FIFTH DIVISION
MCFADDEN, C. J.,
MCMILLIAN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
http://www.gaappeals.us/rules
January 2, 2020
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
A19A2326. THE STATE v. RICHARDSON.
PHIPPS, Senior Appellate Judge.
On appeal from an order suppressing statements made at and evidence
recovered from the scene of a car hijacking, the State asserts that the evidence should
not have been suppressed because defendant Darieuq Richardson’s self-incriminating
statements were voluntarily made. We agree as to Richardson’s first statement to
police, made before he was arrested, and we therefore reverse in part and vacate in
part.
[I]n reviewing a ruling on the admissibility of a defendant’s statements
where the facts are disputed, we accept the trial court’s factual findings
and credibility determinations unless they are clearly erroneous, but we
independently apply the law to the facts. . . . [A] reviewing court may
consider facts that definitively can be ascertained exclusively by
reference to evidence that is uncontradicted and presents no questions
of credibility, such as facts indisputably discernible from a videotape.
On the other hand, to the extent that legally significant facts were
proved by evidence other than the video recording, the trial court as
fact-finder was entitled to determine the credibility and weight of that
other evidence.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) State v. Abbott, 303 Ga. 297, 299 (1) (812 SE2d
225) (2018).
Thus viewed in favor of the trial court’s judgment, including those facts
“indisputably discernable” from the videotape of Richardson’s arrest, Abbott, 303 Ga.
at 299 (1), the record shows that at around 10:00 p.m. on the evening of January 22,
2018, a Douglas County deputy responded to a domestic dispute call at the apartment
where Richardson lived with his mother and sister. The mother said that Richardson
had been drinking and described her son to police as wearing a black hoodie and dark
pants. The deputy promised to “try to find him and see if he would come home.”
At approximately 5:00 on the following morning, while it was still dark, the
same deputy was recalled to the same apartment complex by a 911 call reporting a car
hijacking and attempted armed robbery. The caller told police that he had left his car
running to warm up in the winter weather before returning to the car, at which time
he saw a young man standing at the top of the stairwell in the breezeway. As the
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victim approached his car, the young man, who was wearing a black hoodie with
white spots on the right rear shoulder and dark jeans and was carrying a gun, came
up behind the victim and demanded his car keys and wallet. The victim threw his
wallet onto the ground and ran away, with the young man in pursuit. The victim later
returned to the apartment parking lot, retrieved his wallet, and ran to the entrance of
the complex, where he called 911. The first deputy noted the resemblance between
the suspect and the description given of Richardson earlier that night.
The two deputies now on scene accompanied the victim back to his car, which
was parked within view of Richardson’s apartment. The car’s engine was still
running, but its windshield was shattered, and a fire extinguisher was underneath its
front. As shown on the officers’ bodycam videos, the first deputy saw blinds moving
in the front window of Richardson’s apartment. When the officers knocked on the
door, Richardson’s mother answered. The officers asked her whether Richardson was
there and if they could “talk to him for just a second.” The mother agreed, and shortly
thereafter, with the second deputy’s gun drawn, Richardson walked out of the
apartment with his hands in the air, saying, “I ain’t got nothing on me.” He was
wearing a black hoodie with white markings on the right rear shoulder. The first
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deputy then placed Richardson in handcuffs, instructing him to “put your hands up
until I can figure out what is going on.” The following conversation then occurred:
[Investigator:] Let’s turn [Richardson] around so [the victim] doesn’t see
him in cuffs. Do you want to tell us what you did tonight?
[Richardson:] Yes, sir.
[Investigator:] Tell us what you did then.
[Richardson:] Something dumb.
[Investigator:] What did you do? [Deputy 1, also in response:] Yeah, I
can imagine.
[Richardson:] I had a BB gun.
[Deputy 1:] Where is it at? [Investigator:] Did you try to get the guy’s
car?
[Richardson:] Yes, sir.
[Deputy 1:] Where is the BB gun at?
[Richardson:] In there. [Pause.] I’m sorry.
[Deputy 1:] I came out here earlier tonight because your sister called
about you and your momma getting into it.
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[Richardson:] Yes, sir.
[Deputy 1:] Your momma said she was pissed at you about drinking
alcohol or something. So when the dude, uh, well, never mind. You
know you have the right to remain silent. [Richardson nods.] Anything
you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.
[Richardson:] Yes, sir.
[Deputy 1:] You have the right to have an attorney present before any
questioning.
[Richardson:] Yes, sir.1
[Deputy 1:] You want to answer questions without an attorney present?
[Richardson:] I don’t care.
[Deputy 1:] Okay, it’s not I don’t care. It’s yes or no.
