RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is pos ted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-0398-18T3
J.M.
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
E.R.,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________
Submitted November 4, 2019 – Decided January 9, 2020
Before Judges Messano and Susswein.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Chancery Division, Family Part, Hudson County,
Docket No. FV-09-0178-19.
Adam W. Toraya, attorney for appellant.
Respondent has not filed a brief.
PER CURIAM
Defendant, E.R., appeals from a final restraining order (FRO) entered
against him pursuant to the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA),
N.J.S.A. 2C:25-17 to -33. After a plenary hearing, the trial court found that
defendant had violated a temporary domestic violence restraining order (TRO)
by contacting the victim, J.M., in an effort to convince her to dismiss the TRO
and resume their dating relationship. Defendant on appeal does not dispute that
his violation of the no-contact condition of the TRO constitutes a predicate act
of domestic violence but argues that an FRO was not needed to protect the victim
from further abuse. We have reviewed the record in view of the applicable legal
principles and deferential standard of appellate review and conclude that the trial
court properly considered all of the relevant facts and circumstances, including
those that defendant argues militate against an FRO. We therefore affirm entry
of the FRO.
I.
Defendant raises the following argument for our consideration:
THE COURT ERRED IN GRANTING A FINAL
RESTRAINING ORDER WITHOUT PROPERLY
CONSIDERING THE SIX NON-EXCLUSIVE
CRITERIA SET FORTH IN N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a).
We begin our consideration of defendant's argument by acknowledging
the legal principles governing this appeal. Our review of a domestic violence
order is limited. We must accept findings by the trial court that are "supported
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2
by adequate, substantial, credible evidence." Cesare v. Cesare, 154 N.J. 394,
412 (1998) (citing Rova Farms Resort, Inc. v. Inv'rs Ins. Co., 65 N.J. 474, 484
(1974)). "Deference is especially appropriate 'when the evidence is largely
testimonial and involves questions of credibility.'" Ibid. (quoting In re Return
of Weapons to J.W.D., 149 N.J. 108, 117 (1997)). Deference is also particularly
warranted "[b]ecause of the family courts' special jurisdiction and expertise in
family matters." Id. at 413. Accordingly, "an appellate court should not disturb
the 'factual findings and legal conclusions of the trial judge unless [it is]
convinced they are so manifestly unsupported by or inconsistent with the
competent, relevant and reasonably credible evidence as to offend the interests
of justice.'" Id. at 412 (alteration in original) (quoting Rova Farms Resort, Inc.,
65 N.J. at 484).
In Silver v. Silver, we summarized the two-step analysis courts must apply
in determining whether to grant an FRO under the PDVA. 387 N.J. Super. 112
(App. Div. 2006). "First, the judge must determine whether the plaintiff has
proven, by a preponderance of the credible evidence, that one or more of the
predicate acts set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a) has occurred." Id. at 125. In
this instance, defendant does not contest the trial court's finding that he
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3
committed a predicate act of domestic violence by violating the no-contact
provision of the TRO. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(17).
"The second inquiry, upon a finding of the commission of a predicate act
of domestic violence, is whether the court should enter a restraining order that
provides protection for the victim." Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 126. "The second
prong set forth in Silver requires the conduct must [be] imbued by a desire to
abuse or control the victim." R.G. v. R.G., 449 N.J. Super. 208, 228 (App. Div.
2017) (citing Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 126–27); see also Peranio v. Peranio,
280 N.J. Super. 47, 52 (App. Div. 1995) (defining domestic violence as "a
pattern of abusive and controlling behavior injurious to its victims"). Whether
a defendant's conduct was designed to abuse or control the plaintiff should be
assessed in the context of the "entire relationship between the parties." Cesare,
154 N.J. at 395.
"Although this second determination . . . is most often perfunctory and
self-evident," Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127, it is clear that a need for an FRO
should not flow automatically from the finding of a predicate act of domestic
violence. Id. at 126–27 (citing Kamen v. Egan, 322 N.J. Super. 222, 227 (App.
Div. 1999)). "[T]he guiding standard is whether a restraining order is necessary,
upon an evaluation of the factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to (6), to
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4
protect the victim from an immediate danger or to prevent further abuse." Id. at
127. The six factors include: (1) the previous history of domestic violence
between the parties; (2) "the existence of immediate danger to person or
property;" (3) the financial circumstances of the parties; (4) the best interests of
the victim; (5) the protection of the victim's safety in relation to custody and
parenting time; and (6) the existence of a restraining order in a different
jurisdiction. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(1) to (6). The court may also look to other
relevant factors not included in the statute. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a) ("The court
shall consider but not be limited to the following factors . . . ."); N.T.B. v.
D.D.B., 442 N.J. Super. 205, 223 (App. Div. 2015) (noting the statutory factors
are "nonexclusive").
II.
