Court will not reverse an evidentiary ruling unless (1) the ruling is an abuse of the
trial court’s discretion and (2) the ruling affects the substantial rights of the party alleging the
error. Ballard v. Kerr, 160 Idaho 674, 693, 378 P.3d 464, 483 (2016) (citing Van v. Portneuf
Med. Ctr., Inc., 156 Idaho 696, 701, 330 P.3d 1054, 1059 (2014); I.R.E. 103(a); I.R.C.P. 61).
To determine whether the trial court abused its discretion, this Court analyzes “[w]hether
the trial court: (1) correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion; (2) acted within the outer
boundaries of its discretion; (3) acted consistently with the legal standards applicable to the
specific choices available to it; and (4) reached its decision by the exercise of reason.”
Lunneborg v. My Fun Life, 163 Idaho 856, 863, 421 P.3d 187, 194 (2018) (citation omitted).
1. The trial court abused its discretion in admitting Jack Delavan’s statements which
were attributable to his father.
The District contends that Jack Delavan’s testimony in his video deposition regarding his
father’s statements about the purpose of the fence was inadmissible hearsay and the trial court
improperly admitted the statements. Jack’s deposition contained the following testimony:
Q. [By Magnuson] . . . [D]id your father ever indicate to you that he had agreed
with Mr. Stark or the highway district that the [fence line] was the boundary
between the [D]istrict’s property and your father’s property?
A. No. . . . [T]he reason my father built the fence there was kids swimming and
whatnot, people pretty soon were slopping over on his dock, and he didn’t want
them on there because if something happens, why all at once he’s in trouble, so
that’s why the fence was put up.

Hearsay is an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted.
I.R.E. 801(c). A “statement” for hearsay purposes is an oral or written assertion or nonverbal
conduct if it is intended as an assertion. I.R.E. 801(a). Here, given the context of the question
posed—“[D]id your father ever indicate”—it was intended to elicit an answer regarding what
Jack’s father told him about the reasons for the fence. Consequently, the question sought a

10
hearsay response. To be admissible, the hearsay statement would need to fall within a hearsay
exception.
Although the trial court provided limited reasoning, it appears that it found that the initial
response of “no” to be a non-statement and was therefore not hearsay. The trial court did not
abuse its discretion in this ruling. However, the trial court only addressed whether the remainder
of the testimony constituted a non-responsive narrative; it failed to analyze whether the
remainder of Jack’s statement constituted inadmissible hearsay. 6 Accordingly, the trial court
abused its discretion in admitting the evidence without undertaking the proper analysis.
Further, no hearsay exception applies to the statement. Below, the Delavans argued that
the statement was admissible as a statement against interest pursuant to I.R.E. 804(b)(3) or under
the residual exceptions pursuant to I.R.E. 803(24) and 804(b)(6). However, none of these
exceptions applies. First, the statement is not one that is against interest. Oliver’s statement that
he built the fence to keep children off other portions of his property does not open him up to the
possibility of civil action. It is a self-serving statement, not one against interest. Further, the
statement does not fall within either of the residual exceptions because Oliver’s statement does
not generally have the “equivalent circumstantial guarantees of trustworthiness” that would “best
serve the purposes” of hearsay rules. See I.R.E. 803(24), 804(b)(6). Accordingly, the trial court
abused its discretion in admitting Jack’s testimony about Oliver’s statement.
Finally, the decision affected the District’s substantial rights. The statement helped
establish that the fence was built as a barrier, not a boundary. It was one of the facts relied on by

6
It is important to note that the trial court ruled that the District failed to preserve any objections at the time of
Jack’s deposition. However, the trial court’s ruling fails to appreciate what objections may be made in a deposition,
and what objections must be made to preserve the objection. The grounds for objecting are very limited at a
deposition. Tim Gresback, Deposition Bullies, Witness Coaching and Discovery Abuse, 58 ADVOCATE 14, 15
(2015). This is because the purpose of depositions is to gather information; a deposition that is encumbered by
numerous objections that are only applicable at trial defeats the overall purpose, not to mention the flow, of the
deposition. Id. Examples of permissible objections to be made at a deposition include those based on privilege
(I.R.C.P. 30(d)(1)) and to the form of the question. Gresback, supra. However, objections such as hearsay and
relevance only go towards admissibility of the evidence, not discoverability. Id.; see also I.R.C.P. 26(b)(1)(A)
(“Relevant information need not be admissible at the trial if the discovery appears reasonably calculated to lead to
the discovery of admissible evidence”) (italics added); Quigley v. Kemp, 162 Idaho 408, 411–12, 398 P.3d 141, 144–
45 (2017) (explaining a substantive difference between admissibility and discoverability).
Here, there was no obligation by the District’s counsel to object to any potential hearsay during the
deposition. Accordingly, any objections that the District had about the admissibility of these hearsay statements
would have been preserved for trial. The Delavans’ argument that the District did not preserve an objection to
hearsay evidence is unpersuasive.