[Richardson:] Yes, sir.
1
As the deputy admitted at the hearing, this reading of the Miranda warning
omitted the portion as to Richardson’s right to a court-appointed attorney if he could
not afford his own. See Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436 (86 SCt 1602, 16 LE2d
694) (1966).
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(Emphasis supplied.) In response to further questions, Richardson admitted to chasing
the victim, having the BB gun in the front room, and looking out the front window
at police.
Based on this first statement, the second deputy got the mother’s permission
to search the family’s apartment and recovered the BB gun. The victim identified
Richardson, at which point the officers considered him under arrest, though they did
not tell him so. The first deputy then walked Richardson into the parking lot, during
which time Richardson responded to further questions about the location of the gun
and placed him in the patrol car. There, the second deputy read Richardson his
Miranda rights once again, though without inquiring as to whether Richardson
understood them. The second deputy then asked Richardson again whether he wanted
to talk, to which Richardson responded, “Yes.” Richardson then acknowledged that
he had smashed the victim’s car window with the fire extinguisher, had stolen the BB
gun from Walmart, and that he was sorry.
Richardson was charged with car hijacking, attempted armed robbery,
aggravated assault, and second-degree criminal damage to property. Richardson
moved to suppress his statements and other evidence, including the victim’s on-scene
identification, on grounds including that he had not been given the Miranda warnings
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before being interrogated. After a hearing, including testimony from the two deputies
and the introduction of their bodycam videotapes, the trial court filed an order
holding that although the on-scene identification was not impermissibly suggestive
and police had probable cause to arrest Richardson, all of his statements were
involuntary as a result of the officers’ failure to read him a complete Miranda
warning at any time. The trial court also suppressed the BB gun as the tainted fruit
of these involuntary statements.
On appeal,2 the State argues that the trial court erred when it concluded that
Richardson’s statements were not voluntary and when it suppressed his statements
and the BB gun as a result. We agree in part.3
1. Richardson’s first statement.
2
See OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (4) (authorizing a direct appeal from a judgment
“suppressing or excluding evidence illegally seized”).
3
As a preliminary matter, we reject the State’s passing assertion that it did not
have proper notice of Richardson’s challenge to the admission of his statements on
the grounds that they were involuntary. Richardson’s filed motion asserted that
because Richardson was not properly Mirandized, his statement was obtained in
violation of his Fifth Amendment right against compelled self-incrimination. See
Benton v. State, 302 Ga. 570, 573 (2) (807 SE2d 450) (2017) (Miranda warnings “are
intended to preserve a defendant’s Fifth Amendment right against self-
incrimination”).
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A person is considered to be in custody and Miranda warnings are
required when a person is (1) formally arrested or (2) restrained to the
degree associated with a formal arrest. Unless a reasonable person in the
suspect’s situation would perceive that he was in custody, Miranda
warnings are not necessary. Thus, the proper inquiry is how a reasonable
person in [the defendant’s] shoes would have perceived his situation.
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) State v. Troutman, 300 Ga. 616, 617 (1) (797
SE2d 72) (2017). It is well-established that the mere use of handcuffs does not,
without more evidence of force, render a person’s statements during an investigative
stop involuntary. Stringer v. State, 285 Ga. 842, 844-845 (2) (684 SE2d 590) (2009)
(“Officers may handcuff a suspect during an investigatory stop when such action is
either reasonable under the circumstances to protect themselves or the public, or to
maintain the status quo”) (citation and punctuation omitted), disapproved on other
grounds, State v. Sims, 296 Ga. 465, 469 n. 7 (2) (a) (769 SE2d 62) (2015).
The videotape before us confirms the officers’ testimony that they placed
Richardson in handcuffs for their own safety and for purposes of conducting a
second-tier investigatory stop lasting approximately three minutes. See Stringer, 285
Ga. at 845 (2); New York v. Quarles, 467 U. S. 649, 657 (104 SCt 2626, 81 LE2d
550) (1984) (no constitutional violation when police failed to read Miranda warnings
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while apprehending a suspect and when “confronted with the immediate necessity of
ascertaining the whereabouts of a gun” discarded by the defendant). “[W]here an
accused is neither in custody nor so restrained as to equate to a formal arrest, any
statements made to an investigating officer are made under noncustodial
circumstances and Miranda warnings are not required.” (Citation and punctuation
omitted.) Stallings v. State, 343 Ga. App. 135, 143 (2) (806 SE2d 613) (2017).