In order to apply these governing legal principles here, we recount the
evidence adduced before the trial judge. The plenary hearing consisted of J.M.'s
testimony and exhibits of text messages defendant sent and records of phone
calls defendant made, violating the TRO. Defendant and J.M. began their ill-
fated dating relationship in March 2018. Sometime in late June, J.M. broke up
with defendant. Defendant did not react well. Defendant's best friend told J.M.
that he was worried about defendant's safety, prompting J.M. to invite defendant
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5
to the apartment she shared with her mother. Defendant arrived nervous and
trembling, asking J.M. to hug him. The two spent the night together at the
apartment. The following morning, J.M. told defendant once again that their
romantic relationship was over. That prompted a course of alarming behavior.
J.M.'s mother was present in the apartment throughout the drama that unfolded.
Defendant told J.M. that he would end his life if she ended the
relationship. Defendant exited the apartment through a window onto the fire
escape and threatened to jump, telling J.M., "I'm going to end my life. I don't
want to live if I'm not with you."
Defendant eventually came back inside the apartment. He told J.M. he
had a "good idea," and that he now intended to leave on his motorcycle. J.M.
was concerned because defendant had told her the night before that he rode the
motorcycle the wrong way on a street into incoming traffic, and he told her that
he previously tried to end his life. Defendant took his helmet and left the
apartment.
From the street below the apartment, defendant texted J.M. explaining that
he had left the keys for his motorcycle in the apartment. He asked her to drop
the keys to the street. J.M. hid the keys instead. J.M. then called defendant 's
mother. She told J.M. that to calm him down, she should tell defendant they
A-0398-18T3
6
would remain in a dating relationship, but J.M. did not want to mislead
defendant into believing they would stay together. By this point, defendant had
returned to J.M.'s apartment in an effort to find the keys with an app on his
smartphone. To prevent E.R. from locating the keys, J.M. took his phone and
gave it to her mother for safekeeping.
On the advice of defendant's mother, J.M. poured water on defendant's
head. Defendant calmed down for a while and laid down on J.M.'s bed.
Defendant stayed in J.M.'s bedroom for roughly twenty minutes, left the
bedroom, became anxious once again, and then went to the bathroom, locking
the door behind him. J.M. heard defendant groan in pain, suggesting to her that
he had hurt himself. Plaintiff retreated to her mother's bedroom, locked the door,
and called the police. Plaintiff's mother remained in the kitchen.
Defendant left the bathroom and broke through the locked door to the
mother's bedroom. Defendant was bleeding from his abdomen as a result of a
self-inflicted wound. Defendant displayed the injury to J.M., told her it was too
late, and left the apartment.
Plaintiff explained these disturbing events to the police officers who
responded to the call for assistance. The officers told her to remain in her
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7
apartment while they searched for defendant. About thirty minutes after the
police left, defendant reappeared, knocking on J.M.'s door.
Defendant asked J.M. to let him into the apartment so he could rest and
recover from his stomach wound. J.M. told him she was too scared to let him
in, and that he should rest outside her door while she called an ambulance.
Plaintiff called for the ambulance while she waited by the front door of the
apartment. Plaintiff's mother went to the window and checked outside the
building. She saw defendant climbing the fire escape.
Plaintiff and her mother left the apartment and went downstairs.
Defendant gained entry to the apartment through the fire-escape window and
then followed them downstairs. Defendant left the area before the police
returned.
Based on these events, J.M. obtained a domestic violence TRO against
defendant alleging the predicate act of harassment. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(13).
The day after the TRO was issued, and despite a no-contact order, defendant
called J.M. She decided not to answer the phone. A week later, defendant called
again. When J.M. failed to answer the call, defendant sent the following text
message:
[J.M.], I am sorry for what I have done. You are an
amazing person. I am not perfect. And, I remember
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8
you said that I am perfect when I bought you flowers.
I told you I will make mistakes (indiscernible) and I
hope you forgive me. I will do my best to win your
heart even if I get hurt I will accept it. All I want is to
love you. I'm trying.
Plaintiff did not respond to the text.
J.M. also was contacted by others acting on defendant's behalf, urging her
to dismiss the domestic violence complaint. Defendant's brother-in-law texted
J.M. on July 16, 2018. Defendant's mother texted J.M. on July 29, 2018, and
again sometime in August. Defendant's mother called J.M. on July 26, 2018,
and again on July 29, 2018.
The FRO hearing was initially scheduled to be heard on August 2, 2018.
Outside of the courtroom, defendant confronted J.M. and asked her to drop the
domestic violence complaint, telling her that "[she] was going to ruin his life
and he – if [she] continue[d] he could go to jail for like six months." J.M. told
him she intended to proceed with her application for an FRO. J.M.'s mother
interceded and ended the conversation.
In response to these violations of the no-contact conditions of the initial
TRO, J.M. obtained an amended TRO alleging contempt as a predicate act of
domestic violence in addition to harassment. The plenary hearing on the
amended complaint was finally heard on September 5, 2018.
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III.
After hearing the evidence, the judge found that defendant violated the
PDVA and issued an FRO. The court aptly characterized defendant's behavior
in J.M.'s apartment as disturbing and manipulative. Even so, the court found
that J.M. had failed to prove that defendant's threat to commit suicide and self-
mutilation behavior constituted the predicate offense of harassment, concluding
that defendant did not harbor the requisite intent to harass J.M. 1 See Hoffman,
149 N.J. at 577 (holding that a finding of a purpose to harass is necessary for a
conviction for this offense (citing E.K. v. G.K., 241 N.J. Super. 567, 570 (App.