11
the trial court in its written decision. Consequently, we reverse the trial court’s ruling and hold
that Jack’s statement was inadmissible hearsay.
2. The trial court abused its discretion in admitting Patrick Seale’s testimony regarding
Oliver’s statement about the ownership of the boat ramp.
The District challenged the trial court’s admission of Patrick Seale’s testimony on the
basis that it was inadmissible hearsay. During trial, Seale testified as follows:
Q. [by Mr. Magnuson] . . . You had testified that you went over to the boat
launch, saw Oliver Delavan on the boat launch and it’s 1983?
A. [by Seale] Yes.
Q. And you saw him, as you described, clearing away debris and driftwood, etc.?
A. Yes.
Q. And so you asked him why he was doing that?
A. Yes.
Q. And what did he tell you why he was doing what you have just described?
A. He said that that was his property and that he was responsible for it. And I was
surprised, so I said, “I thought it was the County’s.” And he said, “No, it was his
but he lets the County use it.”
The District objected to Seale’s testimony as inadmissible hearsay prior to it being elicited. The
trial court overruled the objection, finding that it was admissible under I.R.E. 803(1) as a present
sense impression.
Here, the trial court appreciated the discretionary nature of the decision. However, the
trial court misapplied I.R.E. 803(1). Rule 803(1) allows for hearsay statements that “describe[ ]
or explain[ ] an event or condition, made while or immediately after the declarant perceived it.”
I.R.E. 803(1). The rationale justifying the exception is that the immediacy of the statement offers
no opportunity for fabrication. See Fed. R. Evid. 803(1) advisory committee note. Oliver’s
statement, that it was his property and that he was only letting the county use it, is not the type of
statement contemplated by I.R.E. 803(1). There was substantial opportunity to fabricate a
response. Consequently, the trial court abused its discretion in overruling the District’s objection.
Further, admission of this evidence affected the District’s substantial rights. The evidence
helped establish the Delavans owned the boat ramp. As a result, we reverse the trial court’s
admission of Seale’s hearsay statement.
3. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Gregory’s testimony regarding
the fence as a barrier.
The District contends that Gregory testified about an issue that was outside his personal
knowledge. The testimony was as follows: “Q. Do you have personal knowledge as to why the

12
[chain] link fence was installed? A. [by Gregory] I have personal knowledge of how we managed
it since I was a child. And that was to be a barrier between the public and private area.” The
District’s counsel objected that Gregory did not have personal knowledge as to why the fence
was installed in 1949. The trial court overruled the objection.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing Gregory’s answer. Under I.R.E.
602, a witness may only testify about a matter if there is evidence that the witness has personal
knowledge of the matter. It is true that the question posed by the Delavans’ counsel could have
elicited a response to which Gregory would not have had personal knowledge because he was
born after 1949. 7 However, Gregory’s response only addressed the purpose of the fence as it was
managed since he was a child. Gregory had personal knowledge of the way in which the
property had been managed. While the management of the fence since Gregory’s youth may not
be highly probative as to the reason the fence was originally erected, it is nevertheless admissible
testimony. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting it.
4. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting Gregory’s testimony regarding
the construction of the boat ramp.
During trial, the Delavans’ counsel questioned Gregory regarding whether the boat ramp
was on the property at the time the property was conveyed to Gregory’s grandparents, Oliver and
Edna, in 1949. The District’s counsel objected on the basis of lack of foundation because
Gregory had not been born yet in 1949. Following the objection, but before the trial court could
make a ruling, the Delavans’ counsel switched his line of questioning, asking Gregory to review
a news article describing the boat ramp’s construction in 1955. Counsel then asked, “[D]o you
have a belief as to whether or not the boat launch was in place when your grandfather acquired
title from Mr. Boothe?” Gregory stated that based on the photograph and news article, he did not
believe that a boat ramp existed when title was transferred to his grandfather. The trial court
allowed the testimony over another objection from the District’s counsel.
The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted the statement. Again, I.R.E.
602 only allows a witness to testify to a matter on which the witness has personal knowledge.
Here, the original question posed by counsel would have elicited a response to which Gregory
did not have foundation to answer. However, counsel rephrased the question and asked Gregory
to review the photo and state whether he believed a boat ramp existed based on the photo and
7
Gregory Delavan was born in 1953.

