Mack v. Toledo

[Cite as Mack v. Toledo, 2019-Ohio-5427.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
LUCAS COUNTY

CHERYL MACK, et al. :
:
Plaintiffs-Appellees : Appellate Case No. L-19-1010
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. CI17-4676
:
CITY OF TOLEDO, et al. : (Civil Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendants-Appellants :
:

...........

OPINION

Rendered on the 31st day of December, 2019.

...........

ANDREW R. MAYLE, Atty. Reg. No. 0075622 and RONALD J. MAYLE, Atty. Reg. No.
0030820, P.O. Box 263, Perrysburg, Ohio 43552
Attorneys for Plaintiffs-Appellees

JEFFREY B. CHARLES, Atty. Reg. No. 0064514, City of Toledo Law Department, One
Government Center, Suite 2250, Toledo, Ohio 43604
Attorney for Defendant-Appellant, City of Toledo

KEVIN A. PITUCH, Atty. Reg. No. 0040167 and EVY M. JARRETT, Atty. Reg. No.
0062485, Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys, Lucas County Prosecutor’s Office, 711 Adams
Street, Second Floor, Toledo, Ohio 43604
Attorneys for Defendants-Appellants, Toledo-Lucas County Health District

TABITHA STEARNS, Atty. Reg. No. 0095218, 1867 West Market Street, Akron, Ohio
44313
Attorney for Amicus Curiae, Board of Health of the Summit County Combined
General Health District
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HEATHER L. HALL, Atty. Reg. No. 0079303, 525 Jefferson Avenue, Suite 300, Toledo,
Ohio 43604
Attorney for Amicus Curiae, Advocates for Basic Legal Equality, Inc., Community
Legal Aid Services, Legal Aid Society of Cleveland, Legal Aid Society of
Columbus, Legal Aid Society of Southwest Ohio, and Southeastern Ohio Legal
Services

.............

WELBAUM, J.

{¶ 1} This case involves a permanent injunction granted to prohibit enforcement of

a municipal lead ordinance enacted by the City of Toledo. The Plaintiffs-Appellees are

Cheryl Mack and Property Investor’s Network, Inc. (“PIN”), and the Defendants-

Appellants are the City of Toledo (“City”) and the Toledo-Lucas County Health District

(“District”).1 According to Appellants, the trial court erred in granting Appellees’ partial

motion for summary judgment and in overruling Appellants’ motions for judgment on the

pleadings. Specifically, Appellants contend that the trial court erred in concluding that

R.C. 3709.28 does not authorize the District to enforce the City’s lead ordinance.

Appellants further contend that the trial court erred in finding that the lead ordinance

violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Ohio Constitution because it applied to some

rental properties and family child care homes while failing to apply to other rental

properties, and because the definition of “Owner” rendered the classifications of property

irrational. Finally, the City contends that the trial court erred in awarding attorney fees

against it pursuant to R.C. 733.61.

{¶ 2} We have also received amicus curiae briefs from the Board of Health of

Summit County Combined General Health District (Summit), and from Advocates of Basic

1 The parties will be referred to collectively as Appellants and Appellees.
 -3-

Legal Equality, Inc., Community Legal Aid Services, the Legal Aid Society of Cleveland,

the Legal Aid Society of Columbus, Legal Aid Society of Southwest Ohio, and

Southeastern Ohio Legal Services (collectively, “Legal Aid”). The briefs from Summit

and Legal Aid were filed in support of the City and the District, and we thank them for

aiding our consideration of this case.

{¶ 3} For the reasons that will be discussed, the judgment of the trial court will be

reversed in part and affirmed in part, and this cause will be remanded for reconsideration

of the amount of attorney fees, if any, to be awarded to Appellee, Mack, under R.C.

733.61. First, the trial court erred in concluding that the District lacked authority under

R.C. 3709.281 to enforce the City’s lead ordinance. We conclude R.C. 3709.281 is

ambiguous, requiring interpretation, and it is not an unlawful delegation of the City’s

legislative authority. Instead, a reasonable interpretation of the statute is that the

legislative authority, on the City’s behalf, may contract with the District to perform

services, like enforcing the lead ordinance, for the City.

{¶ 4} The trial court further erred by concluding that the classifications of properties

subject to the lead ordinance violate equal protection. The classifications are rationally

related to the ordinance’s goal, which is to help prevent lead poisoning in the City.

However, the trial court did not err in finding that the definition of “Owner” in the ordinance

violates equal protection. This definition is so broad that it renders the ordinance’s

classifications unworkable and irrational. Finally, because judgment is now being

rendered only partially, rather than totally, in favor of Appellees, the trial court should

reconsider what, if any reasonable compensation should be awarded for attorney fees.
 -4-

I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

{¶ 5} All the facts in this case are undisputed. In April 2017, the Toledo City

Council passed Ord. 167-17, which amended Toledo Municipal Code (“TMC”) Chap. 1760

(“Registration of Lead Safe Residential Rental Units”).2 Section 1760.01 stated that:

It is the policy of the City of Toledo to help prevent the poisoning of

its residents by requiring that the presence of deteriorated paint, bare soil

and lead dust on the interior and exterior of pre-1978 residential structures

be identified and correctly addressed in accordance with federal, state, and

local laws, regulations and guidelines in order to prevent potential human

exposure to lead hazards. An analysis of the risk assessments conducted

in Toledo by the Health Department indicates that the majority of lead

poisoning of children occurs in rental properties that are either single-family

homes or four (4) units or less. All fees and fines generated under this

Chapter shall be transferred to the Health Department to be used for the

administration, implementation, and enforcement of this Chapter.

{¶ 6} Section 1706.02 further provided that:

(a) It is a violation of this Chapter to allow the following conditions

- to exist in a “Residential Rental Property or a Family child Care Home”: (1)

“Deteriorated Paint Condition,” (2) “Lead Dust Condition,” or a (3) “Bare Soil

Condition,” as defined in section 1760.04. Every Owner of Residential

2Unless otherwise indicated, all references to Chapter 1760 refer to Ord. 167-17, which
was passed on April 18, 2017. According to the record, Chapter 1760 was initially
enacted in August 2016. Joint Stipulations No. 7 and Ex. E, p. 1. However, for
purposes of this litigation, the relevant version is the one passed in April 2017.
 -5-

Rental Property shall maintain such property free from these conditions.

Once identified, the condition is to be remedied in accordance with the

requirements of this Chapter. Termination of occupancy of any such

Residential Rental Property shall not constitute compliance with the

requirements of this Section.

(b) No Owner, Agent, real estate agent or broker, company, or any

person or persons shall rent, lease, sublease, let, or otherwise allow the

occupancy of any Residential Rental Property, or provide child care

services in a Family Child Care Home, as defined in this Chapter,

constructed prior to 1978 and which is subject to this Chapter, whether such

use, or occupancy is temporary or permanent, unless a "Lead-Safe

Certificate" has been issued for such Property.

{¶ 7} In order to obtain such a certificate, an owner was required to file an

application and a “Lead Safe Report” issued by a local lead inspector within six months

after the application was filed. The owner was also required to pay a $45 filing fee. The

length of a certificate was three years, six years, or 20 years, depending on whether the

property failed or passed an initial visual and dust wipe inspection, had undergone lead

abatement, or had been determined not to contain lead-based paint. TMC 1760.03.

{¶ 8} A “Dwelling Unit” was defined as:

(1) any residential unit constructed as a single family home and built

prior to 1978, and (2) any residential unit constructed as a duplex and built

prior to 1978, (3) any residential unit, or other unit modified to be a

residential unit consisting of between one and four residential units including
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all of the following:

(a) The interior surfaces and all common areas of the dwelling unit;

(b) Every attached or unattached structure located within the same

lot line as the dwelling unit, that the owner or manager considers to be

associated with the operation of the dwelling unit, including garages, play

equipment, and fences; and

(c) The lot or land that the dwelling unit occupies.

TMC 1760.04(a)(6).

{¶ 9} For the definition of “Owner,” TMC 1760.04(20) incorporated the definition of

“Owner” in TMC 1726.01. This definition was “any of the following”:

(1) Any person, corporation, limited liability company, partnership,

limited partnership, limited liability partnership, or any shareholder, officer,

trust, trustee, partner, agent or employee of any of the above who has care,

custody, control or charge of a premises or part thereof, has legal title to the

premises, or has done any act to maintain or operate the premises.

A. “Maintaining or operating the premises” shall include without

limitation, entering into a public utility contract, obtaining a building or

demolition permit or obtaining any other permit or license relating to the

premises.

(2) Any operator of a premises.

TMC 1726.01(b) (Ord. 539-15, enacted on Nov. 10, 2015).

{¶ 10} An “Operator” was further defined as:

(1) Any person who has charge, care of or control of premises or a
 -7-

part thereof whether with or without the knowledge and consent of the

owner.

(2) Any person who alone or jointly or severally with others shall

have legal or equitable title to any premises with or without accompanying

actual possession therefrom or shall have charge, care or control of

premises as owner or agent of the owner, or as executor, executrix,

administrator, administratrix, trustee, receiver or guardian of the estate or

as a mortgagee in possession.

(3) Any person who as a lessee subletting or reassigning any part

or all of any premises shall be deemed to be a co-owner with the lessor and

shall have joint responsibility over the portion of the premises sublet or

assigned by such lessee.

TMC at 1726.01(c).

{¶ 11} TMC 1760.05(a) further provided that for purposes of Chap. 1760, “all paint

on the interior or exterior of any residential building on which the original construction was

completed prior to January 1, 1978, shall be presumed to be lead-based.” This

presumption could only be rebutted “by obtaining a certification from a lead-based paint

inspector or risk assessor that the property has been determined through a lead-based

paint inspection conducted in accordance with the federal regulations at 40 CFR

745.227(b) not to contain lead-based paint.” TCM 1760.05(b).

{¶ 12} After analyzing each census tract in the city using public health data, which

included all reported cases of child lead poisoning over the past five years, and census

and residential parcel information, the City decided which rental properties posed the
 -8-

greatest danger of lead exposure. TMC 1760.15(a). The City then required dwelling

units in specific census tracts to comply with the lead-safe certificate requirement by one

of three dates: June 30, 2018; June 30, 2019, or June 30, 2020. After June 30, 2020, all

“dwelling units” within the geographical limits of the City were required to comply. Id.

Failure to comply by the deadlines subjected “any” violator to a $50 per day administrative

fee per dwelling unit, up to a maximum penalty of $10,000 per year per dwelling unit. Id.

at 1760.15(b).

{¶ 13} The ordinance also authorized the Commissioner of the Health Department

and/or his or her designee “to enter on and into and inspect all premises, dwellings,

dwelling units and accessory buildings, subject to the provisions of” Chapter 1760, “and

in accordance with the right of entry defined in Toledo Municipal Code Section 1303.0900

for the purpose of determining compliance with the provisions of” Chapter 1760.” TMC

1760.08.

{¶ 14} On June 13, 2017, the City and the District executed an agreement to

enforce Chapter 1760 of the Municipal Code. Joint Stipulations, No. 7 and Ex. E at p. 1.

The agreement was signed by the Health Commissioner for the District and the Mayor of

Toledo. Ex. E at pp. 2-3. Under the agreement, the City and District stated that they

desired the District to “have all powers necessary or incidental thereto to perform the

duties listed in Chapter 1760 and facilitate its enforcement.” Id. at p. 1. The parties also

stated that they were entering into the agreement “pursuant to Ohio Revised Code

Section 3709.281.” Id. Under the agreement, the District was to use the filing fees

required by Section 1760.03(a)(3) to pay its expenses in enforcing Chapter 1760.

Furthermore, because the District was already incurring expenses at that time, the City
 -9-

agreed to provide $90,000 to pay or offset those expenses. Id.

{¶ 15} As part of the agreement, the parties stated that the District would “perform

the duties listed in Chapter 1760 of the Toledo Municipal Code” and “enforce its

requirements on Residential Rental Properties and Family Child Care Homes.” Id. The

District was also given the right to petition any court to seek relief needed to enforce

Chapter 1760, including to collect fines assessed under TMC 1760.15. Id. The

agreement was to be effective from May 25, 2017 through December 31, 2022, with

automatic renewal beginning on the latter date, and continuing every five years thereafter,

unless either party gave written notice of withdrawal more than one year prior to the

current term’s expiration date. Id. at p. 2.

