This opinion is subject to administrative correction before final disposition.
Before
KING, HITESMAN, and GASTON,
Appellate Military Judges
_________________________
UNITED STATES
Appellee
v.
Marvin J. MASA
Naval Aircrewman (Helicopter) Second Class (E-5), U.S. Navy
Appellant
No. 201800314
Decided: 13 January 2020
Appeal from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Trial Judiciary.
Military Judge: Commander Hayes Larson, JAGC, USN. Sentence ad-
judged 15 May 2018 by a general court-martial convened at Naval
Station Norfolk, Virginia, consisting of officer and enlisted members.
Sentenced approved by the convening authority: confinement for eight
years and a dishonorable discharge.
For Appellant: Mr. Robert Feldmeir, Esq., and Captain Thomas Fric-
ton, USMC.
For Appellee: Major Clayton Wiggins, USMC, and Lieutenant Kimber-
ly Rios, JAGC, USN.
Senior Judge KING delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Sen-
ior Judge HITESMAN and Judge GASTON joined.
_________________________
United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
This opinion does not serve as binding precedent, but
may be cited as persuasive authority under
NMCCA Rule of Appellate Procedure 30.2.
_________________________
KING, Senior Judge:
Appellant was convicted, contrary to his pleas, of two specifications of
sexual assault in violation of Article 120, Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920. He now asserts three assignments of error: (1) the
evidence is factually insufficient to support the convictions; (2) the military
judge erred when he refused to admit opinion evidence that victim NS engag-
es in “attention seeking behavior;” and (3) that “dilatory post-trial processing”
warrants relief. We affirm one of the convictions, set aside the other, set aside
the sentence, and remand the case to the Judge Advocate General, who may
order a rehearing on sentence.
I. BACKGROUND
Appellant was convicted of sexually assaulting two different victims in
two separate incidents. The first incident, involving NC, occurred in Bahrain
in March 2016. The second incident, involving NS, occurred in Virginia Beach
in July 2016. We address each in turn.
A. Sexual Assault of NC
NC and Appellant worked in the same squadron in Bahrain and were
housed in the same multi-story civilian apartment building as were the
squadron’s other Sailors. On the evening of 8 March 2016, NC socialized and
played drinking games with Appellant and other Sailors within the building.
At trial, a witness from that evening testified that she did not see Appellant
and NC engage in any type of flirting behavior prior to NC retiring for the
night. The Defense offered evidence from one witness that he had observed
NC wear Appellant’s hat and hug Appellant on a previous occasion.
Around 0100, elevator camera footage captured NC apparently returning
alone to the bedroom she shared with her roommate, AD2 Clark. AD2 Clark,
who was intoxicated that evening, testified that she and NC left a string of
Christmas lights hung in the bedroom constantly on. However, when AD2
Clark awoke that night, she noticed these lights were out and she saw a male
body moving on top of someone else in NC’s bed, which was just a few feet
away. She also heard the male moaning as if he were engaged in sexual in-
tercourse. Although NC had never engaged in sexual activity in the bedroom
before, AD2 Clark believed NC was having consensual sexual intercourse and
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
left the room to give her privacy. When she returned, the room was still dark,
the man was gone, and AD2 Clark tried unsuccessfully to wake NC by shak-
ing her and calling her name.
When NC woke the next morning, she was confused because her clothing
was removed and her vagina was sore. When AD2 Clark told NC what she
had seen and heard the night before, NC “instantly started to cry” because
she had no memory of that activity. NC, her husband, and AD2 Clark all
testified that NC was a very heavy sleeper.
AD2 Clark recognized a red hat in the room that she believed to belong to
Appellant, so she sent Appellant a text. After Appellant explained he did not
know where his hat was, AD2 Clark told him to come retrieve it, which he
immediately did, meeting AD2 Clark at the door. Later, NC sent Appellant
an electronic message asking whether they had sex the night before, to which
Appellant responded “no, why.” When NC explained she wanted to know in
case she needed “to get tested or a pill or anything,” Appellant responded
“[h]ypothetically speaking, would it be a bad thing if we did have sex,” adding
that his “pullout game was strong.” When NCIS later asked for this message,
NC was unable to produce it, saying she routinely deleted her messages
because she allowed other Sailors to use her phone to communicate and did
not want those messages accessible.
NC and AD2 Clark then went to another Sailor, Ms. Sikorski, 1 and ex-
plained to her what had happened. Sikorski and NC went to the building’s
security desk and viewed security footage in an effort to determine who had
entered their floor. The footage apparently did not show Appellant using the
elevators at the time in question. Sikorski advised NC to go to medical, where
NC underwent a forensic examination during which DNA samples were
collected. At the exam, NC declined to provide information about the assault,
declined to allow pictures to be taken, declined to provide samples to deter-
mine toxicology results, and filed a restricted report, all because she did not
want her command to know she had been assaulted.
