IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-0536
Filed December 18, 2019
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
CHAD LEROY WILSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Mills County, James S. Heckerman,
Judge.
Chad Wilson appeals multiple criminal convictions and the sentences
imposed. AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED WITH
DIRECTIONS.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender (until withdrawal), and Vidhya K.
Reddy, Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Louis S. Sloven, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Mullins and May, JJ.
2
MULLINS, Judge.
Chad Wilson appeals his convictions, following a jury trial, of one count of
sexual abuse in the third degree, two counts of lascivious acts with a child, and
two counts of indecent contact with a child. He also challenges the sentences
imposed. He argues (1) the court abused its discretion in denying his motions for
a mistrial and new trial upon complaints about the presentation of prior-bad-acts
evidence; (2) his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to object to
a jury instruction; (3) his stipulation to a prior conviction for sentencing-
enhancement purposes was not entered knowingly and voluntarily; (4) the
provision in the sentencing order requiring him to pay court costs, including
attorney fees, fails to conform with the oral pronouncement of sentence or,
alternatively, was improperly ordered without a determination of his reasonable
ability to pay; and (5) the court’s entry of a lifetime sentencing no-contact order
was illegal.
I. Background
In July 2016, Wilson was charged with a host of crimes for acts allegedly
occurring between January 2015 and June 2016.1 In March 2017, Wilson moved
in limine for exclusion of evidence concerning, among other things, his prior
conviction. At a subsequent pretrial conference, the State agreed to not present
said evidence unless the defense opened the door. A trial ultimately commenced
1
The charges included one count of third-degree sexual abuse, three counts of
lascivious acts with a child, three counts of indecent contact with a child, and two
counts of indecent exposure.
3
on February 27, 2018.2 Prior to trial, Wilson’s motion in limine was revisited, and
the court sustained Wilson’s motion as to his prior conviction subject to Wilson not
opening the door.
At trial, the complaining witness testified that, after she made allegations of
sexual abuse against Wilson, he stated to her, “[T]hanks, now you’ve got me going
to jail again.” At the next recess, Wilson moved for a mistrial based on the
testimony. The court offered to provide the jury a curative instruction. Wilson
declined, taking the position it would draw more attention to the testimony. The
court overruled the motion. The second day of trial, the State amended its trial
information to charge Wilson with one count of third-degree sexual abuse, two
counts of lascivious acts with a child, and two counts of indecent contact with a
child. The jury began its deliberations on February 28 at 1:26 p.m. The jury
deliberated for the remainder of the day and was excused at 5:10 p.m.
Deliberations resumed on March 1 at 8:00 a.m. The jury ultimately reached a
verdict at 11:14 a.m., finding Wilson guilty as charged. Thereafter, Wilson
stipulated he was previously convicted on a charge of sexual abuse in the third
degree.
Prior to sentencing, Wilson filed a combined motion for a new trial and in
arrest of judgment. In the motion, defense counsel noted the complaining
witness’s testimony concerning Wilson going to jail “again,” and stated she spoke
with the jury foreperson, who “confirmed that the jury heard this statement and
2
The matter proceeded to trial in September 2017, but a mistrial was declared
when jurors observed Wilson in custody during a recess.
4
considered it during their deliberations.” The State resisted. The State submitted
an affidavit of the jury foreperson, which provided:
1. The discussion I had with defense counsel was misstated
in the Motion for a New Trial.
2. The jurors heard N.W.’s testimony about the defendant
going to “jail again,” but the discussion during deliberations about
that comment was brief and no weight was placed on that statement
in reaching the verdicts.
3. I, personally, reminded the rest of the jurors that her
comment about him being in jail before doesn’t matter to our
deliberations and that he could have been in jail for something else.
I stated something to the effect of, “We can’t even take that into
account because we don’t know what he might have been in jail for
previously.” We never brought up the possibility that it could been
for a sex abuse charge.