{¶ 16} In an attempt to resolve the alleged unconstitutionality of the ordinance

before the 2018 deadline, Appellees sent correspondence on October 23, 2017, to Adam

Loukx, the City’s law director, asking that he file litigation by October 30, 2017, to enjoin

the lead ordinance. Joint Stipulations, No. 1, Ex. A, pp. 1 and 3. In response, Loukx

stated that while his review of Appellees’ letter gave him “the initial impression that the

arguments raised therein [were] meritless,” he would need additional time to adequately

research the issues and weigh whether action was warranted. Id. at No. 2, Ex. B, p. 1.

Loukx, therefore, asked for two weeks, or on or before November 7, 2017, to respond to

the request. Id. Loukx did not respond further, nor did he file a complaint or a request

for an injunction. Joint Stipulations, No. 3.

{¶ 17} On November 2, 2017, Appellees filed a complaint for permanent injunction

against the City and the District. Mack alleged that she was a taxpayer, resident, and

real estate investor in the City. PIN alleged that it was a “non-profit trade group
 -10-

consisting of substantial investors in the Toledo rental market.” Complaint at ¶ 6. PIN

further alleged that its “members formed the group to protect their investments in Toledo

by maintaining and attracting quality investors and property managers into the Toledo

market,” and that “[a]s a consequence, Toledoans have good choices in the residential

market for single-family homes, duplexes, small apartment complexes, and other small-

scale housing units.” Id.

{¶ 18} PIN and Mack further contended that they were subject to the lead

ordinance, that the ordinance was causing uncertainty in the Toledo rental market, and

that the ordinance was unconstitutional on various grounds. Id. at ¶ 9, 11, 12, 13, and

22-34. These grounds included that the District had limited powers by statute and did

not have the power to be a licensing agency for residential housing units; that the City’s

attempt to vest the District with powers violated the Ohio Constitution, Article II, Section

1; that the City Council violated R.C. 3709.281 because this statute only allowed the City

Council to delegate its legislative power to the District, not executive or administrative

powers; that the agreement was a nullity because it occurred after enactment of an

unconstitutional ordinance; and that the classifications the ordinance created violated the

Ohio Constitution, Article I, Section 2. Appellees, therefore, asked the court to

permanently enjoin enforcement of the ordinance and to award them attorney fees

pursuant to R.C. 733.61.

{¶ 19} After filing answers to the complaint, Appellants filed motions for judgment

on the pleadings in December 2017. In December 2017, Appellees then filed a motion

for partial summary judgment against the District. Further memoranda concerning these

motions were filed in January and February 2018.
 -11-

{¶ 20} In the meantime, the Toledo Lead Poisoning Prevention Coalition (TLPPC),

a community organization with a mission of reducing the number of children who were

subject to lead poisoning in the community, and Latoya Jenkins, the parent of a child who

had been poisoned by lead, filed a motion for intervention as of right and permissive

intervention. In March 2018, the trial court denied the motion, concluding that these

parties did not have an unconditional right to intervene under Civ.R. 24(A)(2) because

they did not have a legal interest, and had also failed to show that Appellees and their

counsel were inadequate to represent their interests. Additionally, the court concluded

that permissive intervention under Civ.R. 24(B) was unwarranted because TLPPC and

Jenkins failed to cite a statute giving them a conditional right to intervene, and the

collateral issues they wished to raise would exceed the narrow legal issue that Appellees

had raised. Furthermore, due to the fast-approaching deadline for implementing the lead

ordinance, the court concluded that disposition of collateral issues would unduly delay or

prejudice adjudication of the rights of the original parties.

{¶ 21} In late May 2018, Appellees filed a motion for preliminary injunction, and the

court set the matter for a hearing on June 15, 2018. Before the hearing, the parties filed

memoranda, as well as joint stipulations with attached exhibits. On June 18, 2018, the

trial court filed an opinion and entry granting the motion for preliminary injunction. In its

entry, the court noted that the parties had agreed that no evidentiary hearing was required

and had presented oral arguments at the hearing. June 18, 2018 Opinion and Journal

Entry, p. 1.3

3We have not received a numbered docket sheet or a copy of the record. References,
accordingly, will be made to the online docket in this case, which contains copies of
documents filed in the trial court. Courts may appropriately take judicial notice of judicial
 -12-

{¶ 22} In its decision, the court found that Appellees had standing. Id. at p. 2.

The court further agreed with Appellees that R.C. 3709.281 was unambiguous and that

because the City Council only had legislative authority, it was not permitted by statute to

delegate non-existent administrative or enforcement powers to the District. Id. The

court further held that the ordinance violated Ohio’s Equal Protection Clause because the

classifications among property owners were not rationally related to the ordinance’s

stated presumptions and purposes. Id. at p. 3. In addition, the court concluded that

under traditional factors applying to granting preliminary injunctions, Appellees were likely

to succeed on the merits, that they would be irreparably harmed absent a preliminary

injunction, that no parties would be harmed by a preliminary injunction, and that granting

an injunction was in the public’s interest. Id.

{¶ 23} Subsequently, on July 20, 2018, the trial court granted Appellees’ partial

motion for summary judgment, overruled Appellants’ motions for judgment on the

pleadings, and permanently enjoined the District’s enforcement of the lead ordinance.

Although the court’s decision was significantly more detailed with respect to the legal

discussion, the decision was based essentially on what had been described in the

preliminary injunction ruling. Shortly after the permanent injunction decision was issued,

Appellees filed a motion for attorney fees pursuant to R.C. 733.59, and the court set a

hearing for August 30, 2018.

{¶ 24} However, before the hearing could take place, Appellants filed notices of

opinions and public records that are accessible via the internet. E.g., State ex rel.
Everhart v. McIntosh, 115 Ohio St.3d 195, 2007-Ohio-4798, 874 N.E.2d 516, ¶ 10; State
v. Bevers, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27651, 2018-Ohio-4135, ¶ 13; State ex rel. Brime v.
McIntosh, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 19AP-70, 2019-Ohio-4019, ¶ 28.
 -13-

appeal with the Sixth District Court of Appeals. The court of appeals then dismissed the

appeal for lack of a final appealable order, based on the further action needed on the

request for statutory attorney fees. See Mack v. Toledo, 6th Dist. Lucas No. G-4801-CL-

0201801164-000, pp. 2-3 (Oct. 23, 2018).

{¶ 25} After the case was remanded, the trial court awarded Mack $35,000 in

attorney fees in January 2019. Appellants again appealed, and the trial court granted a

stay of the attorney fee order pending final resolution of the matter in all courts with

jurisdiction. In March 2019, the case was assigned to the current panel, to preside in the

Sixth District Court of Appeals. All parties have filed briefs, and the case is ready for

resolution.

II. Alleged Error in Granting Partial Summary Judgment

{¶ 26} The sole assignment of error, asserted by both the City and the District,

states that:

The Common Pleas Court Committed Prejudicial Error When It

Granted Appellees’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment and When It

Overruled Appellants’ Motions for Judgment on the Pleadings.

A. R.C. 3709.281 and Unconstitutionality of the Lead Ordinance

{¶ 27} Appellants present two main arguments. The first is that the trial court

erred because R.C. 3709.281 contains broad language that would let the District enforce

the lead ordinance.

{¶ 28} In concluding that Appellees were entitled to partial summary judgment on
 -14-

their request for a preliminary injunction, the trial court found that: (1) the District is a

“creature of statute” with no powers other than those granted by statute; (2) R.C. 3709.281

is unambiguous and refers to delegation only of the powers of the legislative authority

(the City Council), which are legislative, not executive or administrative, and are not the

powers of the municipality (Toledo); (3) R.C. 3709.281 did not authorize the District and

Toledo to enter into an agreement to enforce the lead ordinance or perform the other

municipal services the lead ordinance contemplates; and (4) as a result, the ordinance

and agreement are unconstitutional as violations of Ohio Constitution, Article II, Section

1.

{¶ 29} As noted, the trial court granted a permanent injunction prohibiting the

District from enforcing the lead ordinance. “An injunction is an extraordinary remedy in

equity where there is no adequate remedy available at law. It is not available as a right

but may be granted by a court if it is necessary to prevent a future wrong that the law

cannot.” Garono v. State, 37 Ohio St.3d 171, 173, 524 N.E.2d 496 (1988). “A

permanent injunction is not considered an interim remedy. It is issued after a hearing on

the merits in which a party has demonstrated a right to relief under the applicable

substantive law. A party seeking a permanent injunction must show that the injunction

is necessary to prevent irreparable harm and that the party does not have an adequate

remedy at law.” (Citations omitted.) Procter & Gamble Co. v. Stoneham, 140 Ohio

App.3d 260, 267-268, 747 N.E.2d 268 (1st Dist.2000). Accord Island Express Boat

Lines, Ltd. v. Put-in-Bay Boat Line Co., 6th Dist. Erie No. E-06-002, 2007-Ohio-1041,

¶ 93. The movant’s burden of proof is clear and convincing evidence. Id.

{¶ 30} Typically, an abuse of discretion standard applies to review of permanent
 -15-

injunctions. However, where statutory interpretation is involved, de novo review applies.

Mangano v. 1033 Water St., L.L.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106861, 2018-Ohio-5349,

¶ 11-12. “In such a review, an appellate court reviews the trial court's decision

independently and without deference to the trial court's determination.” Union Stock

Yards v. Hillsboro, 191 Ohio App.3d 564, 2010-Ohio-5975, 947 N.E.2d 183, ¶ 8 (4th Dist.).

{¶ 31} Ohio Constitution, Article II, Section 1 states that “[t]he legislative power of

the state shall be vested in a General Assembly consisting of a senate and house of

representatives * * *.” “Generally, Section 1, Article II of the Ohio Constitution entrusts

the police power of the state of Ohio to the General Assembly. However, the Home Rule

Amendment contained in Section 3, Article XVIII of the Ohio Constitution directly grants

police powers to municipalities.” Dsuban v. Union Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 140 Ohio

App.3d 602, 608, 748 N.E.2d 597 (12th Dist.2000). Under the Home Rule Amendment,

“[m]unicipalities shall have authority to exercise all powers of local self-government and

to adopt and enforce within their limits such local police, sanitary and other similar

regulations, as are not in conflict with general laws.” Ohio Constitution, Article XVIII,

Section 3.

{¶ 32} A three-part test is used to decide if “a municipality has exceeded its powers

under the Home Rule Amendment. ‘A state statute takes precedence over a local

ordinance when (1) the ordinance is in conflict with the statute, (2) the ordinance is an

exercise of the police power, rather than of local self-government, and (3) the statute is a

general law.’ ” Mendenhall v. Akron, 117 Ohio St.3d 33, 2008-Ohio-270, 881 N.E.2d

255, ¶ 17, quoting Canton v. State, 95 Ohio St.3d 149, 2002-Ohio-2005, 766 N.E.2d 963,

¶ 9.
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{¶ 33} The only Ohio statutory scheme mentioned by the parties with respect to

lead is R.C. Chap. 3742, which relates to lead abatement and testing. Among other

things, R.C. 3742.02 prohibits the application of lead-based paint on or inside residential

units, child care facilities, or schools, absent a decision by the director of health that no

other substitute is available. R.C. 3742.02(A)(2). This statute also restricts

employment of persons to perform lead abatement or lead risk assessments on such

facilities unless those persons have a valid lead inspector license. R.C. 3742.02(B) and

(C).

{¶ 34} When Toledo’s lead ordinance was enacted in April 2017, R.C. 3741.01

defined a “residential unit” as “a dwelling or any part of a building being used as an

individual's private residence.” R.C. 3742.01(DD). 4 At the time, R.C. 3742.41 also

provided that:

(A) A property constructed before January 1, 1950 that is used as a

residential unit, child care facility, or school shall be legally presumed not to

contain a lead hazard and not to be the source of the lead poisoning of an

individual who resides in the unit or receives child care or education at the

facility or school if the owner or manager of the unit, facility, or school

successfully completes both of the following preventive treatments:

(1) Follows the essential maintenance practices specified in section

4 Shortly thereafter, the legislature amended R.C. 3742.01(DD) to include a statement
that “ ‘Residential unit’ includes a residential rental unit.” In addition, the legislature
added new R.C. 3742.01(EE) to define a “Residential rental unit,” as “a rental property
containing a dwelling or any part of a building being used as an individual’s private
residence.” See Am.Sub.H.B. 49, 2017 Ohio Laws 14. The amendments were effective
on September 29, 2017.
 -17-

3742.42 of the Revised Code for the control of lead hazards;

(2) Covers all rough, pitted, or porous horizontal surfaces of the

inhabited or occupied areas within the unit, facility, or school with a smooth,

cleanable covering or coating, such as metal coil stock, plastic,

polyurethane, carpet, or linoleum.

