NUMBER 13-18-00444-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
HECTOR JAVIER RODRIGUEZ
ALVARADO, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 275th District Court
of Hidalgo County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Before Justices Benavides, Longoria, and Perkes
Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria
Appellant Hector Javier Rodriguez Alvarado was convicted on three counts of
capital murder, all first-degree felonies. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 19.03(a)(2), (7).
By five issues, he argues that: (1) he should have been acquitted based on the doctrine
of collateral estoppel; (2) the trial court erred by admitting his written statement; (3) the
trial court erred by not instructing the jury regarding the voluntariness of Alvarado’s
statement; (4) the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury on duress; and (5) his
convictions constituted a double jeopardy violation. We reverse and render judgment
vacating Alvarado’s convictions for capital murder as alleged in counts two and three and
affirm the remaining judgment for capital murder as alleged in count one.
I. BACKGROUND
In May 2015, the police were called to investigate a burning vehicle with two
corpses in the trunk—Jose Luis Salinas Torres and Lazaro “Nacho” Alejandro Martinez
Esparza. Several weeks later, Investigator Miguel Lopez received a tip that Alvarado
might have been involved with the killings. Subsequently, Alvarado gave a non-custodial
affidavit and was released afterward. In the affidavit, Alvarado admitted that he and
Esparza were involved in transporting and selling drugs between Mexico and the United
States.
Lopez, through the investigation, learned that the reporting witness, Carlos
Palacios, was present on the day of the killing. According to Palacios, there were two
other people present at the time of the murder: Alvarado and Edwin Salinas. Salinas
admitted to killing the two men and admitted to burning their bodies in the car using an
accelerant; Salinas also implicated Palacios and Alvarado as co-participants in the
murders.
In September 2015, an arrest warrant for Alvarado was executed. Alvarado gave
a custodial statement, which was later admitted into evidence at trial over his objection.
In his statement, Alvarado admitted that he knew Torres was a drug-dealer who frequently
carried a gun. Nevertheless, Alvarado proceeded to arrange a drug deal between
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Salinas, Esparza, and Torres. According to Alvarado, when he arrived at the deal, he
saw that Salinas was accompanied by Palacios. Alvarado admitted that he was aware
that Palacios was a “psycho” gang member known to use cocaine. However, Alvarado
testified that Palacios and Salinas shot the Torres and Esparza and then placed them in
the trunk of the car.
Amanda Ruiz, Alvarado’s girlfriend, testified that she noticed a set of teeth on the
table of Salinas’s home. According to Ruiz, Alvarado told her that it had come from “one
of the guys that got killed.”
Bobbie Medrano, Salinas’s wife, testified that the day after the murder, Alvarado
and Salinas were laughing as they held items taken from the Torres and Esparza.
According to Medrano, Alvarado and Salinas also argued over who would keep Torres’s
and Esparza’s property.
Alvarado was charged with one count of capital murder of multiple persons (count
one) and two counts of capital murder in the course of a felony (counts two and three).
See id. §§ 19.03(a)(2), (7). In June 2018, a jury found Alvarado guilty on all three counts,
and the trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.
This appeal ensued.
II. COLLATERAL ESTOPPEL
In his first issue, Alvarado argues that he should be acquitted on all three counts
because of collateral estoppel. More specifically, Alvarado argues that the present issue
of whether he committed the offense of capital murder has already been previously
litigated at a revocation hearing.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
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“The doctrine of collateral estoppel is embodied within the constitutional bar
against double jeopardy. But the two are not identical. Double jeopardy bars any retrial
of a criminal offense, while collateral estoppel bars any retrial of specific and discrete
facts that have been fully and fairly adjudicated.” Ex parte Watkins, 73 S.W.3d 264, 267–
68 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Collateral estoppel bars
successive litigation of an issue of fact or law that is actually litigated and
determined by a valid and final judgment, and . . . is essential to the
judgment. If a judgment does not depend on a given determination,
relitigation of that determination is not precluded. . . . A determination ranks
as necessary or essential only when the final outcome hinges on it.
State v. Waters, 560 S.W.3d 651, 661 (Tex. Crim. App. 2018) (quoting Bobby v. Bies,
556 U.S. 825, 834 (2009)); see York v. State, 342 S.W.3d 528, 553 (Tex. Crim. App.
2011) (Womack, J., concurring) (noting that res judicata “encompasses claim preclusion
and issue preclusion”).