The court heard the motion at the time set for sentencing. Following arguments of
the parties, the court explained:
[I]t’s my custom and practice upon the completion of every jury case
to go in and talk to the jury afterwards. And we all know sitting here
that the jury went much longer at least than I thought they were going
to go and I think counsel probably agrees with that as well.
. . . [T]here were two holdouts that were—that were not voting
guilty—or that were voting not guilty when I discussed this with them.
And they at—they asked what—about the procedure and practice
and what was going to happen now and I was explaining to them that
because of the prior circumstances, his—because of his prior
history—now this is after they’ve already returned a verdict
obviously. And the two holdouts said—and I said because of what
his criminal history was and they said if we would have known that,
we would have found him guilty yesterday. So all I’m trying to say is
there’s some conflict here with respect to what they knew or what
they didn’t know
. . . . The impression I got was that they weren’t considering—
and some of them even indicated they were not familiar with that
statement.
Regardless of that, . . . you’ve talked to the foreman of the
jury. I’ve got an affidavit from the foreman of the jury. I talked to the
foreman of the jury as well, and all the members of the jury were
there, and it wasn’t just that that was holding them up. They were
held up with respect to Count I being what particular act, on what
date and when that occurred. And once they finally got that resolved,
as you recall, we had a verdict in a matter of minutes.
5
The court denied the motion. The court sentenced Wilson to life in prison on counts
one through three, see Iowa Code §§ 902.1(1), .14(1)(b), (c) (2016), and
indeterminate terms of incarceration in the amount of four years on counts four
and five, with a mandatory minimum of eighty-five percent. See id. §§ 709.12(1),
901A.2(1), 903.1(2). The sentencing order provided “[a]ll court costs, including
court-appointed attorney fees, are taxed to Defendant.”3 The court also entered a
separate no-contact order prohibiting contact between Wilson and his victim for
life. As noted, Wilson appeals.
II. Analysis
A. Motions for Mistrial and New Trial
Wilson challenges the district court’s denial of his motions for mistrial and
new trial upon his claim that he was denied a fair trial when the complaining witness
testified that, after she made allegations of sexual abuse against Wilson, he stated
to her, “[T]hanks, now you’ve got me going to jail again.”
We review the district court’s denial of a mistrial motion for an abuse of
discretion. State v. Plain, 898 N.W.2d 801, 811 (Iowa 2017). This is our most
deferential standard of review. State v. Roby, 897 N.W.2d 127, 137 (Iowa 2017).
An abuse of discretion occurs when the court “exercises its discretion on grounds
clearly untenable or to an extent clearly unreasonable.” State v. Wickes, 910
N.W.2d 554, 564 (Iowa 2018) (quoting State v. Hill, 878 N.W.2d 269, 272 (Iowa
2016)). Trial courts have broad discretion in ruling on motions for a mistrial. State
3
The court entered a subsequent nunc pro tunc order adding additional sentencing
provisions. The additional provisions are not germane to the issues raised in this
appeal.
6
v. Brown, 397 N.W.2d 689, 699 (Iowa 1986). This is because “they are present
throughout the trial and are in a better position than the reviewing court to gauge
the effect of the matter in question on the jury.” State v. Jirak, 491 N.W.2d 794,
796 (Iowa Ct. App. 1992). “A mistrial is appropriate when ‘an impartial verdict
cannot be reached’ or the verdict ‘would have to be reversed on appeal due to an
obvious procedural error in the trial.’” State v. Newell, 710 N.W.2d 6, 32 (Iowa
2006) (quoting State v. Piper, 663 N.W.2d 894, 902 (Iowa 2003), overruled on
other grounds by State v. Hanes, 790 N.W.2d 545, 550–51 (Iowa 2010)).
“Ordinarily, abuse of discretion is found upon the denial of a mistrial only where
there is no support in the record for the trial court’s determination.” Jirak, 491
N.W.2d at 796.
An abuse of discretion in denying a mistrial motion occurs “only when
defendant shows prejudice which prevents him from having a fair trial.” State v.