(B) The owner or manager of a residential unit, child care facility, or

school has successfully completed the preventive treatments specified in

division (A) of this section if the unit, facility, or school passes a clearance

examination in accordance with standards for passage established by rules

adopted under section 3742.49 of the Revised Code.

(C) The legal presumption established under this section is

rebuttable in a court of law only on a showing of clear and convincing

evidence to the contrary.5

5 R.C. 3742.41 was substantially altered as a result of the September 2017 amendments.
R.C. 3742.41(A) was revised to provide that “the director of health shall maintain a lead-
safe residential rental unit registry,” pursuant to which owners of residential units “may”
register if the unit was constructed after January 1, 1978, and has been determined to be
lead-free by a licensed lead inspector or lead risk assessor following an inspection. R.C.
3742.41(B) and (C). However, there is no requirement that owners of residential units
constructed before January 1, 1978 implement residential unit lead-safe maintenance
practices specified in R.C. 3742.42 for controlling lead hazards. The statute says that
such owners “may” implement these practices. R.C. 3742.41(B).
The September 2017 amendments also provide for mandatory registration in some
instances. A new subsection, R.C. 3742.41(E)(1), states that “[t]he owner of a residential
rental unit that is subject to a lead hazard control order under section 3742.37 of the
Revised Code shall register the residential rental unit on the lead-safe residential rental
unit lead-safe registry after the unit passes a clearance examination, as specified in
section 3742.39 of the Revised Code, indicating that the lead hazards identified in the
order are controlled.” See Am.Sub.H.B. 49, 2017 Ohio Laws 14.
R.C. 3742.41(E)(2), also added in 2017, provides an exemption to registration for
owners of residential rental units designated as housing for the elderly or as senior
housing. Id.
 -18-

{¶ 35} The statutory scheme in R.C. Chap. 3742 also provides for adoption of rules

by the director of health regarding administration and enforcement, and investigation of

suspected lead poisoning of children. R.C. 3742.03. The director of heath is further

allowed to petition and obtain orders to enter residential units, child care facilities, and

schools, if permission to access the property has not been given. R.C. 3742.34; R.C.

3742.35. In addition, the director of health may make risk assessments and order lead

hazards controlled in such properties. R.C. 3742.35; R.C. 3742.36. Moreover, the

director of health is given authority to delegate these duties to a board of health. R.C.

3742.34.6

{¶ 36} The parties do not contend that Toledo’s lead ordinance conflicts with R.C.

Chap. 3742 as it existed when the lawsuit was filed, and the trial court did not base its

decision on such a purported conflict.7 Instead, the court concluded that the District has

R.C. 3742.37 (regarding a lead hazard control order) was not amended in 2017.
This statute provides that once a risk assessment indicates that lead hazards are
contributing to a child’s lead poisoning, “the director of health or authorized board of health
immediately shall issue an order to have each lead hazard in the property controlled.”
The order will specify the hazard to be controlled and the date upon which the unit must
pass a clearance examination. Id.
6 The statutes discussed in this paragraph of the main text have not changed in any

material way since Toledo’s lead ordinance was enacted in April 2017. Specifically, R.C.
3742.03 was not amended in 2017, but was amended in 2019. There was no significant
change from the statute as it had existed since 2012. See Am.Sub.H.B. 166, 2019 Ohio
Laws 10. R.C. 3742.34 has not been amended since it was enacted in 2002. R.C.
3742.35 and R.C. 3742.36 were also amended in 2017, but not in any pertinent way.
See Am.Sub.H.B. 49, 2017 Ohio 14.
7 In its brief, Legal Aid raised the following points: (1) the trial court’s decision abridged
Toledo’s power of self-government as a home rule city, which allows it to contract with
the District; (2) even if the lead ordinance were an exercise of police power, it was lawful
and not in conflict with any general laws; (3) focusing strictly on R.C. 3709.281 (and not
on the content of R.C. Chap. 3742), R.C. 3709.281 is not a general law; (4) even if R.C.
3709.281 were a general law, it does not conflict with Toledo’s lead ordinance; and (5)
Toledo’s lead ordinance does not conflict with any substantive state-wide lead abatement
 -19-

only those powers created by statute, and R.C. 3709.281, being unambiguous and limited

in scope to a delegation of legislative authority only, does not authorize the City and the

District to enter into an agreement to administer and enforce the lead ordinance.

{¶ 37} The Supreme Court of Ohio has said that “a city health district is a state

agency rather than a branch of city government.” Bd. of Health of St. Bernard v. City of

St. Bernard, 19 Ohio St.2d 49, 53, 249 N.E.2d 888 (1969). “Such health-oriented

agencies are administrative arms of the Ohio Department of Health.” Johnson's

Markets, Inc. v. New Carlisle Dept. of Health, 58 Ohio St.3d 28, 33, 567 N.E.2d 1018

(1991).

{¶ 38} “ ‘A city board of health is a creature of statute and has such powers only

as are expressly conferred on it together with such powers as are necessarily implied in

order to effectuate such expressly granted powers.’ ” Wetterer v. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of

Health, 167 Ohio St. 127, 137, 146 N.E.2d 846 (1957), quoting Brunner v. Rhodes, 95

Ohio App. 259, 119 N.E.2d 105 (10th Dist.1953). See also D.A.B.E., Inc. v. Toledo-

Lucas Cty. Bd. of Health, 96 Ohio St.3d 250, 2002-Ohio-4172, 773 N.E.2d 536, ¶ 38-41

(discussing local board’s ability to make regulations). “Implied powers are those that are

incidental or ancillary to an expressly granted power; the express grant of power must be

measures, and Toledo may supplement state law in unregulated areas.
Although the parties made some limited references to home rule in the trial court,
there is no indication that the above issues were specifically raised in the trial court, and
the trial court did not consider them. Furthermore, Appellees did not argue in the trial
court that Toledo’s lead ordinance conflicts with R.C. Chap. 3742. On appeal, Appellees
have not directly responded to Legal Aid’s arguments, nor do they contend that Toledo’s
lead ordinance conflicts with the statutory scheme in R.C. 3742. As a result, we express
no opinion on these matters.
As noted, R.C. Chap. 3742 was amended in various ways shortly after Toledo’s
ordinance was enacted. We also express no opinion on any potential effect of the
amendments.
 -20-

clear, and any doubt as to the extent of the grant must be resolved against it.” In re

Guardianship of Spangler, 126 Ohio St.3d 339, 2010-Ohio-2471, 933 N.E.2d 1067, ¶ 17.

{¶ 39} Under Ohio law, “[a]ny municipal corporation may: (A) Provide for the public

health; [and] (B) Secure the inhabitants of the municipal corporation from the evils of

contagious, malignant, and infectious diseases; * * *.” R.C. 715.37. A municipal

corporation may also “(A) Abate any nuisance and prosecute in any court of competent

jurisdiction, any person who creates, continues, contributes to, or suffers such nuisance

to exist; [and] * * * (C) Prevent injury and annoyance from any nuisance.” R.C. 715.44.

{¶ 40} Similarly, under its municipal code, the City has the power “to define,

prohibit, abate or suppress all things detrimental to the health, morals, comfort, safety,

convenience, and welfare of the people, and all nuisances and causes thereof.” TMC

Chap. II, Section 8(l).8 The City also has the power “[t]o pass such ordinances as are

expedient for maintaining and promoting the peace, good government and welfare of the

City, and the morals and happiness of its citizens, and for the performance of all municipal

8 There is no dispute here that Toledo is a charter city. “ ‘By reason of Sections 3 and 7
of Article XVIII of the Ohio Constitution, a charter city has all powers of local self-
government except to the extent that those powers are taken from it or limited by other
provisions of the Constitution or by statutory limitations on the powers of the municipality
which the Constitution has authorized the General Assembly to impose.’ ” (Emphasis
sic.) State ex rel. Commt. for the Charter Amendment, City Trash Collection v. Westlake,
97 Ohio St.3d 100, 2002-Ohio-5302, 776 N.E.2d 1041, ¶ 31, quoting Bazell v. Cincinnati,
13 Ohio St.2d 63, 233 N.E.2d 864 (1968), paragraph one of the syllabus. Furthermore,
“ ‘[a]lthough the Constitution gives municipalities the authority to adopt home rule, local
self-government, the exercise of those powers by the adoption of a charter should clearly
and expressly state the areas where the municipality intends to supersede and override
general state statutes.’ A municipal-charter provision will therefore prevail over a parallel
state statute ‘only where the conflict appears by the express terms of the charter and not
by mere inference.’ ” (Emphasis sic.) State ex rel. Harris v. Rubino, 155 Ohio St.3d
123, 2018-Ohio-3609, 119 N.E.3d 1238, ¶ 17, quoting State ex rel. Bardo v. Lyndhurst,
37 Ohio St.3d 106, 109-110, 524 N.E.2d 447 (1988).
 -21-

functions * * *.” Id. at Section 8(m).

{¶ 41} The City’s legislative power is vested in an elected council of 12 members.

TMC Chap. II, Section 26. Actions of council are required to be by “ordinance or

resolution.” Id. at Chap. II, Section 37. The Mayor may veto resolutions or ordinances,

and the veto may be overridden by a three-fourth’s vote of all council members. Id. at

Chap. II, Section 43A and 43B.

{¶ 42} Under R.C. 731.05:

The powers of the legislative authority of a city shall be legislative

only, it shall perform no administrative duties, and it shall neither appoint

nor confirm any officer or employee in the city government except those of

its own body, unless otherwise provided in Title VII of the Revised Code.

All contracts requiring the authority of the legislative authority for their

execution shall be entered into and conducted to performance by the board

or officers having charge of the matters to which they relate. After the

authority to make such contracts has been given and the necessary

appropriation made, the legislative authority shall take no further action

thereon.

{¶ 43} According to Toledo’s municipal code, the mayor is the City’s chief

executive and administrative officer “in whom the executive and administrative powers

and duties of the City shall be vested subject to the appropriate delegation of such powers

and duties in directors of departments and other administrative officers, boards and

commissions as provided for” in Chapter V of the Code. TMC Chap. V, Section 61. As

relevant here, the Mayor has the duty “to supervise the administration of the affairs of the
 -22-

City; to see that all ordinances and resolutions of the City are enforced; * * * and to

exercise all other executive and administrative powers and perform such duties as are

conferred or required by this Charter or by the laws of the State of Ohio upon any mayor

or municipal chief executive officer, except as otherwise provided in this Charter.” Id.

{¶ 44} These duties are consistent with R.C. 733.30, which provides that the mayor

“shall perform all the duties prescribed by the bylaws and ordinances of the municipal

corporation. He shall see that all ordinances, bylaws, and resolutions of the legislative

authority are faithfully obeyed and enforced. He shall sign all commissions, licenses, and

permits granted by such legislative authority, or authorized by Title VII of the Revised

Code, and such other instruments as by law or ordinances require his certificate.”

{¶ 45} Under both the City’s charter and the Ohio Revised Code, contracts

concerning the City are prepared by the City’s law director, who is required to endorse on

the contract his or her approval of the form and correctness. TMC Chap. VII, Section

109; R.C. 733.51; R.C. 705.11. TMC Chap. XIII, Section 229 further provides that “[n]o

contract shall be executed or purchase made involving an expenditure of Ten Thousand

Dollars ($10,000) or more unless the same shall have been first authorized by appropriate

legislation. Every such contract shall be in writing and shall be executed in behalf of the

City of Toledo by the Mayor.”

{¶ 46} As noted, the District is a state agency; it is not a department of the City of

Toledo. In the agreement between the City and the District (which was signed by the

Mayor), the parties stated that the agreement was being entered into pursuant to R.C.

3709.281. This is the authority, according to Appellants, that allows the District to act.

R.C. 3709.281 provides that:
 -23-

A board of health of a city or general health district may enter into an

agreement with the legislative authority of a municipality in which such

health district is totally or partially located, and such legislative authority may

enter into an agreement with such board of health, whereby such board of

health undertakes, and is authorized by such legislative authority to

exercise any power, perform any function, or render any service, in behalf

of such legislative authority which such legislative authority may exercise,

perform, or render.