B. Analysis
Back in May 2015, before trial of the present case, Alvarado was convicted and
placed on community supervision for an unrelated felony. The State subsequently filed
a motion to revoke his supervision, alleging numerous offenses, such as failing to pay
various required fees, failing to complete service community hours, failing to complete
required counseling programs, and committing the offense of capital murder as alleged
in the current case. In its ruling on the motion to revoke supervision, the trial court stated
The Court is going to find by a preponderance of the evidence that he failed
to perform his community service hours and he also failed to participate in
the marriage counseling classes condition, that he violated condition
number 29 and condition number 21. The other conditions, the State failed
to prove by a preponderance of the evidence
The “other conditions” included committing the new offense of capital murder.
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Alvarado filed a pretrial application for habeas relief based on collateral estoppel.
Similar to the current appeal, Alvarado argued that the issue of whether Alvarado had
committed capital murder had already been litigated during a previous revocation hearing.
During the habeas hearing, the trial court declared that it “made no finding on that issue.”
Nevertheless, Alvarado argued that the trial court had made an “implied ruling of not true”
as to the capital murder offense. The trial court ultimately denied habeas relief.
Concerning revocation hearings and collateral estoppel, the Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals has held, “[b]ecause of the highly discretionary nature of revocation
proceedings, and because neither the finding of ‘true’ or ‘not true’ compels any particular
result on the revocation proceedings, collateral estoppel principles are not implicated.”
Waters, 560 S.W.3d at 661. Thus, the revocation allegations do not bar the current
prosecution. See id. We overrule Alvarado’s first issue.
III. MOTION TO SUPPRESS
In his second issue, Alvarado argues that the trial court erred in admitting his
written, custodial statement because (1) Alvarado was arrested without probable cause;
(2) Alvarado’s custodial statement was taken in violation of the procedural protections of
Article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.
art. 38.22; and (3) Alvarado’s custodial statement was taken in violation of Article 15.26
of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, see id. art. 15.26.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, we employ a bifurcated
standard, giving almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of historic facts and
mixed questions of law and fact that rely upon the credibility of a witness, but applying a
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de novo standard of review to pure questions of law and mixed questions that do not
depend on credibility determinations. See State v. Kerwick, 393 S.W.3d 270, 273 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2013); Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). The
trial judge is the sole trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the
weight to be given their testimony. See Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24–25 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2007). The record is reviewed in the light most favorable to the trial court’s
determination, and the judgment will be reversed only if it is arbitrary, unreasonable, or
“outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.” State v. Dixon, 206 S.W. 3d 587, 590
(Tex. Crim. App. 2006).
Rule 33.1(a) of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure provides that a
complaint is not preserved for appeal unless it was made to the trial court
“by a timely request, objection or motion” that “stated the grounds for the
ruling that the complaining party sought from the trial court with sufficient
specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, unless the specific
grounds were apparent from the context.” Likewise, under Rule 103 of the
Texas Rules of Evidence, error may not be predicated upon a ruling which
admits or excludes evidence unless “a timely objection or motion to strike
appears of record, stating the specific ground of objection, if the specific
ground was not apparent from the context.”
Resendez v. State, 306 S.W.3d 308, 312 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009)
B. Analysis
1. Sub-Issues One and Three: Illegal Arrest and Article 15.26
We first address Alvarado’s first and third sub-issues. Concerning his first sub-
issue, Alvarado argues that his arrest was illegal because he was arrested without
probable cause. According to Alvarado, the arrest warrant that led to his arrest was based
on a clearly deficient affidavit, meaning the custodial statement was inadmissible as a
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fruit of the poisonous tree. 1 See Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 487 (1963).
Under his third sub-issue, Alvarado argues that he was arrested without being informed
of the authority under which his arrest was executed or without being made aware that
an arrest warrant had even been issued. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 15.26 (“In
executing a warrant of arrest, it shall always be made known to the accused under what
authority the arrest is made.”). The State argues that Alvarado has failed to preserve
these two sub-issues for appellate review. We agree with the State.