13
article. Based on the rephrasing of the question, Gregory had personal knowledge of his belief
that the boat ramp did not exist in 1949 based on the photo. 8 Therefore, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in allowing Gregory’s testimony.
B. Notwithstanding errors in admitting evidence by the trial court, there is substantial
and competent evidence to support the trial court’s decision regarding the lack of
boundary by agreement.
The first trial concerned the District’s claim of ownership of the disputed property due to
a boundary by agreement. Following post-trial briefing, the trial court concluded that the District
had failed to prove either required element of a boundary by agreement. Further, the trial court
found that the “[u]se of the boat launch by all parties other than [the Delavans] since its
construction, has been permissive.”
On appeal, the District argues that the trial court erred in a variety of ways when it
decided that the District had failed to prove a boundary by agreement. The District argues that
the trial court relied on evidence that should have been excluded as hearsay. The Delavans argue
that there was sufficient evidence that the fence had been built as a barrier, not as a boundary.
This Court reviews a trial court’s conclusions following a bench trial by determining
whether the evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact, and whether those findings
support the conclusions made by the trial court. In re Estate of Smith, 164 Idaho 457, 473, 432
P.3d 6, 22 (2018) (citation omitted). “This Court will not set aside a trial court’s findings of fact
unless the findings are clearly erroneous.” Borah v. McCandless, 147 Idaho 73, 77, 205 P.3d
1209, 1213 (2009) (citing Ransom v. Topaz Mktg., L.P., 143 Idaho 641, 643, 152 P.3d 2, 4
(2006); I.R.C.P. 52(a)). “[W]e will freely review conclusions of law and will draw our own
conclusions based on the factual record.” In re Estate of Smith, 164 Idaho at 474, 432 P.3d at 23
(citation omitted).
Under Idaho case law, boundary by agreement requires the party asserting the claim to
prove two elements: “(1) an uncertain or disputed boundary involving adjacent properties, and
(2) an agreement fixing the boundary.” Neider v. Shaw, 138 Idaho 503, 506, 65 P.3d 525, 528

8
Normally, the belief of a witness would not be relevant to the issues in a case. However, the proper objection to
such a question would not be foundation, but rather relevance. The District did not object to the proffered evidence
on the basis of relevance, so that objection was not preserved. I.R.E. 103(a); Hecla Mining Co. v. Star-Morning
Mining Co., 122 Idaho 778, 783, 839 P.2d 1192, 1197 (1992). In addition, the District’s objection is to evidence that
is undisputed. Oliver and Edna purchased the property in dispute in 1949. The boat ramp was not constructed until
1955. Therefore, the admission of Gregory’s “belief” was harmless.

14
(2003) (citing Cox v. Clanton, 137 Idaho 492, 495, 50 P.3d 987, 990 (2002)). “The party seeking
to establish boundary by agreement has the burden of proving these two elements by clear and
convincing evidence.” Weitz v. Green, 148 Idaho 851, 860, 230 P.3d 743, 752 (2010) (citation
omitted). Further, “an agreed boundary binds successors in interest who purchase with notice,
actual or constructive.” Neider, 138 Idaho at 506, 65 P.3d at 528 (citing Paurley v. Harris, 75
Idaho 112, 117, 268 P.2d 351, 353 (1954)).
There is substantial and competent evidence that amply supports the trial court’s finding
that the District failed to prove that there was an agreement fixing the boundary by clear and
convincing evidence. Given this ruling, there is no need to analyze the first element.
Under the second element of boundary by agreement, an agreement between the property
owners may be inferred from the conduct of the parties or their predecessors. Weitz, 148 Idaho at
860, 230 P.3d at 752. For example, such conduct may include “acquiescence to the location and
maintenance of a fence line for a long period of time; however, it is not conclusive evidence.” Id.
(citing Brown v. Brown, 18 Idaho 345, 357, 110 P. 269, 273 (1910)); see also Johnson v.
Newport, 131 Idaho 521, 523, 960 P.2d 742, 744 (1998) (finding that a fence in existence for
sixty years established boundary by agreement). In other words, Idaho law presumes an
agreement fixing the boundary when a long-standing fence exists that has no other explanation
other than as a boundary establishing the property line.
However, when a long-standing fence has an alternative explanation, it cannot be used to
infer an agreement fixing the boundary. For example, in Boyd-Davis v. Baker, 157 Idaho 688,
693, 339 P.3d 749, 754 (2014), a party testified that the purpose for erecting a particular fence
was to contain horses, and not to establish any boundary. This Court affirmed the trial court’s
finding that this original fence was never intended to serve as a boundary. Id. Accordingly, the
effort to prove boundary by agreement failed.
Here, the trial court entered its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and Verdict
following a bench trial. Thus, this Court reviews the decision to determine whether there is
substantial and competent evidence to support the trial court’s findings. In re Estate of Smith,
164 Idaho at 473, 432 P.3d at 22.
The trial court made the following factual findings in order to determine that there was no
boundary by agreement:
• Oliver and Edna Delavan purchased the subject property in 1949.

