NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS JAN 7 2020
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
AMERICAN STATES INSURANCE No. 18-15770
COMPANY,
D.C. No.
Plaintiff-Appellee, 2:12-cv-01489-MCE-AC
v.
MEMORANDUM*
INSURANCE COMPANY OF THE STATE
OF PENNSYLVANIA,
Defendant-Appellant.
AMERICAN STATES INSURANCE No. 18-15861
COMPANY,
D.C. No.
Plaintiff-Appellant, 2:12-cv-01489-MCE-AC
v.
INSURANCE COMPANY OF THE STATE
OF PENNSYLVANIA,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of California
Morrison C. England, Jr., District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted November 6, 2019
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Pasadena, California
Before: SCHROEDER, FRIEDLAND, and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges.
Insurance Company of the State of Pennsylvania (“ICSOP”) appeals the
district court’s grant of partial summary judgment in favor of American States
Insurance Company (“American”), which held that ICSOP’s commercial umbrella
insurance policy (“the ICSOP Policy”) created a co-primary duty to defend Sierra
Pacific Industries (“Sierra”) in the underlying Moonlight Fire lawsuits. American
cross-appeals the district court’s “equal shares” apportionment of costs and denial
of prejudgment interest. We review the district court’s order granting partial
summary judgment de novo, Nev. Power Co. v. Monsanto Co., 955 F.2d 1304,
1306 (9th Cir. 1992), as amended on denial of reh’g (Apr. 14, 1992), its equitable
allocation of defense costs for abuse of discretion, see Westport Ins. Corp. v. Cal.
Cas. Mgmt. Co., 916 F.3d 769, 778 (9th Cir. 2019), and its denial of prejudgment
interest de novo, Evanston Ins. Co. v. OEA, Inc., 566 F.3d 915, 920–21 (9th Cir.
2009). For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
We begin with the premise that “it is the policy language that controls the
attachment of coverage.” Carmel Dev. Co. v. RLI Ins. Co., 24 Cal. Rptr. 3d 588,
596 (Ct. App. 2005) (citing 20th Century Ins. Co. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 965
F.2d 747, 756 (9th Cir. 1992)). American’s commercial general liability policy
(“the American Policy”) provides that it will defend its additional insured, Sierra,
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against any “suit” seeking damages from Sierra, but only “to the extent” Sierra is
vicariously liable for the named insured’s (Howell’s Forest Harvesting) operations.
American’s primary indemnity coverage (and duty to defend) thus did not extend
to Sierra’s potential non-vicarious liability for the property damage from the fire,
creating a gap in the scope of American’s defense obligation as to the underlying
suits.
“Any gaps in coverage left open” by underlying insurance may be filled by
other insurance, however. Powerline Oil Co. v. Superior Court, 118 P.3d 589, 603
(Cal. 2005) (citing 2 Croskey et al., Cal. Practice Guide: Insurance Litigation (The
Rutter Group 2003), ¶ 8:84 p. 8–33) (internal quotation marks omitted). When
claims are covered by an umbrella insurance policy but not by the underlying
primary insurance, the umbrella insurer must “drop[] down to provide primary
coverage.” Legacy Vulcan Corp. v. Superior Court, 110 Cal. Rptr. 3d 795, 803–04
(Ct. App. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).
In addition to providing excess coverage, the ICSOP Policy includes an
umbrella clause providing that ICSOP will cover “the total of all damages”
resulting from property damage “covered by the [ICSOP] Policy but not covered
by any underlying insurance” up to a $10 million occurrence limit. The ICSOP
Policy likewise creates both excess and umbrella defense obligations; its umbrella
defense obligation provides in relevant part that ICSOP has a “duty to defend any
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claim or suit seeking damages covered by” the ICSOP Policy “but not covered by
any underlying insurance[.]” Since the American Policy provides for a duty to
defend only with respect to Sierra’s vicarious liability, the district court correctly
determined that ICSOP had a duty to drop down and defend the underlying suits in
a co-primary capacity with American. See Md. Cas. Co. v. Nationwide Mut. Ins.
Co., 97 Cal. Rptr. 2d 374, 379 (Ct. App. 2000).
Turning to American’s equitable contribution claims, “[t]he doctrine of
equitable contribution applies to insurers who share the same level of obligation on
the same risk as to the same insured.” Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. v. Md. Cas. Co.,
77 Cal. Rptr. 2d 296, 304 n.4 (Ct. App. 1998). Because American and ICSOP
shared the same level of obligation (i.e., co-primary) on the same risk for the same
insured, and American undertook its defense duty while ICSOP did not, the district
court correctly held American is entitled to equitable contribution of defense costs
from ICSOP.
In apportioning defense costs, the district court determined that the most
equitable approach was to split costs equally between American and ICSOP. The
district court did not abuse its discretion. It is a “fundamental principle” that trial
courts have equitable discretion “to select a method of allocating costs among
insurers . . . based on the facts and circumstances of the particular case[.]”
Centennial Ins. Co. v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 105 Cal. Rptr. 2d 559, 562 (Ct. App.
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2001). In choosing the equal shares approach, the district court adopted one of the
six recognized approaches under California law for reapportioning defense costs
between participating and non-participating insurers. Scottsdale Ins. Co. v.
Century Surety Co., 105 Cal. Rptr. 3d 896, 903 (Ct. App. 2010). The facts and
circumstances of this case do not mandate the policy limits approach as American
asserts. Accordingly, “the 50–50 allocation of defense costs in this case was well
within the trial court’s equitable discretion.” Fireman’s Fund, 77 Cal. Rptr. 2d at
314.1
Finally, regarding prejudgment interest, “[a] person who is entitled to
recover damages certain, or capable of being made certain by calculation, and the
right to recover which is vested in the person upon a particular day, is entitled also
to recover interest thereon from that day[.]” Cal. Civ. Code § 3287(a). Because
Sierra’s total defense costs were fixed as of October 31, 2012, and the court’s
allocation of indemnity turned “exclusively on legal issues,” State v. Cont’l Ins.
Co., 223 Cal. Rptr. 3d 716, 735 (Ct. App. 2017), ICSOP’s damages were capable
of being made certain by calculation. Thus, the district court erred in denying
1
Additionally, the district court did not abuse its equitable discretion by declining
to credit ICSOP’s $3.4 million payment to resolve Sierra’s bad faith claims against
ICSOP as participation in Sierra’s defense for purposes of the court’s cost
allocation determination. The district court also correctly disregarded American’s
umbrella policy in apportioning costs, as that policy only created a duty to defend
against claims arising out of an occurrence not covered “in whole or in part” by the
underlying policy.
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prejudgment interest to American, and we remand with an instruction to award
prejudgment interest to American from October 31, 2012, until the date the district
court enters its new judgment.
Each party will bear its own costs for this appeal.
AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED IN PART, and REMANDED.
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