Callender, 444 N.W.2d 768, 770 (Iowa Ct. App. 1989). Upon our review, we are
unable to say Wilson met his burden to show he was prejudiced by the complained-
of testimony. While it is undisputed the jury heard the testimony and discussed it,
the foreperson specifically provided “no weight was placed on that statement in
reaching the verdicts” and the jury discussed the fact that Wilson being in jail before
could not be considered in reaching the verdict.4 Furthermore, the testimony was
4
We note Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.606(b)(1) provides:
During an inquiry into the validity of a verdict . . . , a juror may not
testify about any statement made or incident that occurred during the
jury’s deliberations; the effect of anything upon that juror’s or another
juror’s vote; or any juror’s mental processes concerning the verdict .
. . . The court may not receive a juror’s affidavit or evidence of a
juror’s statement on these matters.
7
“brief, inadvertent, and did not play a major part in the State’s case.” See Plain,
898 N.W.2d at 815. We are unable to say the testimony prevented Wilson from
receiving a fair trial, or that the court’s decision to deny Wilson’s motion for a
mistrial was based on grounds clearly untenable or to an extent clearly
unreasonable. Wickes, 910 N.W.2d at 564. We are likewise unable to say Wilson
was entitled to a new trial on the ground that he was denied a fair and impartial
trial. See Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.24(2)(b)(9). We affirm the district court’s denial of
Wilson’s motions for mistrial and new trial.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel—Jury Instruction
The jury was instructed: “Evidence has been offered to show that the
defendant made statements at an earlier time and place. If you find any of the
statements were made, then you may consider them as part of the evidence, just
as if they had been made at this trial.” On appeal, Wilson contends his counsel
rendered ineffective assistance in failing to object to said instruction as an incorrect
statement of the law. We review ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims de novo.
State v. Baltazar, ___ N.W.2d ___, ___, 2019 WL 6222088, at *4 (Iowa 2019).
Wilson must show by a preponderance of evidence that (1) counsel failed to
perform and essential duty and (2) prejudice resulted. Id. Wilson argues:
While the rules of evidence provide that statements of party
opponents are admissible, the rule of evidence and the rationale
underlying the hearsay exception provides no authority to require the
jury to consider the statements as bearing the same weight as
testimony received at trial, made under oath and under penalty of
perjury.
Neither party raised an objection to the district court’s consideration of the juror
affidavit, nor do they complain about it on appeal. Any challenge was thus not
preserved below and is waived on appeal. We will decide the issue as presented
to us.
8
We have previously rejected the exact same word-for-word argument, finding the
challenged instruction a correct statement of the law. See State v. Yenger, No.
17-0592, 2018 WL 3060251, at *4–5 (Iowa Ct. App. June 20, 2018), further review
denied (Sept. 13, 2018); see also State v. Payne, No. 16-1672, 2018 WL1182624,
at *8–10 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 7, 2018), further review denied (July 23, 2018). We
see no reason to deviate from those prior holdings. We conclude counsel was not
ineffective as alleged.
C. Sentencing Enhancement
Wilson argues the colloquy for his stipulation to a prior third-degree sexual
abuse conviction was deficient and the stipulation was therefore not knowing and
voluntary. The parties contest whether error was preserved. The State argues,
because Wilson did not raise this issue in his motion in arrest of judgment, he has
failed to preserve error. See Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.8(2)(d). Wilson argues, because
he was not advised of his obligation to file a motion in arrest of judgment to
challenge his stipulation, his failure to do so does not preclude appellate review.
See State v. Fisher, 877 N.W.2d 676, 680 (Iowa 2016). We find Wilson’s argument
more persuasive, and adhere to our position that a failure to file a motion in arrest
of judgment does not prevent appellate review of a prior-conviction-stipulation
colloquy when the defendant is not advised of the obligation. See State v.