15
 • The boat ramp was constructed in 1955.
• A fence was later constructed between the southern edge of the boat ramp and the
remainder of the Delavan property.
• The Delavans owned the land on which the boat ramp was built.
• The public’s use of the boat ramp was permissive.
• The fence was intended as a barrier and not a boundary.
Given our decision that certain statements made by Jack and Seale should have been
excluded by the trial court, we must look to the record to determine whether the decision that the
fence was a barrier and the boat ramp was on the Delavan property is supported by other
independent evidence.
For a boundary by agreement claim to be successful, there must be some acquiescence
that the parties treat the fence as a boundary. See Weitz, 148 Idaho at 860, 230 P.3d at 752. Here,
even excluding the hearsay evidence, the trial court’s factual findings are supported by
substantial and competent evidence. The District failed to prove by clear and convincing
evidence that there was an agreement to fix the boundary because the record showed that Oliver
Delavan and his successors never treated the fence as a boundary.
First, there is substantial and competent evidence to support the trial court’s finding that
the Delavans owned the property on which the boat ramp was built. Even absent Seale’s hearsay
testimony, Seale witnessed Oliver cleaning the boat ramp. It is reasonable to infer from this
evidence that the owner of the boat ramp would be the person cleaning it. It begs the question: if
Oliver transferred the boat ramp property to the District, why would he be maintaining it? The
simple answer is: he wouldn’t. Next, Kootenai County applied to extend portions of the boat
ramp in 1977. The county’s application included in its documentation a diagram that placed the
boat ramp on the Delavans’ property. Additionally, in 1992, when Jack appealed his assessment
valuation for Lots 19 through 21, the county assessor recommended that the portion of the
Delavan property be considered a “right-of-way” given the location of the boat ramp on the
Delavan property. Specifically, the assessor stated, “[t]he survey information, as substantiated by
the appraisal photo, depicts the area occupied by the Boothe Park access road and boat ramp
encroaching within Lot 19 as owned by the Delavans.”
Second, there is substantial and competent evidence that the fence line was not intended
as a boundary. According to Jack, Oliver reconstructed all fences that had previously been in
place on Oliver’s property. The District contends that the location of the previous fence markers

16
indicates that it was the boundary line. Tellingly, the old remnants of the fence only went to the
driveway of the Delavans’ property, not all the way to the lake. Given that the property in
dispute is located west of the Delavans’ driveway, the location of the previous fence line is not
indicative of the boundary line. Further, Gregory Delavan testified that he helped manage the
fence as a barrier from the time he was a child going forward.
Finally, the District’s evidence that the fence was intended as a boundary is unpersuasive.
For example, the 1956 Kindler survey indicated the location of Oliver’s chain link fence as the
boundary line. However, there is no indication that Oliver was ever aware of the Kindler survey,
or that Kindler had contacted Oliver while surveying the land. Further, the 1956 Kindler survey
was never recorded so Oliver could not have been on constructive notice of the survey. Kindler
conducted his survey to try to resolve the uncertainty involving the property. Unfortunately, the
Kindler survey never proceeded to a resolution. There was uncertainty but that uncertainty
effectively supports the Delavans’ claim, not the District’s.
Accordingly, there is substantial and competent evidence that the Delavans owned the
property on which the boat ramp was built. Further, there is substantial and competent evidence
that the fence served a different purpose from acting as a boundary. Accordingly, the trial court’s
conclusion that the District failed to prove a boundary by agreement by clear and convincing
evidence is affirmed.
C. The trial court erred by reading a hostility requirement in Idaho Code section 40-
202(3).
Following the trial court’s finding in the first trial, that the use of the boat ramp had been
permissive, the Delavans filed a motion for partial summary judgment on the District’s claim
based on Idaho Code section 40-202(3). The trial court granted the Delavans’ motion for partial
summary judgment finding that because the use of the boat ramp had been permissive, the
District could not gain a prescriptive right pursuant to Idaho Code section 40-202(3).
This Court employs the same standard as the trial court when reviewing rulings on
summary judgment motions. La Bella Vita, LLC v. Shuler, 158 Idaho 799, 804–05, 353 P.3d 420,
425–26 (2015) (citing Wesco Autobody Supply, Inc. v. Ernest, 149 Idaho 881, 890, 243 P.3d
1069, 1078 (2010)). “The court must grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is
no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” I.R.C.P. 56(a).

