FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 23, 2019
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 19-5070
(D.C. Nos. 4:16-CV-00649-JHP-FHM and
DEANDRE ANTONIO HOPKINS, 4:12-CR-00050-JHP-3)
(N.D. Okla.)
Defendant - Appellant.
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ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY
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Before MATHESON, McKAY, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.
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Appellant Deandre Hopkins seeks a certificate of appealability to appeal the
district court’s denial of his Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(b) motion, in which he sought
reconsideration of the court’s previous denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 habeas motion.
In 2013, Appellant was convicted after a jury trial on multiple counts—including
for using a firearm during a crime of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)—
stemming from his role in a series of armed robberies in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and was
sentenced to 544 months in prison. We later affirmed Appellant’s convictions. See
United States v. Hopkins, 608 F. App’x 637 (10th Cir. 2015).
This order is not binding precedent except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
In 2016, Appellant filed his habeas motion, arguing his appellate counsel was
ineffective for failing to challenge his § 924(c) conviction under Rosemond v. United
States, 572 U.S. 65 (2014), which had been decided during the pendency of Appellant’s
appeal.1 Rosemond held that a defendant cannot be convicted of aiding and abetting a
§ 924(c) violation unless he has advance knowledge one of his confederates will carry a
firearm and that a trial court errs by giving an aiding-and-abetting jury instruction that
fails to account for the advance-knowledge requirement. Id. at 77–78, 81. Appellant
argued that his § 924(c) conviction was premised on aiding-and-abetting liability; that,
under Rosemond, the trial court had given an erroneous instruction; and that appellate
counsel’s failure to raise the Rosemond issue amounted to ineffective assistance.
The district court acknowledged that Appellant “could not be convicted for aiding
and abetting a § 924(c) violation under Rosemond.” (Suppl. R. at 80.) Nevertheless, the
court concluded that Appellant “was properly convicted of the § 924(c) violation under
Pinkerton v. United States, 328 U.S. 640 (1946),” which holds that, “[d]uring the
existence of a conspiracy, each member of the conspiracy is legally responsible for the
[reasonably foreseeable] crimes of his fellow conspirators committed in furtherance of
the conspiracy.” (Id. (internal citations omitted)). Given the facts of the case, the court
determined “it was entirely foreseeable that one or more of [Appellant]’s accomplices”
1
Appellant’s initial habeas motion included 21 separate claims, and he later
supplemented the motion with three additional grounds for relief, including the
Rosemond issue. The district court rejected the 21 claims Appellant initially raised
because they were conclusory in nature and devoid of factual averments and rejected the
other two grounds for relief on the merits. See United States v. Fisher, 38 F.3d 1144,
1147 (10th Cir. 1994). Appellant only seeks to raise the Rosemond issue on appeal.
2
would use a firearm during one of the robberies. (Id. at 14.) Thus, the court concluded,
any Rosemond error was inconsequential, and appellate counsel’s failure to raise the issue
on appeal did not deprive Appellant of effective assistance.2 Accordingly, the court
denied Appellant’s § 2255 motion. Appellant did not seek to appeal the denial.
Nearly two years later, in 2019, Appellant filed a Rule 60(b) motion for relief from
the district court’s denial of his § 2255 motion. He argued that his § 2255 proceeding
was defective because the court, in assessing the Rosemond issue, “failed to observe and
apply the correct and controlling” law, “resulting in the premature and incorrect
termination of the § 2255” proceeding. (R. vol. VI at 35; see also id. at 36–37 (asserting
that the court “used the wrong law,” resulting in a “defect in the integrity of the federal
§ 2255 []procedure”).) In support, Appellant pointed to Tenth Circuit cases holding that
a general jury verdict must be vacated where it is unclear whether the jury relied on an
instruction or a theory of liability that is erroneous.3 Appellant thus asked the court to
“reopen the previous § 2255 proceedings” and to re-assess his Rosemond claim
“observing and applying the correct circuit []law.” (Id. at 37.)
2
See United States v. Hill, 743 F. App’x 241, 244 (10th Cir. 2018) (explaining, in
appeal by one of Appellant’s co-defendants, that, where “the jury was properly instructed
on the requirements of Pinkerton co-conspirator liability,” “if the evidence was sufficient
to convict [the defendant] of violating § 924(c) on a theory of Pinkerton co-conspirator
liability, [the defendant] can’t show his attorney’s failure to challenge his conviction
under Rosemond—which concerns only aiding and abetting—prejudiced him”).