Upon the execution of such agreement and within the limitations

prescribed by it, such board of health may exercise the same powers as

such legislative authority possesses with respect to the performance of any

function or the rendering of any service, which, by such agreement, it

undertakes to perform or render, and all powers necessary or incidental

thereto, as amply as such powers are possessed and exercised by such

legislative authority directly. Any agreement authorized by this section

does not suspend the possession by such legislative authority of any power

or function exercised or performed by such board of health in pursuance of

such agreement, and no board of health, by virtue of any agreement entered

into under this section, shall acquire any power to levy taxes in behalf of

such legislative authority unless approved by a majority of the electors of

the municipality.

Every agreement entered into under this section shall provide, either

in specific terms or by prescribing a method for determining the amounts,
 -24-

for any payments which are to be made by the legislative authority in

consideration of the performance of the agreement. Such payments shall

be made to the health fund of the health district.

{¶ 47} The trial court concluded that this statute was unambiguous and did not

allow the City and the District to enter into an agreement for the District to enforce,

administer, or implement the lead ordinance.

{¶ 48} “When analyzing a statute, our primary goal is to apply the legislative intent

manifested in the words of the statute.” Proctor v. Kardassilaris, 115 Ohio St.3d 71,

2007-Ohio-4838, 873 N.E.2d 872, ¶ 12. “Statutes that are plain and unambiguous must

be applied as written without further interpretation.” Id. “It is only where the words of a

statute are ambiguous, are based upon an uncertain meaning, or there is an apparent

conflict of some provisions, that a court has the right to interpret a statute.” Ohio Bus

Sales, Inc. v. Toledo Bd. of Edn., 82 Ohio App.3d 1, 6, 610 N.E.2d 1164 (6th Dist.1992).

Nonetheless, “where a statute is found to be subject to various interpretations, a court

called upon to interpret its provisions may invoke rules of statutory construction in order

to arrive at legislative intent.” Cline v. Ohio Bur. of Motor Vehicles, 61 Ohio St.3d 93, 96,

573 N.E.2d 77 (1991).

{¶ 49} There is minimal authority interpreting R.C. 3709.281. The trial court and

parties discussed only two Ohio Attorney General Opinions: 1983 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops.

No. 2-274, and 1999 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 99-048. The trial court did not consider

these opinions in any detail, but simply stated that it did not find these opinions

persuasive. July 20, 2018 Opinion and Journal Entry, p. 40.

{¶ 50} In 1983 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 2-274, 1983 WL 178742, the attorney
 -25-

general considered R.C. 3709.08 and R.C. 3709.281 in the context of whether a health

board of a general health district could contract with a city or city health district if the city

was not located totally or partially within the general health district. Id. at *1. The

contracts in question included “public health services; e.g., food service inspections,

nuisance inspections, and home health care services.” (Emphasis added.) Id.

Reviewing R.C. 3709.08 first, the attorney general concluded that it did not empower

general health districts to provide services where the city health district was not within the

county the general health district served. Id. at *2.

{¶ 51} The attorney general also considered the first paragraph of R.C. 3709.281

to see if it empowered the general health district to enter into agreements with

municipalities outside the county. Id. at 3. The attorney general found the language

"imprecisely worded," but interpreted it to mean that R.C. 3709.281, like R.C. 3709.08,

did not permit a general health district to enter into agreements with a municipality that

was not within the same county. Id. In reaching this opinion, the attorney general also

contrasted both these statutes with R.C. 3709.282 and R.C. 3709.085, which allowed

general health districts to contract regarding the operation of federal programs and air

pollution control services. Id.

{¶ 52} In 1999 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 99-048, 1999 WL 692621, the attorney

general did not directly consider R.C. 3709.281. The issue in that case was whether

boards of health could impose licensing requirements on plumbers under R.C. 3709.21.

The attorney general concluded that the board could require registration of plumbers,

along with a registration or license fee as an informational procedure, but imposing other

requirements would conflict with R.C. 4740.12, which at that time reserved such
 -26-

regulation to municipal corporations under R.C. 715.27 or a board of county

commissioners under R.C. 3781.102. Id. at *2 and fn.1.

{¶ 53} However, in a footnote, the attorney general commented that:

Although the board of health of a general health district does not itself

have statutory authority to establish educational requirements for, or

otherwise license, plumbing contractors, the board of health may, by

agreement, exercise on behalf of a municipality that municipality's authority

to license plumbing contractors who operate within the jurisdiction of the

municipal corporation. R.C. 3709.281 (the board of health of a general

health district may enter into an agreement with the legislative authority of

a municipality under which the board of health is authorized to exercise any

power, perform any function, or render any service that the legislative

authority may exercise, perform, or render); see R.C. 715.27(B). A board

of health may similarly enter into agreements with the board of county

commissioners to exercise powers, perform functions, or render services

on behalf of the county, see R.C. 307.153, but no such agreement can grant

the board of health authority to license plumbing contractors in the

unincorporated areas of the county because the board of county

commissioners does not have that authority. See R.C. 3781.102(B); 1999

Op. Att'y Gen. No. 99-009, at 2-67. See generally R.C. 307.15 (authorizing

contracts between a board of county commissioners and a health district)

and R.C. 3781.102(B) (county licensing rules may be enforced within a

municipality pursuant to a contract under R.C. 307.15).
 -27-

(Emphasis added.) 1999 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 99-048, 1999 WL 692621, at *3, fn. 2.

By referencing the authority of a municipality rather than simply its “legislative authority,”

and by referring to “services,” the opinion implies a broader interpretation of R.C.

3708.281 than the trial court’s view.

{¶ 54} In addition to the above opinions, there are a few other references in other

attorney general opinions. In 1997 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 97-026, 1997 WL 221394,

the attorney general addressed whether an individual could simultaneously serve as a

member of the board of a general health district and as president of the legislative

authority of a non-charter city, if the individual abstained from various votes. Id. at *1.

In considering whether a conflict would exist, the attorney general noted that in both

positions, an individual may be required to discuss and vote on various matters, including

“an agreement between the legislative authority of a city and the board of health, whereby

the board of health undertakes, and is authorized by the legislative authority to exercise

any power, perform any function, or render any service, in behalf of the legislative

authority which the legislative authority may exercise, perform, or render, R.C. 3709.281

* * *.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at *2-3.

{¶ 55} The attorney general concluded that even if potential conflicts existed, it

was speculative whether any conflicts would occur. Furthermore, the matters in question

did not regularly come before either entity and did not involve their primary functions. Id.

at *4. In particular, the attorney general observed that:

The circumstances will be infrequent in which the board of health of

a general health district will be required to vote on plans pertaining to the

construction of a hospital, contracts or agreements with a city, rules adopted
 -28-

by a legislative authority, the location of a solid waste facility, the suitability

of the quarters of the board of health, or the destruction of an infected article,

building, or structure. Similarly, it is unlikely that the legislative authority of

a city will be called upon to vote on the provision of suitable quarters for the

general health district, contracts or agreements with a general health

district, plumbing and sewage rules that must be approved by the board of

health, the empowerment of a board of health to employ scavengers, or the

construction of a hospital for dangerous contagious diseases or a

quarantine hospital.

(Emphasis added.) Id. at *4. Here, the attorney general referred to “contracts or

agreements with a city,” not contracts or agreements with a legislative authority.

{¶ 56} A similar question was considered in 2012 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 2012-

017, 2012 WL 2094044, regarding whether an individual could serve simultaneously as

village mayor and recycling coordinator of the health district. Id. at *1. The attorney

general commented that:

The first conflict may arise insofar as the Village and Health District

may enter into an agreement with each other. See, e.g., R.C. 3709.281

(board of health of a general health district and legislative authority of a

municipality within the health district may enter into an agreement whereby

the board of health is authorized to exercise powers, perform functions, or

render services on behalf of the legislative authority). As mayor, the

person may be required to deliberate, discuss, negotiate, or vote upon the

terms of an agreement between the Village and the Health District.
 -29-

Because the mayor also is employed by the Health District, it might be

difficult for her to perform her duties and exercise her discretion in an

objective and disinterested manner. Similarly, if this person, as recycling

coordinator for the Health District, were required to deliberate, discuss,

negotiate, or vote upon an agreement with the Village, it might be difficult

for her to exercise her discretion in an unbiased manner because of her

position with the Village.

(Emphasis added.) Id. at *3.

{¶ 57} The attorney general noted that “[t]here is an additional conflict of interest

that may arise if the Village and the Health District enter into an agreement with each

other. The mayor may be required to sign an agreement on behalf of the Village.” Id.

at *4. Ultimately, the attorney general decided that the conflict was speculative and

remote, and could be avoided. Id. Among other things, the attorney general reasoned

that:

As discussed previously, the Village and Health District are not

required to enter into agreements with each other, and the signing of such

agreements is not a duty that the mayor is regularly required to perform.

Thus, the occasions on which the mayor will be required to sign an

agreement between the Village and Health District should be infrequent.

Moreover, prior Attorney General opinions have advised that in executing a

village agreement, the mayor does not exercise decision-making authority.

Rather, the mayor performs a ministerial duty. See 2011 Op. Att'y Gen.

No. 2011-023, at 2-191; 2007 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 2007-023, at 2-237.
 -30-

2012 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 2012-017, 2012 WL 2094044, at *4.

{¶ 58} Again, by referencing the agreements of the “village” rather than its

“legislative authority,” this opinion indicates a broader interpretation of R.C. 3708.281 than

the trial court’s view.

{¶ 59} The final attorney general opinion does not discuss R.C. 3709.281 but

simply includes a list of statutes that provide the board of the health department with

various powers. See 2011 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 2011-032, 2011 WL 3882812

(concluding that “the board of health of a general health district may not enter into a

contract with a hospital whereby the services of the health commissioner of the district

are leased to the hospital in exchange for a fee” because “the General Assembly did not

include any language in the Revised Code” authorizing the board to do so).

{¶ 60} Whether or not one finds these opinions “persuasive,” they do indicate that

R.C. 3709.281 is ambiguous. “A statute is ambiguous when its language is subject to

more than one reasonable interpretation.” Clark v. Scarpelli, 91 Ohio St.3d 271, 274,

744 N.E.2d 719 (2001). Having reviewed the interpretations of the various attorneys

general, we find that they are not unreasonable. We agree that the statute is imprecisely

worded; the opinions discussing it have also equated a “legislative authority” with a

“municipality” or “village.”

{¶ 61} Under established principles of statutory construction, where statutes are

ambiguous, courts “may consider several factors, including the object sought to be

obtained, circumstances under which the statute was enacted, the legislative history, and

the consequences of a particular construction.” Bailey v. Republic Engineered Steels,

Inc., 91 Ohio St.3d 38, 40, 741 N.E.2d 121 (2001), citing R.C. 1.49. (Other citation
 -31-

omitted.)

{¶ 62} While health districts are concededly limited to the authority given by the

legislature, limiting R.C. 3709.281 as the trial court did is inconsistent with the object to

be attained and would result in unintended consequences. As indicated, this statute

authorizes health districts and legislative authorities to enter into agreements in which the

health district “undertakes, and is authorized * * * to exercise any power, perform any

function, or render any service, in behalf of such legislative authority * * *.” After

executing such agreements, health districts may exercise the same powers that the

legislative authority has regarding the “performance of any function or the rendering of

any service * * *.”

{¶ 63} For many years, Ohio law has held that a city council cannot delegate the

exercise of its legislative functions to another authority or agency. E.g., City of Cleveland

v. Piskura, 145 Ohio St. 144, 156, 60 N.E.2d 919 (1945).9 When R.C. 3709.281 was

enacted in 1967, the General Assembly would have been aware of this fact, and would

not have intended to violate a settled rule. As the City notes, the way in which

municipalities operate is that City Council passes ordinances authorizing agreements or

contracts, which are then drafted by the city law director and signed by the mayor. See

9 This is far from the first decision on the topic of delegation of legislative authority. See
State ex rel. Campbell v. Cincinnati St. Ry. Co., 97 Ohio St. 283, 293, 119 N.E. 735 (1918)
(noting that while “the rule is well-settled that legislative powers cannot be delegated, it is
equally well settled that this principle does not prevent the appointment of administrative
agents for the performance of administrative duties in the carrying out of the legislative
will”); City of Akron v. Dobson, 81 Ohio St. 66, 76, 90 N.E. 123 (1909) (“Prior to the
adoption of the Municipal Code of 1902, the city council was an administrative, as well as
a legislative body, and one of the reforms contemplated by the adoption of the new Code
was to make its powers legislative only.”)
 -32-

City’s Amended Brief at pp. 10-11. This is also dictated by law. See R.C. 731.05; R.C.