Div. 1990))).
The court did find, however, that the repeated violations of the no-contact
provision of the TRO constituted contempt—a predicate offense under the
PDVA alleged in the amended TRO. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-19(a)(17). There is ample
credible evidence to support the trial court's conclusion that defendant
committed multiple acts of contempt of the TRO, and as we have noted,
defendant does not dispute this finding on appeal. Accordingly, the first part of
the two-part Silver test was clearly established.
1
J.M. does not cross-appeal this finding.
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The trial court next carefully assessed whether J.M. established the second
prong of the Silver test for issuance of an FRO, that is, the need for an FRO to
protect the victim of domestic violence. In deciding that J.M. needed an FRO,
the court relied heavily on defendant's inability to let go of his relationship with
her. We agree that in the particular circumstances of this case, and especially
in view of defendant's emotional instability and penchant for extreme behavior,
his persistent denial of the termination of the dating relationship is an especially
significant circumstance, one that presages future attempts to resurrect the
relationship.
Although the court did not find that defendant posed a risk of physical
harm to J.M., the court did find that defendant lacks control of his emotions and
was unwilling to abide by the restrictions placed upon him by the TRO. These
circumstances, the trial court concluded, necessitate an FRO to prevent further
abuse. As we explained in Silver, the need for an FRO depends upon whether
the FRO is required to "protect the victim from an immediate danger or to
prevent further abuse." 387 N.J. Super. at 127 (emphasis added). In other
words, while immediate danger is a common basis for issuing an FRO, such
danger is not an absolute prerequisite. The PDVA also protects domestic
A-0398-18T3
11
violence victims from further abuse, that is, a repetition of the conduct
constituting the predicate act of domestic violence.
Contrary to defendant's contention, the trial court did not rely solely on
defendant's contempt of the TRO in reaching its conclusion that an FRO was
needed in this case. The judge properly considered the totality of the evidence
presented at the hearing, including, notably, the incident in which defendant
threatened suicide and injured himself to gain J.M.'s attention and sympathy.
Although the judge did not find this behavior to constitute a predicate act of
harassment, he did take this incident into account in addressing the second Silver
prong, explicitly stating in his ruling that, "[I]'m going to consider your actions
on July 11th when I have to go to the next step here; whether there 's a need for
the restraining order under Silver versus Silver."
The record clearly shows, moreover, that the trial court considered and
properly accounted for the circumstances cited by defendant that militate against
issuance of an FRO, including the absence of physical violence directed against
the victim, the absence of any threat of such violence, and the absence of a past
history of domestic violence. See A.M.C. v. P.B., 447 N.J. Super. 402, 414
(App. Div. 2016) ("Thus, courts may consider two key factors when determining
whether to issue permanent restraints: (1) a lack of evidence demonstrating a
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12
history of domestic violence or abuse; and (2) the commission of a predicate act
that does not involve physical violence against the victim.").
The trial court in the exercise of its discretion weighed all of the relevant
factors militating for and against an FRO and concluded ultimately that the
predicate acts of contempt, viewed in context with defendant's emotional
instability, lack of control, and refusal to accept the termination of the
relationship, created a risk of further abuse warranting the protection of an FRO.
See Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 127–28 (recognizing the need to prevent further
abuse as a basis for issuing an FRO); see also Cesare, 154 N.J. at 405 ("[T]rial
courts must weigh the entire relationship between the parties . . . .").
We see no reason to disturb the trial court's assessment of the relevant
factors. We add that the trial court's analysis placed appropriate weight on the
fourth Silver factor—the best interests of the victim. N.J.S.A. 2C:25-29(a)(4).
We further note that the trial court's finding that defendant attempted to
manipulate J.M. into remaining in a relationship with him represents an all -too-
common form of domestic abuse that the PDVA is designed to address. See
R.G., 449 N.J. Super. at 228 (explaining an FRO is warranted when a defendant's
conduct is "imbued by a desire to abuse or control the victim" (emphasis added)
(citing Silver, 387 N.J. Super. at 126–27)). In this instance, defendant used the
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threat of suicide to present J.M. with the choice of ending her relationship with
defendant or being responsible for his death. Such tactics to achieve emotional
control, accomplished in this instance by physical acts and not just idle words,
go far beyond the boundaries of mere "domestic contretemps." Cf. Kamen v.
Egan, 322 N.J. Super. 222, 228 (App. Div. 1999) (holding that trial court erred
in issuing FRO based on a single act of trespass unaccompanied by violence or
threat of violence).
Given defendant's extreme behavior, the trial court correctly recognized
that there was a significant risk that J.M. would be subjected to future contact
by defendant and repeated episodes of disturbing, manipulative behavior. While
an FRO may prove to be no more effective at deterring future abuse than the
TRO that defendant has already violated, its issuance was legally and factually
appropriate, consonant with the laudatory objectives of the PDVA.
Affirmed.
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