17
 “Statutory interpretation is a question of law over which this Court exercises free
review.” Carrillo v. Boise Tire Co., 152 Idaho 741, 748, 274 P.3d 1256, 1263 (2012) (citation
omitted). When this Court engages in statutory interpretation, it applies the following principles:
The objective of statutory interpretation is to derive the intent of the legislative
body that adopted the act. Statutory interpretation begins with the literal language
of the statute. Provisions should not be read in isolation, but must be interpreted in
the context of the entire document. The statute should be considered as a whole,
and words should be given their plain, usual, and ordinary meanings. It should be
noted that the Court must give effect to all the words and provisions of the statute
so that none will be void, superfluous, or redundant. When the statutory language
is unambiguous, the clearly expressed intent of the legislative body must be given
effect, and the Court need not consider rules of statutory construction.

State v. Schulz, 151 Idaho 863, 866–67, 264 P.3d 970, 973–74 (2011) (quoting Farber v. Idaho
State Ins. Fund, 147 Idaho 307, 310, 208 P.3d 289, 292 (2009)).
Idaho Code section 40-202(3) states, “all highways used for a period of five (5) years,
provided they shall have been worked and kept up at the expense of the public . . . are
highways.” The term “highways” is defined so broadly that it would include the boat ramp at
issue here. I.C. § 40-109(5) (defining highways to include such things as “culverts, sluices,
drains, ditches, waterways, embankments, retaining walls, bridges, [and] tunnels”).
Under Idaho case law, the District may establish that a road has become a highway by
proving: “(1) if the public uses the road for a period of five years, and (2) the road is worked and
kept up at the expense of the public.” Ada Cty. Highway Dist. v. Total Success Inv., L.L.C., 145
Idaho 360, 365, 179 P.3d 323, 328 (2008) (citations omitted). The elements must be proven by a
preponderance of the evidence. Id. (citing Floyd v. Bd. of Comm’rs, 137 Idaho 718, 724, 52 P.3d
863, 869 (2002)). The establishment of a highway “vests in the public . . . [the] right to use[ ] the
land over which the road runs for highway purposes, and the public cannot be divested of this
right save by vacation or abandonment of the highway in the manner prescribed by law.” State v.
Nesbitt, 79 Idaho 1, 6, 310 P.2d 787, 791 (1957) (quoting 39A C.J.S. Highways § 19),
superseded by statute on different grounds by John W. Brown Props. v. Blaine Cty., 138 Idaho
171, 176, 59 P.3d 976, 981 (2002). This also means that the District does not own the underlying
land upon which the highway is located; rather, the District merely has an easement over the
road for the benefit of the public. See id.
As mentioned, the District argues that the trial court erred in two ways. First, it argues
that the trial court’s finding that the use of the boat ramp was permissive is not supported by
18
substantial and competent evidence. Second, the District contends that the trial court created a
new element of hostility that is not part of the statutory language under Idaho Code section 40-
202(3). As the issue regarding hostility is dispositive, we will address that first.
To support its view that hostility is a required element for establishing a statutory right of
public use, the trial court relied on Lattin v. Adams County, 149 Idaho 497, 503, 236 P.3d 1257,
1263 (2010). In Lattin, this Court stated,
the record does not suggest that any public access was hostile to Respondents’
ownership. “[W]here the owner of real property constructs a way over it for his
use and convenience, the mere use thereof by others which in no way interferes
with his use will be presumed to be by way of license or permission.” . . . .
Respondents very well could have permitted such access to the forest.