During the suppression hearing, Alvarado’s issues centered on the State’s alleged
failure to properly issue him his Miranda rights in accordance with Article 38.22. See TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22. Alvarado also argued that he lacked an adequate
understanding of the effect of waiving his rights. Nowhere in his motion to suppress or
during the hearing did Alvarado mention Article 15.26 or his custodial statement being the
fruit of an illegal arrest because of the lack of probable cause. Alvarado raised these two
issues for the first time in his motion for new trial; however, that alone is generally
insufficient to preserve error unless the appellant did not have the opportunity present a
timely objection. See Hardeman v. State, 1 S.W.3d 689, 690 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999);
Issa v. State, 826 S.W.2d 159, 161 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (en banc). Alvarado does not
assert that he was unable to timely present his objections. He had ample opportunity to
raise his Article 15.26 and probable cause issues to the trial court at the suppression
hearing but he failed to do so. See Resendez, 306 S.W.3d at 312 (observing that the
purpose of requiring “timely” objections to the trial court is to give the trial court sufficient
1Alvarado does not challenge the admission of his non-custodial statement that was given to the
State on May 12, 2015. Alvarado’s attorney informed the trial court, “We do not have any argument nor do
we object to the introduction of the evidence or the affidavit that’s dated May 12th.”
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opportunity to rule on the objection and to give the opposing party adequate time to
respond to the objection). Therefore, because Alvarado did not timely present these
issues to the trial court, they are not preserved for appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P.
33.1; Hardeman, 1 S.W.3d at 690; Issa, 826 S.W.2d at 161.
2. Sub-Issue Two: Article 38.22
In his second sub-issue, Alvarado argues that his custodial statement was taken
in violation of the procedural protections of Article 38.22. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC.
ANN. art. 38.22. For a statement that is the result of a custodial interrogation to be
admissible, the suspect must be given certain warnings and the warnings must be given
before the statement was obtained. See id.; Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).
Alvarado’s argument focuses on the uncontested fact that the person that issued
him the required warnings was not the same person that conducted the interview and
took Alvarado’s statement. Investigator Adam Palmer testified that he read Alvarado the
required statutory warnings and Miranda rights. He then left and Investigator Miguel
Lopez took Alvarado’s statement. It is undisputed that Lopez was not present when
Palmer gave the required warnings to Alvarado. It is further undisputed that Lopez did
not re-issue the required warnings before interviewing Alvarado. However, courts have
previously concluded that “the absence of the officer (who initially gave the rights orally)
at the time the statement is reduced to writing does not prevent its validity.” LaSalle v.
State, 923 S.W.2d 819, 822–24 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1996, pet. ref’d) (citing Lugo-Lugo
v. State, 650 S.W.2d 72, 82 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983)). We have recently addressed a
similar argument in a factually similar scenario. State v. Mata, No. 13-17-00494-CR, 2019
WL 3023318, at *4 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg July 11, 2019, pet. granted).
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In Mata, the defendant was given the Article 38.22 warnings by Officer Chavez,
but Chavez left because she was working on other parts of the investigation. The
defendant was interviewed by Officer Lopez. Lopez was not present when the defendant
was originally given the required warnings by Chavez. See id. However, Lopez verified
that Mata had already been read his rights by Chavez. Id. Lopez proceeded to re-read
Mata the statutory warnings and rights and obtained Mata’s initials next to each warning
prior to him signing the statement. Id. We concluded that “[b]ecause Mata was given his
Miranda warnings prior to voluntarily signing the typed statement, we find that the
statement does not violate article 38.22.” Id. at *5.
Likewise, in the present case, Alvarado was given Miranda warnings prior to
signing the statement. Alvarado initialed next to each of the rights and warnings and
indicated that he understood his rights and wished to waive them. Because Alvarado was
given the required warnings prior to signing the typed statement, we conclude that the
statement did not violate Article 38.22. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22;
LaSalle, 923 S.W.2d at 822–24; Lugo-Lugo, 650 S.W.2d at 82; see also Mata, 2019 WL
3023318, at *4. We overrule Alvarado’s second issue.
IV. INSTRUCTION ON VOLUNTARINESS
In his third and fourth issues, Alvarado argues that the trial court erred by failing to
instruct the jury on the voluntariness of his custodial statement and duress, respectively.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
In analyzing a jury charge issue, we first determine whether error exists. See Ngo
v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (en banc); Almanza v. State, 686
S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) (op. on reh’g). “Only if we find error do we then
9
consider whether an objection to the charge was made and analyze for harm.” Tottenham
v. State, 285 S.W.3d 19, 30 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d). If the
alleged jury charge error was properly preserved, reversal is required if it is shown that
the error caused some harm. Reeves v. State, 420 S.W.3d 812, 816 (Tex. Crim. App.