Johnson, No. 17-1871, 2018 WL 6120245, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 21, 2018);
see also State v. Smith, 924 N.W.2d 846, 850 (Iowa 2019) (“Smith contends the
requirement in rule 2.8(2)(d) and the error preservation exception . . . should apply
to habitual offender proceedings. We agree.” (citation omitted)); State v.
9
Harrington, 893 N.W.2d 36, 42 (Iowa 2017) (“[A]n admission by an offender to the
prior convictions to support sentencing as a habitual offender is comparable to a
plea of guilty to support sentencing for the crime identified in the plea.”).
We proceed to the merits. The State, only attacking Wilson’s claim under
an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel rubric, appears to concede the colloquy for
Wilson’s stipulation to a prior conviction wholly failed to comply with our supreme
court’s directive in Harrington, 893 N.W.2d at 45–46. We agree. Given the limited
colloquy conducted by the district court to determine whether Wilson was aware of
the consequences of his stipulation, we conclude he did not knowingly and
voluntarily admit his prior conviction. Consequently, we reverse the court’s
findings Wilson was previously convicted of offenses that would result in
enhancements under sections 901A.2(1) and 902.14 and remand for further
proceedings under Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.19(9). Having reversed the
prior-conviction findings, we likewise vacate the sentences imposed and the
court’s written sentencing order. See Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.19(9) (“After conviction
of the primary or current offense, but prior to the pronouncement of sentence . . . .”
(emphasis added)).5
D. Restitution and No-Contact Order
Having vacated the sentences imposed and the court’s written sentencing
order, we find it unnecessary to address Wilson’s restitution challenge. On
remand, the district court should be directed by the supreme court’s recent
clarifications concerning restitution-related orders.
5
See also Iowa R. of Crim. P. 2.23(1), (3) (stating time for entry of judgment of
conviction and imposition of sentence).
10
Because we have vacated the sentences and the sentencing order, the no-
contact order included in the sentencing order is likewise vacated. For protection
of the victim, we direct the previously issued temporary no-contact order be
reinstated. After further proceedings on remand and upon resentencing, the court
may enter a no-contact order. See Iowa Code § 664A.5. Because the issue is
likely to present itself on remand, we will address Wilson’s argument the court’s
entry of a lifetime no-contact order was illegal. The State concedes error. Because
we agree, at the time of judgment and resentencing the district court may enter a
no-contact order. See id.
III. Conclusion
We affirm Wilson’s guilty verdicts but reverse the district court’s findings in
support of the enhancements under sections 901A.2(1) and 902.14 and remand
for further proceedings under Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.19(9). Having
reversed the prior-conviction findings, we likewise vacate the sentences imposed
and the court’s written sentencing order. Having vacated the sentences imposed
and the court’s written sentencing order, we find it unnecessary to address
Wilson’s restitution challenge. Because we have vacated the sentences and the
sentencing order, the no-contact order included in the sentencing order is likewise
vacated. For protection of the victim, we direct the previously issued temporary
no-contact order be reinstated. After further proceedings on remand and upon
resentencing, the court may enter a no-contact order.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED WITH
DIRECTIONS.
May, J., concurs; Tabor, P.J., concurs specially.
11
TABOR, Presiding Judge (concurring specially).
I agree with the majority’s decision on all points except one. I would
preserve the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failing to object to the
jury instruction equating out-of-court admissions by a party opponent with in-court
testimony. As I discussed in two previous dissents, I believe this instruction is
flawed and misleads the jurors into believing they can give Wilson’s extrajudicial
admissions the same force and effect as sworn testimony. See State v. Yenger,
No. 17-0592, 2018 WL 3060251, at *6 (Iowa Ct. App. June 20, 2018) (Tabor, J.,
dissenting); State v. Payne, No. 16-1672, 2018 WL 1182624, at *11–12 (Iowa Ct.
App. Mar. 7, 2018) (Tabor, J., dissenting). If, as the State asserts, “misreading this
instruction would only work to Wilson’s benefit,” then defense counsel can make
that case in their testimony at a postconviction-relief hearing.