On 16 March 2016, NC and other squadron Sailors went to a Disciplinary
Review Board (DRB), a Navy precursor to Non-Judicial Punishment (NJP),
for an unrelated drunk and disorderly conduct event. The recommendation of
the DRB was to drop charges. The next day, NC made her sexual assault
report unrestricted, testifying she did so because she discovered that the
DNA samples would not be tested if the report remained restricted. On 22
1 When Ms. Sikorski testified, she had been released from active duty. The record
does not indicate her rank while on active duty.
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
March 2016, despite the DRB’s recommendation, the Commanding Officer
awarded NJP to NC and, as a result, redeployed her to the United States.
Once she arrived back at her unit, NC was placed on the same shift as Appel-
lant, who had also redeployed back to the U.S. When she complained, she was
informed she could ask to be expeditiously transferred to another unit. She
did, and her request was granted. The DNA was eventually tested, and a
forensic examiner testified at trial that DNA matching Appellant was found
in NC’s cervix.
The Defense offered evidence of previous incidents the Defense character-
ized as NC raising “false” allegations of sexual assault. In June 2011, NC
claimed that she had been digitally penetrated in her sleep, found ejaculate
in her bikini bottoms, and reported that as a sexual assault. However, DNA
testing found no evidence of ejaculate and NC was informed there was insuf-
ficient evidence to pursue charges. There is no evidence that NC’s duties or
duty location changed as a result of her reporting this incident.
In addition, a few months prior to the sexual assault involving Appellant,
NC reported that Lieutenant (LT) B sexually harassed her while in Bahrain.
At trial, NC’s Command Master Chief (CMC) testified that NC told him LT B
had sexually assaulted her. The CMC also opined that NC was untruthful
based upon his limited interactions with her. NC’s former Executive Officer
also testified that NC was not truthful. In rebuttal, three Government wit-
nesses opined that NC was a truthful person.
Finally, Appellant made two subsequent statements regarding whether
he had engaged in sexual intercourse with NC. The first was to his friend
AWS2 Cagliani, with whom Appellant spoke shortly before Appellant was
redeployed. Although AWS2 Cagliani could not recall what was specifically
said during that conversation, he testified that Appellant left him with the
impression that Appellant and NC had not engaged in sexual intercourse.
Next, less than six months after the assault, Appellant told NCIS it had been
“one and a half years” since he had engaged in sexual activity.
B. Sexual Assault of NS
Appellant was redeployed shortly after NC’s allegations in March 2016.
On or about 19 July 2016, Airman NS met Appellant online via a dating
application. Each expressed interest in the other due to their shared religious
convictions. Within days, prior to even meeting Appellant, NS posted pictures
of Appellant on her social media announcing “how close” they were and that
Appellant was her “future husband.”
For their very first meeting, the pair decided to attend Appellant’s church.
Because NS did not have a car, Appellant picked her up and drove her to his
church, where he introduced NS to his pastor, Mrs. Payton. During the
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
church service, NS seemed enthusiastic and actively engaged with the other
parishioners. At the end of the service, in an apparent offer to assist or join
the congregation, NS told the pastor that she could play the keyboard. When
the pastor invited her to demonstrate, NS was unable to play, claiming she
could only play a “special kind” of keyboard. NS offered to purchase this
keyboard for the church but the pastor declined. NS then told the pastor that
she could sing and the pastor again offered her the opportunity to demon-
strate. NS tried and the pastor testified that NS “couldn’t do that either.”
Afterwards, Appellant took NS to a local restaurant for dinner. While in-
side the car NS claims Appellant told her that he was accused of raping
someone but that “he didn’t do it.” NS testified that Appellant then made
some disparaging comments about males dressed like females in the restau-
rant and that he became “Joker type happy” and said he was going to “kill”
these men, a threat NS claimed that she believed. When asked why she didn’t
leave or report such a serious threat, NS claimed that Appellant later
“calmed down and became happy again.” Once inside the restaurant, the two
talked about sexual activity, and according to NS, Appellant asked NS
whether “he could rape her.” NS said that such a question came out of the
blue, was “disgusting,” and “startled” her. She then agreed to go home with
him. Appellant told NCIS that they discussed “rough” sex but “nothing along
the lines of I want to rape you.” Finally, Appellant stated that while in the
restaurant, NS asked him, “you know you’re going to be my husband, right?”
While the original plan was for Appellant to drive NS back to her bar-
racks that night, Appellant told NS he was “too tired” to make the forty-five
minute drive at midnight and offered for NS to sleep on the “black couch” at
his apartment instead. According to Appellant, NS readily concurred and
they went to a local store to buy her a toothbrush. According to NS, she ac-
quiesced only because she had no money and her credit card was “blocked.”