2013). If the error is not properly preserved, then we will only reverse upon a showing
that the alleged error caused egregious harm to the appellant. Id. “Egregious harm is
such harm that a defendant has not had a fair and impartial trial.” See Ganther v. State,
187 S.W.3d 641, 650 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. ref’d).
Under § 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, a written statement made
as the result of a custodial interrogation is not admissible against a defendant unless that
statement meets certain criteria. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.22, § 2. In
addition to being informed of his Miranda rights, § 38.22 requires that the defendant, “prior
to and during the making of the statement, knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily” waive
his rights. Id.; see Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444. “A statement is involuntary . . . only if there
was official, coercive conduct of such a nature that any statement obtained thereby was
unlikely to have been the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its
maker.” Alvarado v. State, 912 S.W.2d 199, 211 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995).
Regarding jury instructions on voluntariness of a custodial statement:
there are three types of instructions that relate to the taking of confessions:
(1) a “general” Article 38.22, § 6 voluntariness instruction; (2) a “general”
Article 38.22, § 7 warnings instruction (involving warnings given under § 2
and § 3); and (3) a “specific” Article 38.23(a) exclusionary-rule instruction.
Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 173 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). A general
§ 6 voluntariness instruction simply asks the jury, “Do you believe beyond a reasonable
doubt, that the defendant’s statement was voluntarily made? If it was not, do not consider
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the defendant’s confession.” Id. A § 7 instruction lists the requirements of 38.22 §§ 2
and 3 and asks the jury whether those requirements were met. See id. A specific 38.23
instruction is fact-based. See id. For example, “Do you believe that Officer Obie held a
gun to the defendant’s head to extract his statement? If so, do not consider the
defendant’s confession.” Id. at 174.
There is a sequence of events that must occur before a party is entitled to a general
voluntariness instruction:
(1) a party notifies the trial judge that there is an issue about the
voluntariness of the confession (or the trial judge raises the issue on his
own); (2) the trial judge holds a hearing outside the presence of the jury; (3)
the trial judge decides whether the confession was voluntary; (4) if the trial
judge decides that the confession was voluntary, it will be admitted, and a
party may offer evidence before the jury suggesting that the confession was
not in fact voluntary; (5) if such evidence is offered before the jury, the trial
judge shall give the jury a voluntariness instruction.
Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 175 (emphasis added). Ultimately, a general voluntariness
instruction is required only when a reasonable jury could conclude, based on disputed or
undisputed evidence, that the statement was not made voluntarily. See id. at 181.
In contrast, the trial court is only required to submit a § 7 instruction or a specific
38.23 instruction if it is raised by the evidence, meaning there must be a “genuine factual
dispute.” Id.at 176.
Regarding a duress instruction, the applicable statute states, “[i]t is an affirmative
defense to prosecution that the actor engaged in the proscribed conduct because he was
compelled to do so by threat of imminent death or serious bodily injury to himself or
another.” See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.05. To be entitled to an instruction on duress,
“there must be some evidence of a specific, objective threat of death or serious bodily
harm.” Edwards v. State, 106 S.W.3d 833, 843 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. ref’d)
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B. Voluntariness of Custodial Statement
Alvarado’s proposed jury instruction, mirroring the language of Article 38.22 §§ 2
and 3, instructed that Alvarado’s statement is inadmissible unless he was warned that
(1) he has the right to remain silent and not make any statement at all and
that any statement he makes may be used against him at his trial; (2) any
statement he makes may be used as evidence against him in court; (3) he
has the right to have a lawyer present to advise him prior to and during any
questioning; (4) he may have his own lawyer, or, if he is unable to employ
a lawyer, he has the right to have a lawyer appointed to advise him prior to
and during any questioning; and (5) he has the right to terminate the
interview or questioning at any time.
The proposed instruction then instructed the jury to ignore Alvarado’s custodial statement
unless it found that Alvarado was warned “in the respects just outlined.”