733.30; R.C. 733.51; and R.C. 705.11. These statutes were also in existence when R.C.

3709.281 was enacted in 1967.10 The General Assembly would have been aware of the

existing law and procedures.

{¶ 64} Knowing of such long-standing precedent, the legislature would not have

intended that a city council improperly delegate its legislative authority to the health

district. Instead, a more reasonable interpretation is that the legislature intended for

municipalities, through ordinances passed by city council, to be able to contract with a

health district (or any agency) for functions or services that the municipality is otherwise

authorized to perform or can appoint an agent to for the carrying out of the legislative will,

as noted in Campbell, 97 Ohio St. at 293, 119 N.E. 735. There is also a difference

between delegating legislative power (making laws) and delegating administrative power

(executing laws). Redman v. Ohio Dept. of Indus. Relations, 75 Ohio St.3d 399, 404,

662 N.E.2d 352 (1996). As noted by Amicus Curiae Summit, R.C. 3709.281 retains

legislative authority for the City Council by stating that:

Any agreement authorized by this section does not suspend the possession

by such legislative authority of any power or function exercised or performed

by such board of health in pursuance of such agreement, and no board of

health, by virtue of any agreement entered into under this section, shall

acquire any power to levy taxes in behalf of such legislative authority unless

approved by a majority of the electors of the municipality.

10 All of these statutes were originally part of the General Code, and have been part of
the Ohio Revised Code since 1953.
 -33-

{¶ 65} According to Appellees, the exemption for tax levies in this statute belies

the assertion that R.C. 3709.281 does not let a board of health possess legislative power.

We disagree. This language is similar to taxation language in R.C. 307.15, which was

originally enacted in 1935 as G.C. 2450-2, and has been in essentially the same form

since initially enacted. See Am.H.B. 112, 116 Ohio Laws 102, Section 2, approved April

15, 1935. Specifically, R.C. 307.15 allows a board of county commissioners to enter into

agreements with the legislative authorities of any municipality, as well as other

governmental agencies. R.C. 307.15(A)(1). However, as with R.C. 3709.281, the

board is not permitted under the agreement to “acquire any power to levy taxes within,

and on behalf of, a contracting subdivision unless approved by a majority of the electors

of the contracting subdivision.” R.C. 307.15(A)(2). There is good reason for such a

restriction. “The taxing authority of a municipality may be preempted or otherwise

prohibited only by an express act of the General Assembly.” Cincinnati Bell Tel. Co. v.

Cincinnati, 81 Ohio St.3d 599, 693 N.E.2d 212 (1998), syllabus. Despite this prohibition,

difficulty can arise when other statutes exist on the same subject.

{¶ 66} An example of this point can be found in State ex rel. Ranz v. City of

Youngstown, 140 Ohio St. 477, 45 N.E.2d 767 (1942) (Ranz II), which involved issues

pertaining to taxation by a contracting county. In that case, the city of Youngstown and

the Mahoning County Commissioners entered into a written contract pursuant to G.C.

3391-1, agreeing that the commissioners would administer and pay for poor relief within

the city’s territorial limits and would have authority to levy a special tax for poor relief. Id.

at 479. Although the county commissioners had paid the cost of the relief (except for

funds furnished by the Public Welfare Department), the commissioners had not levied a
 -34-

tax and had not demanded that the city pay the cost of the relief. Id. at 479-489. As a

result, a taxpayer filed suit, demanding an accounting of expenditures and a judgment

against the city, or alternatively, asking that the commissioners be required to make an

annual levy within the city so that the county could be reimbursed. Id. at 480.

{¶ 67} At the time, G.C. 3391-1 designated areas outside a city’s corporate limit to

be county relief areas, with the board of county commissioners being appointed as the

local relief authority. Id. at 487. Each local city was also a relief area, with the local

relief authority being the proper city officer or board. Id. Under the statute, township

trustees could ask the county commissioners to designate the trustees to act as the

county’s agent for administering poor relief. Id. Alternatively, under previously enacted

legislation (G.C. 2450-1 to G.C. 2450-6), the “legislative authority” of a city and the board

of commissioners of any county in which a city was located could enter into an agreement

pursuant to which the commissioners would be authorized to act on the city’s behalf. Id.

{¶ 68} In that situation, “ ‘the city shall be a part of the county local relief area,

anything to the contrary in section 2450-2 of the General Code notwithstanding; in which

event such city shall not, for the duration of such contract, have power to levy taxes for

poor relief.’ ” Id. at 487-488, quoting G.C. 3391-1. At the time, G.C. 2450-2 (now R.C.

307.15) provided that if the “commissioners and the city’s legislative authority” entered

into an agreement for the commissioners “to perform any function or functions or any

services or services,” the commissioners would exercise the same powers as the

contracting subdivision or legislative authority could “exercise, perform, or render.” State

ex rel. Ranz v. City of Youngstown, Ohio Com.Pl. No. 110806, 1941 WL 541, *2 (Sept.

18, 1941) (Ranz I).
 -35-

{¶ 69} However, G.C. 2450-2 also provided that “[n]othing in this act nor in any

agreement by it authorized shall be construed to suspend the possession by a contracting

subdivision of any power or function exercised or performed by the board of county

commissioners in pursuance of such agreement. Nor shall the county commissioners

by virtue of any agreement entered into under the authority of this section be deemed to

have acquired any power to levy taxes within and in behalf of a contracting subdivision.”

Id.

{¶ 70} G.C. 2450-3 further stated that: “Every agreement entered into under the

authority of this act shall provide, either in specific terms or by prescribing a method for

determining the amounts, for any payments to be made by the contracting subdivision

into the county treasury, in consideration of the performance of the agreement. * * * ”

Ranz I at *2. The common pleas court held in Ranz that the phrase in G.C. 2450-3 “for

any payments” was not a mandatory requirement that the agreement had to provide

covenants to pay some amount of money. Id. at *3. The common pleas court thus

found no claim for relief and dismissed the action. Id. at *4.

{¶ 71} After the court of appeals reversed the trial court, further appeal was taken

to the Supreme Court of Ohio, which reversed the appellate court and affirmed the trial

court’s decision. Ranz II, 140 Ohio St. at 480, 45 N.E.2d 767. According to the

Supreme Court of Ohio, “poor relief is a state function.” Id. at 482. Furthermore,

counties are created by the State’s sovereign power, and their actions reflect state policy;

in contrast, municipal corporations are created for the convenience and interest of local

people. Id. at 483.11 As a result, there was “no inherent reason why the county, which

11 The court noted that because the county involved in the case “has not adopted a
 -36-

embraces all municipalities and townships within its limits, may not be made the unit for

poor relief at the sole expense of the county and either with or without state aid.” Id. at

484.

{¶ 72} The court noted that before the enactment of G.C. 2394-6 in 1935 and G.C.

3391 et. seq. in 1939, poor relief was covered by G.C. 3476, which had been in effect for

many years.12 Under G.C. 3476, counties were only charged with providing relief to

persons who fit within a small class like paupers, persons without residency requirements,

and so forth. Townships and cities were charged with providing temporary or partial

relief to residents of the city, township, county, or states. Ranz II at 485. However, in

July 1935, G.C. 2394-6 was enacted, allowing the board of commissioners of any county

to provide for persons requiring non-institutional support and to establish an agency for

administration. Id.

{¶ 73} According to the Supreme Court of Ohio, G.C. 3391 et. seq. and G.C. 2394-

6, modified G.C. 3476 to “make sure that the county would not be relieved of permanent

relief cases.” Id. at 486. Under G.C. 3391-1, county commissioners were the local

county relief authority for territory outside corporate limits, and each city was its own local

relief authority. Id. at 486-487. However, as noted, a city’s “legislative authority” could

contract with the county commissioners under G.C. 2450-1 to G.C. 2450-6 “whereby such

board of county commissioners is authorized to act as the local relief authority for and in

behalf of the city.” (Emphasis added.) Ranz II, 140 Ohio St. at 487, 45 N.E.2d 767.

charter or alternative form of government, it still remains a mere agency of the state.”
Ranz II, 140 Ohio St. at 482, 45 N.E.2d 767.
12 These new statutes were enacted during the period of the Great Depression.
 -37-

Where such an agreement existed, the city would be part of the county local relief area,

notwithstanding anything in G.C. 2450-2. Id.

{¶ 74} In explaining the meaning of G.C. 2450-2, the Supreme Court of Ohio

commented that:

Section 2450-2, General Code, authorizes agreements between the

county commissioners and other legislative authorities, but provides that the

county commissioners should not by virtue of that act (116 Ohio Laws, p.

102) be deemed to have acquired any power to levy taxes within and in

behalf of a contracting party. This feature of Section 2450-2, forbidding the

levying of taxes under the contract, was specifically amended in Section

3391-1, supra.

Section 2450-3, General Code, requires that agreements made

pursuant to Section 2450-2 shall provide either in specific terms or prescribe

a method for determining amounts for money payments to be made by the

contracting subdivision into the county treasury in consideration of the

performance of the agreement. However, there is no provision even here

for requiring any payment to be made.

(Emphasis sic.) Ranz II, 140 Ohio St. at 488-489, 45 N.E.2d 767.

{¶ 75} Accordingly, county commissioners, under the provisions of R.C. 3391-1,

could become the taxing authority but did not have to collect money from the municipality

for any part of the cost to administer poor relief because R.C. 3391-1 had eliminated any

requirement that cities must provide poor relief (due to their ability to contract it away),

nor were the commissioners precluded from having the ability to tax where they assumed
 -38-

a city’s responsibilities, because G.C. 3391-1 explicitly permitted them to do so. Id. at

489.

{¶ 76} The tax provision in R.C. 307.15 (formerly G.C. 2450-2) was intended to

ensure that even if a municipality contractually delegates some of its duties to another

party, the fact that a contract exists does not, therefore, allow the other party to usurp the

municipality’s taxing authority. The indication from Ranz II is that in certain situations,

the legislature may allow taxation to be delegated as well. Again, this is consistent with

the fact that “[t]he taxing authority of a municipality may be preempted or otherwise

prohibited only by an express act of the General Assembly.” Cincinnati Bell Tel. Co., 81

Ohio St.3d at 599, 693 N.E.2d 212. The fact that taxation is specifically mentioned in

R.C. 307.15 as well as in R.C. 3709.281 serves the purpose of reserving an important

power (the power to tax).

{¶ 77} As noted, G.C. 3391-1 was enacted during the Great Depression and

involved a situation – poor relief – which was undoubtedly critical at the time. Thus,

counties (which had previously been able to evade responsibility), were given

responsibility for poor relief outside corporate limits, and were also allowed to levy taxes

where they assumed responsibility within a city. In view of these considerations, the fact

that taxation was included in R.C. 3709.281 does not contradict the City’s arguments;

instead, it reflects the fact that restrictions on municipal taxation must be specifically

authorized by statute (which was done in Ranz II), and should not arise simply because

a contract has been made between a city and another agency. Conflicts, as arose in,

can then be avoided.

{¶ 78} Returning to the question of statutory interpretation, R.C. 1.49(D) looks at
 -39-

“[t]he common law or former statutory provisions, including laws upon the same or similar

subjects.” We have already discussed former statutes to some extent. Regarding

similar statutes. R.C. 307.153 uses the same wording as R.C. 3709.281, but focuses on

agreements for services between the board of county commissioners and the board of

health. Again, there is almost no authority interpreting this statute. There are three

attorney general opinions, but only one has any particular bearing. As previously noted,

in 1999 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 99-048, 1999 WL 692621, the attorney general

mentioned both R.C. 3709.281 and R.C. 307.153 in a footnote, when discussing whether

the board of health had statutory authority to license plumbers. The attorney general

noted that under R.C. 307.153, “[a] board of health may similarly enter into agreements

with the board of county commissioners to exercise powers, perform functions, or render

services on behalf of the county.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at *3, fn.2. Again, the

attorney general did not distinguish between a county’s legislative authority and the

county itself.