Id. (internal citations omitted). The District contends that this holding is merely dicta and
conflates the requirements for a private prescriptive easement and a public highway created
under Idaho Code section 40-202(3). We agree.
There is no explicit hostility requirement set out in the statute for establishing a public
highway. Notably, this Court has recently articulated the importance of the strict application of
unambiguous statutes. This Court has reiterated that “it is the province of the Legislature to make
and amend laws[,]” and that “this Court is without authority to amend laws enacted by the
Legislature because we think them unwise.” Hoffer v. Shappard, 160 Idaho 868, 883, 380 P.3d
681, 696 (2016) (citation omitted). Here, the plain language of Idaho Code section 40-202(3)
contains only two elements. First, the highway must be used for a period of five years. I.C. § 40-
202(3). Second, the highway must be maintained at the public expense. Id. The statute does not
contain a requirement for hostile or adverse use by the public. 9 See id.

9
We are not alone in determining that a statutory method of creating a public easement over a public road does not
require hostile use. A Missouri appellate court held that the statutory method of establishing a public road was
distinct and separate from establishment of one by prescription. Wilson v. Sherman, 573 S.W.2d 456, 459 (Mo. Ct.
App. 1978); Claybrook v. Murphy, 746 S.W.2d 140, 143 (Mo. Ct. App. 1988). The Missouri appellate court held
that if there is sufficient evidence to satisfy the elements in the statute there is no need to prove any additional
elements, including hostile use. Wilson, 573 S.W.2d at 459. The Missouri statute is materially similar to Idaho Code
section 40-202(3). Missouri’s statute states, “all roads that have been used as such by the public for ten years
continuously, and upon which there shall have been expended public money or labor for such period, shall be
deemed legally established roads[.]” Mo. Ann. Stat. § 228.190.
In contrast, a New York appellate court, in interpreting a similar statute to Idaho’s, implied that there is a
hostility requirement for the creation of public roads. Gardner v. Suddaby, 417 N.Y.S.2d 803, 805 (N.Y. App. Div.
1979); see also 39A C.J.S. Highways § 20. However, it is not within this Court’s powers to read something into a
statute that is not there. See Verska v. Saint Alphonsus Reg’l Med. Ctr., 151 Idaho 889, 896, 265 P.3d 502, 509
(2011) (explaining that the Court does not have the authority to revise or void an unambiguous statute on the ground

19
 In addition, the trial court’s reliance on Lattin was misplaced. The facts in Lattin are
easily distinguishable. In Lattin, Adams County sought a declaratory judgment to a roadway
(Burch Lane) by prescription. Lattin, 149 Idaho at 500, 236 P.3d at 1260. However, Adams
County never maintained the roadway in question: “There is absolutely no evidence anywhere
that the County has ever performed any maintenance on or improved Burch Lane before
Respondents filed this lawsuit.” Id. at 503, 236 P.3d at 1263. Consequently, any language in
Lattin about a “hostility” requirement was unnecessary to the holding. 10 To the extent Lattin can
be read to identify a “hostility” requirement in Idaho Code section 40-202(3) it was unnecessary
to the decision in Lattin and we disavow that portion of the decision.
Given that the statute does not require that the public’s use be hostile to the landowner’s,
the trial court erred as a matter of law when it imposed a hostility requirement not found in Idaho
Code section 40-202. Accordingly, whether the use of the boat ramp was permissive is irrelevant
to the applicability of the statute. Therefore, the trial court’s order granting partial summary
judgment is vacated, and the case will be remanded to the trial court for a redetermination of the
District’s claim under Idaho Code section 40-202(3).
D. The trial court did not err in its interpretation of the 1949 deed.
Whether or not the trial court finds that Boothe Park Road is a public highway, the
ownership of the underlying land must still be determined. Accordingly, we must analyze the
trial court’s interpretation of the 1949 deed conveying property from the Boothes to Oliver and
Edna Delavan. We hold that the trial court’s interpretation of this deed is supported by
substantial and competent evidence.
On June 20, 2017, the trial court entered its Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law, and
Verdict regarding the quiet title actions. The trial court found in favor of the Delavans because
the 1949 deed was latently ambiguous, and the intent of the parties was to correct the lack of lake
frontage feet Oliver and Edna had received.
The 1949 deed from the Boothes to Oliver and Edna conveyed the following property:

that the statute would produce an absurd result); see also Herndon v. West, 87 Idaho 335, 339, 393 P.2d 35, 37
(1964) (citation omitted) (“If it is socially or economically unsound, the power to correct it is legislative, not
judicial.”). Accordingly, unlike New York, we will not read a hostility requirement into Idaho Code section 40-
202(3). If we are incorrect and the legislature intended to include the requirement that the public’s actions be hostile
to the landowner, the legislature has it within its power to remedy this oversight.
10
It was reasonable for the trial court to rely on the language in Lattin that identified a “hostility” requirement in the
statute. However, that language was dicta and unnecessary to our analysis in Lattin.