Miranda warnings were not necessary during this brief period, which ended when the
victim identified Richardson as his assailant and Richardson was taken to the patrol
car. See State v. Price, 322 Ga. App. 778, 781 (746 SE2d 258) (2013) (an
investigatory traffic stop “was not elevated into an arrest by removing [the defendant]
from [a] vehicle and handcuffing him” pending the outcome of the investigation);
Parker v. State, 326 Ga. App. 175, 179 (3) (754 SE2d 409) (2014) (reasonable
suspicion “developed into probable cause” justifying arrest when the victims
identified the defendant as among their assailants).
But even assuming that Richardson should have been Mirandized immediately
after being placed in handcuffs, the Supreme Court of Georgia has held that a “failure
to give the prescribed [Miranda] warnings and obtain a waiver of rights before
custodial questioning generally requires exclusion of any statements obtained,” but
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such a failure “‘does not mean that the statements received have actually been
coerced, but only that courts will presume the privilege against compulsory self-
incrimination has not been intelligently exercised.’” Norwood v. State, 303 Ga. 78,
82 (2) (a) (810 SE2d 554) (2018), quoting Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U. S. 298, 310 (105
SCt 1285, 84 LE2d 222) (1985) (citation omitted); see also OCGA § 24-8-824
(mandating the exclusion of incriminatory statements induced by “the slightest hope
of benefit or remotest fear of injury”). Even when a defendant is in custody for some
hours, our Supreme Court has held that a trial court errs in concluding that a
statement taken without Miranda warnings is involuntary in the absence of any
evidence of “extreme tactics identified as the hallmarks of coercive police activity”
such as “lengthy interrogation, physical deprivation, brutality, or deception.”
Troutman, 300 Ga. at 618-619 (2) (citations and punctuation omitted) (reversing a
trial court’s finding that a confession obtained during a 2-hour 45-minute
interrogation and a 9-hour detention, with an instruction that defendant was not free
to leave and without Miranda warnings, was involuntary).
Richardson argues that the officers in this case deployed the two-step strategy
of “question first and warn later” disapproved in Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U. S. 600
(124 SCt 2601, 159 LE2d 643) (2004). See Wiggins v. State, 280 Ga. 627, 629 (2) (a)
10
(632 SE2d 80) (2006); Stallings, 343 Ga. App. at 142-143; Abbott, supra, 303 Ga. at
304 (3) (vacating and remanding for findings as to whether investigators deliberately
employed such a strategy). This trial court made an explicit finding, however, that the
officers’ failure to read Richardson his rights before the onset of questioning, as well
as their omission of portions of the warning before and after his arrest, was
“inadvertent” – a credibility determination that we cannot ignore. Abbott, 303 Ga. at
299 (1) (“Credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony is a
decision-making power that lies solely with the trier of fact”) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
Here, Richardson’s first conversation with police, which almost immediately
raised the necessity of locating the gun used in the hijacking, was a matter of a few
minutes in a noncustodial setting, and the videotape of the incident provides “no
evidence that [he] was threatened, coerced, or given a hope of a benefit in exchange
for [his] statement.” Norwood, 303 Ga. at 83 (2) (a). Even assuming that the officers
erred when they failed to Mirandize Richardson immediately, his initial response to
questioning “had none of the earmarks of coercion,” and the officers also did not
“exploit the unwarned admission to pressure [him] into waiving [his] right to remain
silent.” Id. (citation and punctuation omitted). Under these circumstances, we must
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conclude that the trial court erred when it granted Richardson’s motion to suppress
those statements made before his arrest, and when it also suppressed the gun later
recovered from the apartment, which the victim described in the first moments after
he was detained, as fruit of the poisonous tree. Id. at 83-84 (2) (affirming trial court’s
denial of defendant’s motion to suppress a statement made before a Miranda
warning); Troutman, 300 Ga. at 618-619 (2) (reversing a trial court’s finding that a
2-hour 45-minute interrogation without Miranda warnings, during a 9-hour detention
from which defendant was not free to leave, rendered a confession involuntary); see
also United States v. Patane, 542 U.S. 630, 643 (IV) (124 SCt 2620, 159 LE2d 667)
(2004) (plurality opinion) (“fruits” doctrine should not apply to physical evidence,
such as a firearm, because “the exclusion of unwarned [but voluntary] statements is
a complete and sufficient remedy for any perceived Miranda violation”) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
2. Richardson’s statements after his arrest. Neither the parties nor the trial
court have considered in any detail whether, independent of Richardson’s first
statement, the statements made after the victim’s identification and Richardson’s
12
arrest were properly excluded. We therefore vacate the remainder of the trial court’s
order and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Judgment reversed in part and vacated in part. McFadden, C. J., and
McMillian, P. J., concur.
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State v. Darievq Javon Richardson
Combined Opinion