{¶ 79} Like health districts, boards of county commissioners are restricted to only

the powers that are expressly conferred by statute, unless they acquire some home rule

powers through constitutional procedures. State ex rel. Shriver v. Bd. of Commrs. of

Belmont Cty., 148 Ohio St. 277, 280, 74 N.E.2d 248 (1947); Geauga Cty. Bd. of Commrs.

v. Munn Rd. Sand & Gravel, 67 Ohio St.3d 579, 583, 621 N.E.2d 696 (1993), fn. 2.

{¶ 80} In its brief, the District also raised the similarity of R.C. 307.15, but

Appellees have not responded to this point. As we mentioned, R.C. 307.15 allows

boards of county commissioners to enter into agreements with various legislative

authorities. This statute provides that:
 -40-

Subject to division (C) of this section [pertaining to investment

services], the board of county commissioners may enter into an agreement

with the legislative authority of any municipal corporation, township, port

authority, water or sewer district, school district, library district, health

district, park district, soil and water conservation district, water conservancy

district, or other taxing district, or with the board of any other county, and

such legislative authorities may enter into agreements with the board of

county commissioners, whereby the board undertakes, and is authorized by

the contracting subdivision, to exercise any power, perform any function, or

render any service, on behalf of the contracting subdivision or its legislative

authority, that such subdivision or legislative authority may exercise,

perform, or render; or whereby the legislative authority of any municipal

corporation undertakes, and is authorized by the board of county

commissioners, to exercise any power, perform any function, or render any

service, on behalf of the county or the board, that the county or the board

may exercise, perform, or render.

R.C. 307.15(A)(1). This statute also gives “legislative authorities” a reciprocal ability to

agree to perform the same functions and services on behalf of a board of commissioners.

Id.

{¶ 81} As we also mentioned, R.C. 307.15 has been effect in essentially the same

form since it was initially enacted as G.C. 2450-2 in 1935. See Am.H.B. 112, 116 Ohio

Laws 102, Section 2, approved April 15, 1935. Both R.C. 307.15 and its predecessor

have been interpreted as "broad" and encompassing "any power, function, or service
 -41-

which the contracting subdivision or its legislative authority may exercise, perform, or

render." 1985 Ohio Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 85-086, 1985 WL 204539, *2, discussing G.C.

2450-2 and 1952 Op. Atty. Gen. No. 1330.

{¶ 82} In its decision, the trial court distinguished R.C. 315.07 because it includes

the terms the “contracting subdivision or its legislative authority.” (Emphasis sic.) Trial

Court Opinion and Journal Entry at pp. 35-36 and fn. 7. The court did not discuss its

reasoning in detail, but commented that the City’s remedy would be to have the General

Assembly amend R.C. 3709.281 “to expressly authorize the District to perform municipal

services.” Id. at p. 35.

{¶ 83} Again, we disagree that these statutes should be read so narrowly. We

note that R.C. 307.14(A) and (B) do define both “legislative authority” and “contracting

subdivision.” However, “contracting subdivision” is defined as “any governmental

subdivision or taxing district of the state which, by its legislative authority, enters into an

agreement with a board of county commissioners under the authority of” R.C. 307.14 to

R.C. 307.19.” (Emphasis added.) R.C. 307.14(B). This definition has remained the

same since G.C. 2450-1 (the predecessor of R.C. 307.14) was enacted in 1935. See

116 Ohio Laws 102 at Section 1. In Ranz II, when discussing the predecessor of R.C.

307.15, the Supreme Court of Ohio did not distinguish between “legislative authority” and

city council or commissioners, and municipality or county; instead, the court mixed these

terms. See Ranz II, 140 Ohio St. at 488-492, 45 N.E.2d 767.

{¶ 84} As noted, the way in which a charter city contracts is through its legislative

authority, pursuant to ordinances signed by the mayor. Without delving too deeply into

county government, a board of commissioners is likewise the legislative authority for a
 -42-

county. Blacker v. Wiethe, 16 Ohio St.2d 65, 68, 242 N.E.2d 655 (1968) (“Section 1 of

Article X [of the Ohio Constitution] authorizes the General Assembly by general law to

delegate to the board of county commissioners limited legislative power relative to the

government of a county * * * ”); R.C. 302.13(m); R.C. 302.12.13 The county executive,

like a mayor, is the administrative head of the county and may veto or approve

ordinances. R.C. 302.18(A) and (D).

{¶ 85} As a further matter, R.C. 307.14 states that its definitions apply to R.C.

307.14 through R.C. 307.19, which would include R.C. 307.153. This did not prevent the

attorney general from concluding that under R.C. 307.153, “[a] board of health may

similarly enter into agreements with the board of county commissioners to exercise

powers, perform functions, or render services on behalf of the county.” 1999 Ohio

Atty.Gen.Ops. No. 99-048, 1999 WL 692621 at *3, fn.2.

{¶ 86} Again, we believe the trial court employed too restrictive a view of a statute

that, frankly, is not a model of clarity. Principles of construction also stress that in

enacting statutes, “[a] just and reasonable result is intended,” and “[a] result feasible of

execution is intended.” R.C. 1.47(C) and (D). As we read all these statutes, the intent

is to ease the ability of various governmental entities to contract with each other to perform

functions that one of the parties is unable or unwilling to do. The trial court’s view adds

13 The statement about legislative power being limited refers to the fact that the legislative
power that can be granted is only such as relates to government of the county; and, as
indicated by the third sentence of that section, such county legislative power may not
conflict with any legislative power of a municipality or township not transferred by such
municipality or township to the county. In addition, unless a county has “adopted a
charter or alternative form of government, it still remains a mere agency of the state.”
Ranz II, 140 Ohio St. at 482, 45 N.E.2d 767. R.C. 302.01-302.07 provide for adoption
of an alternate form.
 -43-

complexity to legislation that has functioned for many years. Furthermore, we agree with

the District that including the words “render any service” in R.C. 3709.281 supports our

interpretation. Legislative authorities like a city council or a board of county

commissioners do not perform services, but municipalities and counties do.

{¶ 87} As a final matter, we note that Appellants have argued both here and in the

trial court that the section heading of R.C. 3709.281 (“Agreement by a board of health to

perform municipal services”) also supports their interpretation of the statute. 14

Specifically, this heading contemplates services of a municipality, not legislative powers.

See District’s Reply Brief, p. 3.

{¶ 88} The trial court rejected any consideration of this point, based on R.C. 1.01,

which states that “section headings * * * do not constitute any part of the law as contained

in the ‘Revised Code.’ ” July 20, 2018 Opinion and Journal Entry at p. 34. Citing R.C.

1.01, the Supreme Court of Ohio remarked that “[t]he General Assembly has * * * quite

explicitly stated that the substance of a statute is not to be gleaned from its appellation.”

Viers v. Dunlap, 1 Ohio St.3d 173, 175, 438 N.E.2d 881 (1982), overruled on other

grounds, Wilfong v. Batdorf, 6 Ohio St.3d 100, 103, 451 N.E.2d 1185 (1983).

{¶ 89} R.C. 1.01 has been in its current form, with only a non-pertinent

amendment, since 1953. See Am.H.B. 9, 2011 Ohio Laws 9. Both before and after the

enactment of R.C. 1.01, the Supreme Court of Ohio has given some consideration to

section headings when construing statutes, but has rejected an attempt to alter

unambiguous statutory language. See State ex rel. Murphy v. Athens Cty. Bd. of

14This is the title of the statute as enacted. See Am.H.B. 228, 132 Ohio Laws, Part I, p.
1221. The title as reflected in Westlaw is slightly different, and is incorrect.
 -44-

Elections, 138 Ohio St. 432, 435, 35 N.E.2d 574 (1941), and State v. Kiser, 13 Ohio St.2d

126, 128, 235 N.E.2d 126 (1968) (noting that, “while not totally persuasive,” a section title

added credence to the court’s construction of a statute). Accord State v. Hancovsky,

2015-Ohio-2602, 38 N.E.3d 471, ¶ 85 (11th Dist.); Dade v. Bay Village Bd. of Zoning

Appeals, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87728, 2006-Ohio-6416, ¶ 28.

{¶ 90} We agree that titles or section headings are not part of the law. However,

we also agree that they may aid in construction where a statute is ambiguous. As noted,

R.C. 3709.281 is ambiguous, and the section heading, by referring to the rendering of

“municipal services,” supports Appellants’ view. We have not given this factor significant

weight, but it does have some bearing on the matter.

{¶ 91} Based on the preceding discussion, the trial court erred in finding that R.C.

3709.281 does not allow the City and the District to enter into an agreement for the District

to enforce the lead ordinance, and that the agreement violated Article II, Section 1 of the

Ohio Constitution. Accordingly, this part of the assignment of error is sustained.

B. Equal Protection

{¶ 92} Appellants’ second issue involves the protection granted by the Equal

Protection Clauses of the Ohio Constitution, Article 1, Section 2, and the Fourteenth

Amendment, Section 1, to the U.S. Constitution. According to Appellants, the trial court

erred in holding Toledo’s lead ordinance unconstitutional as a violation of equal

protection.

{¶ 93} In its decision, the trial court held that applying the ordinance to rental

properties involving either single family homes or rental properties with four or less units
 -45-

lacks a rational basis. The court also held that the current definition of “Owner” is

unworkable and renders the ordinance’s classifications irrational. We will address these

points separately.

1. Classification of Rental Units

{¶ 94} TMC 1760.05(a) presumes that paint on the interior and exterior of

residential rental units constructed before 1978 is lead-based. The Code also requires

that owners of rental properties consisting of four or less units identify and address “the

presence of deteriorated paint, bare soil and lead dust on the interior and exterior of pre-

1978 residential structures * * *.” TMC 1760.01. The presumption can only be rebutted

by obtaining a lead-safe certification, and the City set deadlines for dwelling units in

specific census tracts to comply with the lead safe certification requirement by one of

three dates: June 30, 2018; June 30, 2019, or June 30, 2020. Failure to comply would

result in fines. TMC 1760.05 and 1760.15. As we further noted, the ordinance’s

purpose is to “to help prevent the poisoning of” Toledo’s residents. Id.

{¶ 95} The trial court’s decision was based on the fact that, despite the

presumption of the presence of lead, the ordinance burdens only some owners and gives

other owners (of pre-1978 large rental units) a competitive advantage that lacks a fair and

substantial relation to the ordinance’s object. July 20, 2018 Opinion and Journal Entry

at pp. 45-47.

{¶ 96} “An equal-protection analysis of any law centers upon the law's

classification of persons and whether the classification relates to a legitimate government

interest.” State v. Mole, 149 Ohio St.3d 215, 2016-Ohio-5124, 74 N.E.3d 368, ¶ 24.
 -46-

The trial court applied a rational basis test, and the parties do not dispute the application

of this test. The analysis under both the Ohio and federal systems is similar, although

the Supreme Court of Ohio has recently held that equal protection under Ohio’s

constitution is “co-extensive with or stronger than, that of the federal constitution.” State

v. Noling, 149 Ohio St.3d 327, 2016-Ohio-8252, ¶ 11, citing Mole at ¶ 14-23.15

{¶ 97} “A party who challenges a statute on equal-protection grounds must

demonstrate ‘either that there was no rational basis for the creation of the class itself or

that those within the class are not being treated equally in the furtherance of a legitimate

governmental interest.’ ” Simpkins, 149 Ohio St.3d 307, 2016-Ohio-8118, 75 N.E.3d

122, ¶ 48, quoting Morris v. Savoy, 61 Ohio St.3d 684, 691, 576 N.E.2d 765 (1991). “We

will set aside legislative classifications only if they are ‘based solely on reasons totally

unrelated to the pursuit of the State's goals and only if no grounds can be conceived to

justify them.’ ” Id., quoting Clements v. Fashing, 457 U.S. 957, 963, 102 S.Ct. 2836, 73

L.Ed.2d 508 (1982).