20
 Commencing at the Northwest corner of Lot 19, as originally platted, Lakeshore
addition to Sunnyside, section, 33, Twp 50 North, Range 3 W B M thence
North 79° 58’ East to the West boundary of the existing county road; thence along
the existing right of way line of said county road to its intersection with the
meander line of Lake Coeur d’Alene; thence Southerly along the meander line of
said Lake Coeur d’Alene, to the point of beginning, said land being in the
county of Kootenai, State of Idaho.
Accordingly, the location of the boundary line is dependent upon the location of the “existing
county road” on August 17, 1949, the date of the conveyance.
The standard of review used by this Court when reviewing a trial court’s interpretation of
a deed “depends on whether the instrument is ambiguous.” Baker v. KAL, LLC, 163 Idaho 530,
533, 415 P.3d 939, 942 (2018) (quoting C & G, Inc. v. Rule, 135 Idaho 763, 765, 25 P.3d 76, 78
(2001)). “Whether a deed is ambiguous is a question of law, over which we exercise free
review.” Id. If the deed is unambiguous, the interpretation is a matter of law, which we review de
novo. Id. If the deed is ambiguous, the interpretation is a question of fact, “we will defer to the
findings of the trial court so long as those findings are supported by substantial and competent
evidence.” Id.
“There are two types of ambiguity, patent and latent.” Knipe Land Co. v. Robertson, 151
Idaho 449, 455, 259 P.3d 595, 601 (2011). A patent ambiguity exists when the document is
ambiguous on its face. Id. (citation omitted). “A latent ambiguity exists where an instrument is
clear on its face, but loses that clarity when applied to the facts as they exist.” Id. (citing Cool v.
Mountainview Landowners Co-op. Ass’n, Inc., 139 Idaho 770, 773, 86 P.3d 484, 487 (2004)).
“Where the facts in existence reveal a latent ambiguity in a contract, the court seeks to determine
what the intent of the parties was at the time they entered into the contract.” Id. (citing Snoderly
v. Bower, 30 Idaho 484, 488, 166 P. 265, 266 (1917)).
Here, the trial court did not err in determining that the 1949 deed contained a latent
ambiguity. The precise location of the “existing county road” in 1949 was not determinable.
There was little evidence offered by the District as to the actual location of the county road
(Boothe Park Road) as it existed in August of 1949. The District elicited testimony from Marilyn
Moore, Boothe’s granddaughter. Moore visited Boothe Park Road in 2015, and testified at trial
that Boothe Park Road extended to the boat ramp just as it did in 1949.
However, Jack Delavan testified that there was no boat ramp in 1949, as it was not
constructed until 1955. Further, Jack testified that the existing county road stopped at the corner

21
of the Boothe Park property and that “Boothe Park [Road] never . . . went past the corner of [the
Delavans’] property[.]” Further, the Plat noted that the county road stopped before it met the
meander lines of Lake Coeur d’Alene.
The District also presented an aerial photo of the property in dispute taken in 1951. The
District contends that the photo demonstrates that the road existed and that it terminates where
the boat ramp is now. However, the photo is grainy and difficult to discern. Nothing in the photo
depicts the county road going near the boat ramp. Finally, the District introduced Ray Kindler’s
1956 unrecorded survey, which showed the roadway as terminating at “Boothe Park,” at a
concrete monument that is positioned near the location of the Delavans’ driveway. According to
both Jack and Kindler, the road did not extend beyond the Delavans’ driveway.
Additionally, neither of the parties’ expert witnesses could identify the location of the
existing county road in 1949. The District’s expert, Russell, testified he did not know where the
county road existed in 1949, but believed that the Plat was the best indicator. 11 The Delavans’
expert, Ernest Warner, testified he did not know where the county road was located in 1949. He
too thought the Plat was the best indicator.
Therefore, we agree with the trial court’s ruling that the deed is latently ambiguous
because it is unclear where the county road referenced in the deed was located at the time of the
conveyance. The trial court properly found, due to an absence of evidence as to the location of
the then-existing county road, that the deed from the Boothes to Oliver and Edna was
ambiguous. Given this finding, the trial court was charged with determining, as a question of
fact, the location of the boundary line.
Next, this Court must determine whether the trial court’s finding regarding the intention
of the parties (the Boothes and Oliver and Edna Delavan) is supported by substantial and
competent evidence. The trial court inferred that the deed from the Boothes to Oliver and Edna
was intended to compensate Oliver and Edna for the lot numbering problem and to grant Oliver
and Edna the amount of lake front property necessary to ensure that they received 100 feet of
lake front property for each of the lots they purchased.
This finding is supported by substantial and competent evidence. Russell, the District’s
expert witness, testified that the deed was intended as a corrective action. Further, Scott Rasor’s

11
As noted above, the Plat indicated that the county road stopped before it met the meander lines of Lake Coeur
d’Alene.