This appears to be a general Article 38.22, § 7 warnings instruction. However,
there is no genuine factual dispute regarding the pertinent facts. See id. It is uncontested
that Palmer gave Alvarado the required warnings as enumerated in 38.22 §§ 2 and 3. It
is undisputed that Lopez did not administer the same warnings to Alvarado before
beginning his interview. It is undisputed that Alvarado signed and initialed the statement
and warnings, indicating that he was given the appropriate warnings prior to making the
statement. He also checked on the paper that he understood his rights and wished to
waive them. Likewise, Alvarado makes no allegation of coercion or threat in obtaining his
statement that would justify an instruction pursuant to Article 38.23. See Oursbourn, 259
S.W.3d. at 181 (holding that the trial court did not err in failing to give a specific Article
38.23(a) exclusionary-rule instruction on voluntariness because “there was no evidence
of the type of police coercion or overreaching envisioned by the Supreme Court”).
Therefore, the evidence did not necessitate an Article 38.22, § 7 or an Article 38.23
instruction, and the trial court did not err by failing to include such instructions.
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Regarding a general Article 38.22, § 6 instruction, we note that Alvarado does not
appear to complain on appeal about the trial court’s failure to include a general
voluntariness instruction. However, we conclude that a reasonable jury could not believe
that Alvarado’s statement was involuntary. There was nothing in the record that would
suggest Alvarado did not make the statement voluntarily. As discussed above, it is
undisputed that Alvarado was given the appropriate warnings and that Alvarado signed
and initialed the statement and Miranda warnings indicating his intent to waive his rights.
Alvarado complains that the officer that gave Alvarado the required warnings was not the
same officer that took Alvarado’s statement. However, none of the evidence raised by
Alvarado suggested that his statement was not voluntary. See Alvarado, 912 S.W.2d at
211; compare Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 181 (concluding that the appellant was entitled
to a general voluntariness instruction because “there was evidence presented before the
jury that appellant was in pain, was lied to about the evidence against him, and displayed
characteristics of being in a vulnerable mental state due to his bipolar disorder”).
Therefore, the trial court did not err in failing to include a general voluntariness instruction.
We overrule Alvarado’s third issue.
C. Duress
Alvarado also argues he was entitled to a jury instruction on duress. However,
Alvarado has not referenced, in the trial court or on appeal, that he engaged in the offense
only because of a “specific, objective threat of death or serious bodily harm” that he or his
family received. Edwards, 106 S.W.3d at 843. Alvarado generally averred that he was
afraid of Salinas. He also testified that after the murder, Palacios pointed a gun at him
and told him not to say anything. On the way home after the murder, Alvarado claims
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that Palacios and Salinas told him “not to say anything because they would go after my
family.” Even assuming these were specific threats of imminent harm, these threats
occurred after the murder had already occurred. Thus, Alvarado has not raised sufficient
evidence that he only participated in the killing itself because of the threat of imminent
harm. See id. The trial court did not err in failing to give a duress instruction. We overrule
Alvarado’s fourth issue.
V. DOUBLE JEOPARDY
In his fifth issue, Alvarado argues that his convictions on all three counts
constituted a double jeopardy violation.
Alvarado was convicted on three separate counts of capital murder. The State
concedes that punishing Alvarado under all three counts constitutes a multiple-
punishment double jeopardy violation in this case. The proper remedy for a multiple-
punishment double jeopardy violation is to affirm the conviction for the most serious
offense and vacate the other convictions. See Bigon v. State, 252 S.W.3d 360, 372 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2008). The most serious offense is the one for which the greatest sentence
was assessed. See Ex parte Cavazos, 203 S.W.3d 333, 338 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). In
this case, both Alvarado and the State agree that only count one should be retained.
Therefore, we affirm Alvarado’s conviction on count one for capital murder by killing more
than one person in a single criminal transaction and reverse and render judgment
vacating Alvarado’s conviction on counts two and three. 2 We sustain Alvarado’s fifth
issue.
2 Alvarado asks to render judgments of acquittal as to counts two and three. However, the proper
remedy in a multiple-punishment double jeopardy scenario is not to render acquittal, but rather to retain the
most serious offense and vacate the others. See Bigon v. State, 252 S.W.3d 360, 372 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008).
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VI. CONCLUSION
We reverse and render judgment vacating counts two and three and affirm the
remaining judgment as to count one for capital murder by killing more than one person in
a single criminal transaction.
NORA L. LONGORIA
Justice
Do not publish.
Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the
12th day of December, 2019.
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Hector Javier Rodriguez Alvarado v. State
Combined Opinion