{¶ 98} In deciding that the classifications bore no rational relation to the

ordinance’s goals, the trial court focused on Toledo’s findings in connection with a prior

ordinance, which noted that lead poisoning poses a substantial risk to adults and

especially children in Toledo, and that no amount of lead is safe, meaning that

15 The Supreme Court of Ohio has not yet settled the issue of whether the federal and
Ohio equal protection clauses are “functionally equivalent” or whether, as suggested in
later cases, Ohio’s guarantee is independent and stronger than federal protection. State
v. Moore, 154 Ohio St.3d 94, 2018-Ohio-3237, 111 N.E.3d 1146, ¶ 40-41 (Fisher, J.,
concurring in judgment only). For purposes of this case, this is not an issue, as no party
contends that Ohio extends greater protection. See Simpkins v. Grace Brethren Church
of Delaware, Ohio, 149 Ohio St.3d 307, 2016-Ohio-8118, 75 N.E.3d 122, ¶ 46 (noting the
same point).
 -47-

“[e]liminating all lead exposure in our environment is our best course of action.” Opinion

and Journal Entry at p. 46.16 The trial court then commented that “[t]he Lead Ordinance

does not contain any finding that rental properties owned by the unregulated owners pose

no risk. On the contrary, eliminating all lead exposure in its environment is Toledo’s best

course of action.” Id. at p. 47.

{¶ 99} According to Appellants, the trial court ignored the finding in the ordinance

that “ ‘the majority of lead poisoning of children occurs in rental properties that are either

single family homes or four (4) units or less.’ ” District’s Brief at p. 20, quoting TMC

1760.01. See also City’s Amended Brief, pp. 4-5, 6, and 8. Appellants contend that

statutes do not lack a rational basis simply because they address issues on an

incremental basis. They also note that the Supreme Court of Ohio has upheld

classifications between rental properties that contain different numbers of units. Id. at p.

8.

{¶ 100} In Ohio Apt. Assn. v. Levin, 127 Ohio St.3d 76, 2010-Ohio-4414, 936

N.E.2d 919, the Supreme Court of Ohio considered whether administrative rules adopted

under R.C. 319.302 violated equal protection because they “resulted in disparate

treatment of similarly situated property owners based solely on the number of units

contained on the property.” Id. at ¶ 3. In the case before us, the trial court rejected Ohio

16 The trial court was referring to the “summary and background” of the initial Toledo lead
ordinance, Ord. 226-16, which is not in the record. That ordinance was passed in August
2016. See January 26, 2018 City of Toledo’s Combined Response to Plaintiff’s Motion
for Summary Judgment and Reply to Motion for Summary Judgment, Ex. A, p. 1. The
lead ordinance in question in this case is Toledo Ord. 167-17, which was passed on April
18, 2017. For purposes of discussion, we will accept the trial court’s statements about
the content of the ordinance. We note that the parties stipulated that the trial court could
take judicial notice of all Toledo ordinances and Toledo’s charter. Joint Stipulations, No.
8. Unfortunately, we were unable to locate the former ordinance online.
 -48-

Apt. and another similar case because they concerned “taxation of rental properties and

cannot reasonably be deemed relevant to the purpose of the Lead Ordinance, which is

protecting Toledo’s renters from exposure to lead hazards.” July 20, 2018 Opinion and

Journal Entry at p. 47. Again, we disagree.

{¶ 101} While the underlying factual background in Ohio Apt. involved taxation, the

court’s decision was based on an application of general constitutional principles

pertaining to equal protection. In Ohio Apt., properties improved with four of more

dwellings received a 10% rollback in property taxes, while those improved with more than

four units were not so entitled. Ohio Apt. at ¶ 36. The court rejected the appellants’

equal protection claim on various grounds, one of which was that appellants had unduly

focused on the “differing treatment of property,” when the “Equal Protection Clause

protects people, not property.” Id. at ¶ 39. The court commented that “[b]ecause the

Equal Protection Clause protects people, the proper analysis focuses on the classification

of property owners.” Id.

{¶ 102} The court then said that “[t]o the extent that appellants' claim relates to

classification of property owners, we rejected a virtually identical argument in Roosevelt

Properties Co. v. Kinney (1984), 12 Ohio St.3d 7, 12 OBR 6, 465 N.E.2d 421.” Id. at

¶ 40.17 After considering the appellants’ proof, the court concluded that they failed to

show that they were similarly situated to owners of “single-family homes, duplexes, and

triplexes * * *.” Id. at ¶ 40. Subsequently, the court considered appellants’ argument

that the rules violated the Equal Protection Clause because the “distinction by number of

17Roosevelt Properties is the other case the trial court rejected. July 20, 2018 Opinion
and Journal Entry at p. 47.
 -49-

units is illusory, and there is no evidence of any other reasonable basis for distinguishing

between rental properties.” Id. at ¶ 48.

{¶ 103} Again citing Roosevelt Properties, the court noted that it had previously

rejected this argument. Id. at ¶ 49. The court stressed that “when it comes to drawing

legal classifications under the rational-basis standard, the line drawn need not be perfect

for constitutional purposes.” Id., referencing Hegenes v. State, 328 N.W.2d 719

(Minn.1983) (which was cited in Roosevelt Properties). The Supreme Court of Ohio then

stated that:

Hegenes observed that genuine distinctions exist between small

rental properties and large multiunit apartment complexes. Moreover, the

Hegenes court rejected the contention – the same contention raised by

appellants here – that the classification became arbitrary and unreasonable

for equal protection purposes solely because the differences between small

and larger rental properties diminish when comparing triplexes to four-unit

properties. * * *

In Roosevelt Properties, we agreed with the line of reasoning in

Hegenes: the fact that these differences diminish when comparing four-unit

properties to five-unit properties becomes a question of legislative line

drawing. We held that “since the Equal Protection Clause does not impose

an ‘iron rule of equality,’ ” the line drawn between four- and five-unit

properties was reasonable. Roosevelt Properties, 12 Ohio St.3d at 15, 12

OBR 6, 465 N.E.2d 421, quoting Allied Stores of Ohio, Inc. v. Bowers

(1959), 358 U.S. 522, 526, 79 S.Ct. 437, 3 L.Ed.2d 480. These same
 -50-

principles are directly applicable to this case.

Ohio Apt., 127 Ohio St.3d 76, 2010-Ohio-4414, 936 N.E.2d 919, at ¶ 50-51.

{¶ 104} The “line” in Ohio Apt. involved the fact that properties with three or fewer

units “were more characteristic of residential properties” than properties with four or more

units, which were more like commercial properties. Id. at ¶ 52. In addition, the

properties with less units appreciated similarly in value, while appreciation rates for larger

properties were substantially less. Id. The court, therefore, found a rational basis for

the legislature’s decision. Id. at ¶ 55.

{¶ 105} Here, the justification for the line the City drew is that the majority of lead

problems exist in rental properties with four units or less. TMC 1760.02(a). We cannot

say that this distinction is irrational or unrelated to a legitimate state purpose. 18

18 According to documents attached to the brief of Amicus Curiae, Legal Aid, a coalition
of advocates, including Advocates of Basic Legal Equality and Toledoans United for
Social Action, had proposed a lead ordinance applying to “any unit built before 1978 and
constructed as a single family home or duplex.” Appendix B, City of Toledo Analysis of
Impediments to Fair Housing Choice 2015, p. 184. Although this document was
apparently not before the trial court, it is available online at https://www.toledofhc.org/wp-
content/uploads/2018/03/FH-Analysis-of-Impediments-Plan-part-2.pdf (accessed
December 3, 2019).
Judicial notice has been taken of various matters found on websites. E.g.,
Disciplinary Counsel v. Weithman, 143 Ohio St.3d 84, 2015-Ohio-482, 34 N.E.3d 865,
¶ 22, fn. 4 (noting that the board of professional conduct had taken judicial notice of the
Mayo Clinic website); State v. Menchu, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27339, 2017-Ohio-8252,
¶ 17, fn.1 (commenting that the court could take judicial notice of sunrise/sunset chart on
the website of the United States Naval Observatory, Astronomical Applications
Department, pursuant to Evid.R. 201, but did not need to do so for its decision); Malone
v. Berry, 174 Ohio App.3d 122, 2007-Ohio-6501, 881 N.E.2d 283, ¶ 13 (10th Dist.) (taking
judicial notice of factual information on website); State v. Elliott, 4th Dist. Ross No.
06CA2924, 2007-Ohio-2178, ¶ 14 (taking judicial notice of geographical facts on
Mapquest website).
The submitted information indicates that the proposed ordinance the coalition of
advocates recommended before their 2015 report (and before Toledo’s ordinance was
adopted) was more restrictive in that it only applied to single family and duplex units.
While not critical to our analysis, this does speak to the rationality of the ordinance that
 -51-

Furthermore, as the City argues, “when a legislative body chooses to act to correct a

given evil it need not correct all the evil at once, but it may proceed step-by-step.” State

v. Buckley, 16 Ohio St.2d 128, 134, 243 N.E.2d 66 (1968), citing Yee Bow v. City of

Cleveland, 99 Ohio St. 269, 124 N.E. 132 (1919), Porter v. City of Oberlin, 1 Ohio St.2d

143, 205 N.E.2d 363 (1965), and City of Xenia v. Schmidt, 101 Ohio St. 437, 130 N.E. 24

(1920).

{¶ 106} “Under the rational-basis standard, a state has no obligation to produce

evidence to sustain the rationality of a statutory classification.” Columbia Gas Transm.

Corp. v. Levin, 117 Ohio St.3d 122, 2008-Ohio-511, 882 N.E.2d 400, ¶ 91. In addition,

a party attacking legislation “bears the burden to negate every conceivable basis that

might support the legislation.” Id. See also Am. Assn. of Univ. Professors, Cent. State

Univ. Chapter v. Cent. State Univ., 87 Ohio St.3d 55, 58, 717 N.E.2d 286 (1999).

{¶ 107} In view of the preceding discussion, Appellees failed to meet their burden

in the trial court of establishing that the classifications in the ordinance lacked a rational

basis and were unrelated to the ordinance’s purpose, which was to “help prevent the

poisoning of” Toledo’s residents. TMC 1760.01. The classifications, therefore, did not

violate equal protection, and the trial court erred in so holding. Accordingly, this part of

the trial court’s decision will be reversed.

2. Definition of Owner

{¶ 108} Appellants also challenge the trial court’s conclusion that the ordinance’s

definition of “Owner” renders the classifications “so narrow in scope that they are

was adopted.
 -52-

irrational” and violate equal protection. July 20, 2018 Opinion and Journal Entry at p. 48.

According to the City, even if the definition is flawed, that is not a constitutional basis for

rejection, and if we can find a rational basis for the current definition, no violation has

occurred. The City does not suggest, however, what the rational basis here would be.

{¶ 109} As noted, the lead ordinance imposes various duties on owners of

residential rental property. “Owner” is defined very broadly, and includes, among other

things, any person or agent or employee of such, “who has care, custody, control or

charge of a premises or part thereof, has legal title to the premises, or has done any act

to maintain or operate the premises.” TMC 1760.04(20); TMC 1726.01(b)(1). It also

includes any operator of a premises. TMC 1726.01(b)(2). Maintaining the premises

includes, among other things, “entering into a public utility contract.” TMC

1726.01(b)(1)(A).

{¶ 110} The trial court concluded that the definition is irrational because every

tenant is an owner, as is everyone who has a gas or electric bill placed in his or her name.

Journal and Entry at p. 49. In addition, residential rental property under the ordinance

does not include any “dwelling unit” occupied by the owner or members of the owner’s

immediate family. According to the court, it therefore is arguable whether the ordinance

would ever be triggered. Id.

{¶ 111} We agree with the trial court’s reservations, but have additional concerns.

As noted, under the definition of an owner, any renter who has contracted with a public

utility will be responsible for the duties imposed by the ordinance. This is irrational, as

no one would expect tenants to be responsible for obtaining inspections and obtaining

lead certification for properties they do not own. In addition, the definition of owner
 -53-

includes any person or entity or an agent of such who has “done any act to maintain or

operate the premises.” (Emphasis added.) TMC 1726.01(b)(1). This could include

someone who comes to a property to repair a door or an air-conditioner. While

“maintaining or operating” is defined to include obtaining building permits and other

permits or licenses, it also states that this definition “shall include [these items] without

limitation” – meaning that “maintaining” could involve minor repairs. (Emphasis added.)

TMC 1726.01(b)(1)(A). Again, this definition broadens the ordinance in such a way that

it is irrational.

{¶ 112} Furthermore, an “operator” includes any lessee who sublets the premises

to another, and such a lessee is deemed a co-owner with joint responsibility over the

premises that are sublet. TMC 1726.01(c)(3). Again, this encompasses individuals

who are not normally responsible for maintaining property or engaging in something like

lead abatement.