22
2001 survey noted, “[t]he lots for Lakeshore Addition to Sunnyside were laid out from prior
surveys and the original Plat at 100 feet wide and with parallel lines.” With the inclusion of the
disputed property, the Delavan frontage is exactly 300 feet (three lots at one hundred feet each).
Accordingly, the trial court’s finding is supported by substantial and competent evidence.
Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law establishing that the
Delavans are owners of the disputed property.
However, this holding is separate and distinct from the determination of whether Boothe
Park Road is a public highway to the water’s edge. Accordingly, the trial court’s determination
on remand will not change the fact that the Delavans are owners of the property underlying the
purported easement.
E. The trial court erred in its Second Amended Judgment.
In its Second Amended Judgment, the trial court decreed to the Delavans the right in the
disputed property alongside the existing asphalt road. The District contends that the trial court’s
Second Amended Judgment failed to take into account the shoulder area that exists outside of the
asphalt road. The District argues that the shoulder area was part of the road and therefore should
not have been granted to the Delavans. The area in question is indicated in dark gray on Exhibit
1 to this Court’s opinion.
There is little, if any, evidence to support the trial court’s decision to include the shoulder
portion of the road in its Second Amended Judgment. Mainly, the only evidence noted by the
Delavans is Russell’s acknowledgement that the road depicted in Warner’s survey was
harmonious with the curvature of the road depicted on the 1910 plat. However, Russell did not
testify that the asphalt surface of the road was the extent of the right-of-way as maintained by the
District.
In contrast, there is evidence that the portion of the property was a shoulder used for road
drainage, posting road signs, and snow storage. The evidence presented by the District at trial
shows traffic signs and a visible shoulder next to the asphalt road. The trial court should have
explained why it resolved the issue surrounding the shoulder in favor of the Delavans prior to
entering the Second Amended Judgment. Because it is unclear why the trial court reached the
conclusions it did in quieting title to the shoulder in favor of the Delavans, this portion of the
decision is unsupported by substantial and competent evidence. Accordingly, we vacate the trial

23
court’s Second Amended Judgment and remand for a further determination as to the issue
regarding the shoulder area.
F. The Delavans are not entitled to attorney fees.
The Delavans request attorney fees pursuant to Idaho Code section 12-121. Section 12-
121 provides, “[i]n any civil action, the judge may award reasonable attorney’s fees to the
prevailing party or parties when the judge finds that the case was brought, pursued or defended
frivolously, unreasonably or without foundation.” The Delavans contend that the District is
merely requesting this Court to reweigh the evidence and therefore the appeal was pursued
frivolously, unreasonably, or without foundation. However, the District raised valid evidentiary
issues. Further, we held that the District prevailed on appeal regarding whether Idaho Code
section 40-202(3) contains a hostility requirement. Accordingly, the District’s appeal was not
pursued frivolously, unreasonably, or without foundation. Therefore, the Delavans are not
entitled to an award of attorney fees.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s decision that there was no boundary
by agreement. Although we have reversed two of the trial court’s evidentiary rulings, we
nevertheless affirm the trial court’s interpretation of the 1949 deed. However, we vacate the trial
court’s order granting the Delavans partial summary judgment on the District’s claim to a public
highway because hostility is not a requirement under the plain language of Idaho Code section
40-202(3). We remand for a determination as to whether the District has established a statutory
public highway.
Further, we vacate the trial court’s Second Amended Judgment that awarded the
Delavans the shoulder area of Boothe Park Road. We also remand that issue for further
determination as to whether the District has an easement on the shoulder area pursuant to Idaho
Code section 40-202(3).
We decline to award the Delavans attorney fees. Additionally, we decline to award either
party costs.
Chief Justice BURDICK, Justices BRODY, BEVAN and MOELLER CONCUR.

24
 Exhibit 1:

Map of Disputed Property