3
See generally United States v. Holly, 488 F.3d 1298, 1304–07 (10th Cir. 2007)
(discussing availability of harmless-error analysis when the appellate court confronts “an
instructional error on one of two independent alternative grounds for conviction”)
3
The district court summarily denied Appellant’s Rule 60(b) motion in a minute
order and denied his subsequent motion for a COA. Appellant now seeks to challenge
the denial of his Rule 60(b) motion.4
A prisoner seeking to appeal from the denial of a Rule 60(b) motion—regardless
of whether it is a “true” Rule 60(b) motion—in a § 2255 proceeding must first obtain a
COA. See United States v. Duran, 454 F. App’x 671, 674 (10th Cir. 2012). Ordinarily,
if the district court denies a post-judgment motion on the merits, our inquiry focuses on
whether or not the prisoner “‘demonstrated that reasonable jurists would find the district
court’s assessment of the constitutional claims debatable or wrong.’” United States v.
Springer, 875 F.3d 968, 972 (10th Cir. 2017) (brackets omitted) (quoting Slack v.
McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)). However, we may also “deny a COA if there is a
plain procedural bar to habeas relief, even though the district court did not rely on that
bar.” Id. at 981.
In evaluating the district court’s denial of a Rule 60(b) motion in a habeas case,
“[o]ur first task . . . is to consider . . . the issues raised in the [Rule 60(b)] motion in order
to determine whether it represents a second or successive [habeas motion or] a ‘true’ Rule
60(b) motion.” Spitznas v. Boone, 464 F.3d 1213, 1224 (10th Cir. 2006). A prisoner
may not file a second or successive § 2255 motion unless he first obtains an order from
this court authorizing the district court to consider the motion. See Springer, 875 F.3d at
4
Appellant’s notice of appeal designates the denial of his Rule 60(b) motion as the
only order he seeks to appeal. Our review is limited to that order. See Fed. R. App. P.
3(c)(1)(B); Scott v. Weaver, 736 F. App’x 715, 718 (10th Cir. 2018).
4
972. Absent such authorization, a district court lacks jurisdiction to address the merits of
a second or successive § 2255 motion. Id. A Rule 60(b) motion should be treated as a
second or successive § 2255 motion “if it in substance or effect asserts or reasserts a
federal basis for relief from the petitioner’s underlying conviction.” Spitznas, 464 F.3d at
1215. A Rule 60(b) motion may not be treated as a successive § 2255 motion if it
“challenges a defect in the integrity of the federal habeas proceeding,” so long as “such a
challenge does not itself lead inextricably to a merits-based attack on the disposition of a
prior [§ 2255 motion].” Id. at 1216. “It is the relief sought, not [the] pleading’s title, that
determines whether the pleading is a § 2255 motion.” United States v. Nelson, 465 F.3d
1145, 1149 (10th Cir. 2006).
Here, Plaintiff’s Rule 60(b) motion amounts to a second or successive § 2255
motion. Although he tries to dress it in the garb of a procedural defect in the
proceeding’s integrity, at bottom, his motion is a merits-based attack on the district
court’s rejection of the Rosemond claim he raised in his § 2255 motion. No matter how it
is characterized, an argument that the court applied the wrong substantive law to a claim
is a challenge to the court’s merits-based decision on that claim, a clear indication that the
motion is actually a second or successive § 2255 motion. See United States v. Bell, 622
F. App’x 770, 771 (10th Cir. 2015) (holding argument that “district court applied[] the
wrong legal standard in reviewing [a prisoner’s] claim . . . requires a determination that
the district court incorrectly ruled on the merits” of the claim); In re Pickard, 681 F.3d
1201, 1206 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[A] Rule 60(b) motion is actually a second-or-successive
5
petition if the success of the motion depends on a determination that the court had
incorrectly ruled on the merits in the habeas proceeding.”).
Because Appellant’s Rule 60(b) motion was a second or successive § 2255
motion, which was not authorized, the district court lacked jurisdiction to consider it and
should have either dismissed it or, if in the interests of justice, transferred it to this court.
See Faircloth v. Raemisch, 785 F. App’x 508, 511 (10th Cir. 2019). As there was a plain
procedural bar to the habeas relief Appellant sought through his Rule 60(b) motion, we
conclude reasonable jurists could not debate whether he would prevail on appeal. See id.
Accordingly, we DENY Appellant’s request for a COA and DISMISS this appeal
with instructions to the district court to vacate its denial of Appellant’s Rule 60(b) motion
and to either dismiss the motion for lack of jurisdiction or to transfer it to this court.
Appellant’s motion to proceed in forma pauperis on appeal is GRANTED.
Entered for the Court
Monroe G. McKay
Circuit Judge
6
United States v. Hopkins
Combined Opinion