{¶ 113} In light of the above discussion of law we cannot find any justification on

which to sustain the definition of “Owner” in the ordinance. See Simpkins, 149 Ohio

St.3d 307, 2016-Ohio-8118, 75 N.E.3d 122, at ¶ 48. Accordingly, the trial court’s

decision will be affirmed only insofar as the court found that this definition violates equal

protection by rendering the ordinance’s classifications irrational.

{¶ 114} We note that in a trial court memorandum, the City included proposed

legislation changing the definition of “Owner.” See June 13, 2018 City of Toledo

Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction, Ex. A, p. 1

(Proposed Ord. 232-18, Version 1). Under the proposed legislation, the definition of

“Owner” in TMC 1760.04(a)(20) would be changed to mean “any legal entity or person
 -54-

who has title to the Residential Rental Property.” Ex. A at p. 1. This has no effect here,

since we are only considering the ordinance as it existed when Appellees filed the

complaint. There is also no indication that the ordinance was ever amended, as the

proposed definition does not appear in the current municipal code.

C. Award of Attorney Fees

{¶ 115} The City has raised an additional argument, even though it has not been

included as a separate assignment of error. This final argument is that the trial court

erred in awarding attorney fees under R.C. 733.61. The District has not asserted this

error, as the fee award only involves the City.

{¶ 116} In an order filed in January 2019, the trial court concluded that Appellee,

Mack, had good cause to believe her allegations were well-founded, and awarded her

$35,000 in costs, including reasonable attorney fees, pursuant to R.C. 733.61. The trial

court also stayed payment of the fee award pending appeal.

{¶ 117} In its brief, the City contends that the fee award was unwarranted for two

reasons: first, Mack failed to wait for Toledo’s law director to respond to her request before

filing suit; and second, Mack’s taxpayer action did not benefit the public because her

purpose in filing suit was her own economic self-interest rather than the public interest.

The City also maintains that the suit damaged public health by continuing to expose

Toledo’s children to lead hazards in residential rental properties.

{¶ 118} R.C. 733.56 requires a city law director to “apply, in the name of the

municipal corporation, to a court of competent jurisdiction for an order of injunction to

restrain the misapplication of funds of the municipal corporation, the abuse of its corporate
 -55-

powers, or the execution or performance of any contract made in behalf of the municipal

corporation in contravention of the laws or ordinance governing it, or which was procured

by fraud or corruption.” If the law director fails, after written request, to file suit, a

taxpayer “may institute suit in his own name, on behalf of the municipal corporation.”

R.C. 733.59.

{¶ 119} R.C. 733.61 further provides that:

If the court hearing a case under section 733.59 of the Revised Code

is satisfied that the taxpayer had good cause to believe that his allegations

were well founded, or if they are sufficient in law, it shall make such order

as the equity of the case demands. In such case the taxpayer shall be

allowed his costs, and, if judgment is finally ordered in his favor, he may be

allowed, as part of the costs, a reasonable compensation for his attorney.

{¶ 120} “Where the statutory requirements necessary to maintain a taxpayer's

action, pursuant to R.C. s 733.59, are met or waived, and the action has been brought on

behalf of the public and resulted in a public benefit, the equity of the case demands that

the trial court exercise its discretion in considering the allowance of attorney fees to the

successful taxpayers.” State ex rel. White v. City of Cleveland, 34 Ohio St.2d 37, 295

N.E.2d 665 (1973), paragraph three of the syllabus. See also Hess v. Toledo, 133 Ohio

App.3d 729, 734, 729 N.E.2d 823 (6th Dist.1999), citing State ex rel. Commt. for Charter

Amendment Petition v. Avon, 81 Ohio St.3d 590, 595, 693 N.E.2d 205 (1998).

{¶ 121} Because the trial court is exercising discretion, we would, therefore, review

the decision for abuse of discretion. “ ‘ “ ‘Abuse of discretion’ has been defined as an

attitude that is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. * * * It is to be expected that
 -56-

most instances of abuse of discretion will result in decisions that are simply unreasonable,

rather than decisions that are unconscionable or arbitrary.” ’ ” State v. Flores, 6th Dist.

Wood No. WD-18-016, 2018-Ohio-3980, ¶ 7, quoting State v. Stone, 2d Dist. Clark No.

2011 CA 96, 2012-Ohio-4755, ¶ 22, which in turn, quotes AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place

Community Redevelopment, 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597 (1990). “ ‘ “A

decision is unreasonable if there is no sound reasoning process that would support that

decision. It is not enough that the reviewing court, were it deciding the issue de novo,

would not have found that reasoning process to be persuasive, perhaps in view of

countervailing reasoning processes that would support a contrary result.” ’ ” Id. See

also Baker v. R/A Cab Co., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-19-1031, 2019-Ohio-4375, ¶ 14; Wenzke

v. Baird, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-13-1244, 2014-Ohio-3069, ¶ 10.

{¶ 122} “Although a prerequisite to the allowance of attorney fees in a taxpayer's

action is the bestowal of a benefit upon the public through the efforts of the taxpayer, the

benefit need not be monetary and a fund need not be created or preserved. The benefit

obtained by the public through the action of the taxpayer may be of an intangible

character, such as the prevention of illegal government activity.” Billington v. Cotner, 37

Ohio St.2d 17, 305 N.E.2d 805 (1974), syllabus.

{¶ 123} As to the City’s first argument, the trial court commented that Mack had

submitted a letter to Toledo’s law director giving a full description of the issues and

adequate time to decide whether to file suit. The trial court further said that the City

obviously was not going to file suit. January 3, 2019 Order, pp.1-2.

{¶ 124} In situations where the plaintiff taxpayer failed to give the law director a

written request before they filed suit, the Supreme Court has said that the question is “Did
 -57-

the circumstances here show that it would have been unavailing to have made a request

upon the solicitor[?]” State ex rel. Nimon v. Village of Springdale, 6 Ohio St.2d 1, 6, 215

N.E.2d 592 (1966). In that case, the court concluded that a request to bring suit in face

of the facts would have been futile, as “[t]he lines were drawn, an unalterable stand was

made, and the gauntlet was thrown down.” Id.

{¶ 125} In the case before us, Appellees set out their position in detail in an

October 23, 2017 letter to the City’s law director, Adam Loukx, and asked Loukx to file

suit. Appellees further indicated that if Loukx did not file suit by October 30, 2017, they

would apply for an injunction in a court of competent jurisdiction. Loukx received the

letter on October 23, 2017. Joint Stipulations, No. 1 and Ex. A attached to No. 7, p. 4.

Rather than filing suit, Loukx sent Appellees’ attorney a letter on October 24, 2017, stating

that his initial reading of the letter indicated that Appellees’ arguments were “meritless.”

Id. at No. 1, Ex. B, p. 1. Loukx asked for additional time to research the issues, and said

he would reply on or before November 7, 2017. Id. At that time, the initial deadline for

property owners to obtain inspections and receive lead-safe certificates was June 30,

2018, or about seven months later. TMC 1760.15.

{¶ 126} Loukx did not file a complaint, nor did he apply for an injunction in response

to the letter. Id. at No.3. Appellees then filed their complaint for permanent injunction

on November 2, 2017. On November 15, 2017, the City filed a motion for an extension

of time until January 1, 2018, to respond to the complaint, which was granted. Shortly

thereafter, in responding to Appellee’s previously-filed request to waive the security

deposit, the City stressed that the lawsuit was meritless. In this regard, Toledo cited a

November 20, 2017 editorial in the Toledo Blade. Among other things, the editorial
 -58-

stated that “The Property Investor’s Network has sued Toledo to stop the city’s ordinance

aimed at eliminating lead hazards in the city’s aging rental housing stock and day care

centers. The group may have handed resistant Toledo landlords a new reason to drag

their feet about complying with the ordinance, but dedicated city and public-health officials

have worked too hard on the program to let the lawsuit kill the lead-safe program.”19

{¶ 127} Although Appellees did, in fact, send a written request as required by R.C.

733.59, it is clear that under Nimon, the lines had been drawn, and the City’s law director

had no intention of filing suit. Furthermore, suit needed to be filed and resolved as soon

as possible, given the deadline for statutory compliance. Although several months were

left for compliance, the process of obtaining inspections and obtaining the required lead-

safe certificates would have taken a substantial amount of time. Accordingly, we agree

with the trial court that Appellees were not precluded from obtaining attorney fees under

R.C. 733.61.

{¶ 128} Toledo’s second argument is that Mack was acting in her own behalf, not

the public interest, and that she harmed public interest, rather than benefitting it. We

disagree. While the ordinance’s goal of preventing lead poisoning is a laudable goal,

Appellees acted in the public’s behalf by asking for broader enforcement. That they may

have benefitted by decreasing the competitive edge of larger apartment complexes is

beside the point. Moreover, the public received a benefit in that Toledo is precluded from

enforcing an ordinance that has a poorly-worded definition of the persons who may be

subject to the expense of compliance and fines for failing to comply. Compare Hess,

19http://opinion.toledoblade.com/Editorials/2017/11/20/Doomed-lead-law-challenge.html
(accessed on December 3, 2019).
 -59-

133 Ohio App.3d at 736, 729 N.E.2d 823. Certainly, a great deal of confusion (as well

as the cost of future court actions challenging enforcement) has been avoided.

{¶ 129} The more pertinent question is whether an attorney fee award is

appropriate, since Appellees have been defeated in part on the merits. R.C. 733.61 is

phrased in the disjunctive: that the taxpayer had “good cause to believe that his

allegations were well founded, or if they [the allegations] are sufficient in law.” In State

ex rel. Harris v. Rubino, 156 Ohio St.3d 296, 2018-Ohio-5109, 126 N.E.3d 1068, the

requirements in R.C. 733.61 were described as follows:

The plain and unambiguous language of R.C. 733.61 establishes two

criteria to recover attorney fees as part of the costs of an action filed under

R.C. 733.59. The first provision is a gatekeeping mechanism that requires

a court to find either that the taxpayer had “good cause to believe” his

complaint was “well founded” or that the complaint was “sufficient in law.”

If either finding is made, the court must issue an order as equity demands

and the taxpayer is to be awarded his costs. Second, if a judgment is

issued in the taxpayer's favor, the court may allow, “as part of the costs, a

reasonable compensation for his attorney.” The determination of what is

“reasonable,” then, establishes the amount, if any, a taxpayer is entitled to

recover.

(Emphasis added.) Rubino at ¶ 22 (Kennedy, J., concurring in part and dissenting in

part).20

{¶ 130} The trial court found that Mack had good cause to believe her allegations

20 The dissent was not related to this point.
 -60-

were well-founded. The City has not disputed this point, and Mack is entitled to her

costs, since she satisfied this the threshold requirement.

{¶ 131} However, recovery under the second part of the inquiry depends on

whether a judgment has been rendered in the taxpayer’s favor. In that situation, the

court has discretion to award costs, including attorney fees. Because the circumstances

have changed and only a partial judgment has been rendered in Mack’s favor, the trial

court should reconsider the amount of fees, if any, that should be awarded. Accordingly,

this part of the City’s assignment of error is sustained in part and overruled in part, and

this cause will be remanded to the trial court for a decision on what fees, if any, Mack

should receive under R.C. 733.61.

{¶ 132} Based on the preceding discussion, we conclude that: (1) the District did

not lack authority under R.C. 3709.281 to enforce the City’s lead ordinance; (2) the

agreement between the City and the District did not violate Article II, Section of the Ohio

Constitution; (3) the City’s lead ordinance did not violate equal protection by distinguishing

among numbers of rental units to be covered; (4) the ordinance’s definition of “Owner”

did violate equal protection by rendering the ordinance’s classifications irrational; and (5)

Appellants are entitled to costs. However, because Appellants have only partially

prevailed, the trial court must reconsider what attorney fees, if any, should be awarded.

III. Conclusion

{¶ 133} Appellants’ assignment of error is overruled in part and sustained in part.

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is reversed in part and affirmed in part, and

this cause is remanded to the trial court solely for consideration of whether Appellee,
 -61-

Cheryl Mack, is entitled to recover fees under R.C. 733.61, and if so, to what extent.

.............

HALL, J. and TUCKER, J., concur.

(Hon. Jeffrey M. Welbaum, Hon. Michael T. Hall, and Hon. Michael L. Tucker, Second
District Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
of Ohio.)

Copies sent to:

Andrew R. Mayle
Ronald J. Mayle
Jeffrey B. Charles
Kevin A. Pituch
Evy M. Jarrett
Tabitha Stearns
Heather L. Hall
Hon. Linda J. Jennings