There is no indication on the record whether NS considered additional op-
tions for returning to her barracks. When the pair left the restaurant, NS
videotaped herself laughing and interacting with the Appellant in a jovial
way, and posted that video to social media.
Inside Appellant’s apartment there was a black, full-size couch in the
common area and a smaller, black futon in his bedroom right next to his bed.
The charged sexual act took place on the futon and NS remained on the futon
for the rest of the evening. Why NS went to the futon next to Appellant’s bed
instead of the couch in the common area was a central issue at trial. On
direct examination, NS testified that Appellant told her she would be sleep-
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
ing on the “black couch,” but later testified that Appellant said she would be
sleeping on the “black futon” in his bedroom. 2 When asked about the black
couch, NS testified that it was “covered in dog hair” and that she was “un-
comfortable sleeping there.” Appellant told NCIS that he offered NS the black
couch to sleep on but that she went of her own accord to the futon in his
bedroom.
Appellant said NS kissed him as he was entering his apartment, then
went immediately into his bedroom, where he gave her a pair of his shorts
and a shirt, and she changed inside of his closet but in full view of him. He
said NS then began playing “bump and grind” music and dancing provoca-
tively. Eventually, NS lay face down on the futon, “temptation took over,” and
he told NS to “take your shorts off.” According to Appellant, NS complied and
the two had consensual, active sex in three different positions on the futon,
including two initiated by NS. Appellant asked NS if he could ejaculate inside
of her and NS said yes, and he did so.
NS testified that the two held hands, but otherwise had no romantic con-
tact until the alleged assault. She said she showered upon arrival, put her
own clothes back on and went to Appellant’s bedroom where he gave her a
pair of shorts and a shirt. Appellant, smaller in stature than NS, claimed she
struggled to fit into his shorts. Once changed, NS testified that she lay down
on the black futon and began listening to music on her phone until her phone
died. NS testified she then asked Appellant for a charger for her iPhone, but
Appellant said he didn’t have one, “even though he had an iPhone.” She said
she fell asleep for a short period and when she awoke, Appellant came from
the kitchen, turned out the lights, approached her in the dark, placed the
palm of his hand in the small of her back, and told her he was now going to
do the “same thing” that he did in Bahrain. NS testified that she did nothing
in response because she “was frozen.” She said Appellant then put “a lot of
force, it was like he was 300 pounds” on her, pulled the shorts he had loaned
her down with his free hand, and began engaging in vaginal intercourse with
NS from behind. NS testified that she told him to stop but that she was not
able to “resist in any way.” NS said Appellant then moved his hands to the
back of her neck and pushed her head down so that she was “not able to
move.” Once Appellant ejaculated, he moved to his bed. NS said she pulled
her shorts back up but otherwise remained “frozen.” She said she was unable
to utilize her dead phone to call for help and spent the rest of the night sleep-
less on the futon.
2 Appellant told NCIS that he offered NS the black couch to sleep on.
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
NS testified that the next morning she took a shower, put on fresh clothes
that Appellant provided her, and left with him to go to church. She said she
grew angry with Appellant in the car and accused him of “raping” her, and
that Appellant replied, “I did, but I know how to get away with it.” She said
that when they entered the church, she sat in the back, feeling “hopeless and
helpless” while Appellant began his church duties. She said that once the
services ended, she was approached by Ms. Payton, who asked her “what’s
wrong,” and NS replied that Appellant had raped her. NS said Ms. Payton
and Ms. Simpson, spoke with her for about two hours, and that Ms. Payton
told them Appellant had confessed to the sexual assault but asked NS to not
report Appellant, and then arranged for a ride for NS back to her barracks.
Appellant’s version differs radically. He claimed that as soon as the two
woke up in the morning, NS began demanding constant attention and he felt
as if he “couldn’t breathe.” He said he was disgusted by the fact that NS
refused to shower that evening or the next morning. He said he asked NS to
“give him some space” and that “on the car ride there . . . she kinda got of-
fended by me saying that and when I talk I’m blunt, I’m honest, and so, I’m
like ‘hey, just relax. We’re not together, I don’t want you breathing down my
back. I don’t have to show you all of this attention. We’re just hanging out.
We’re friends.’ ” He continued, “I think from that point on she got offended . . .
the mood was kind of messed up in the car. She kind of didn’t really want to
talk to me, went in to the church and [thirty] minutes later she was texting
me trying to get my attention.” He continued to tell NS to “leave me alone.”
Appellant said Ms. Payton noticed that something was wrong between
him and NS and spoke with both of them. He said that during the course of
that conversation, NS complained about the way Appellant was treating her
and that he asked NS “do you want me to tell her [Ms. Payton] what hap-
pened last night?” He said he then explained to Ms. Payton that he had en-
gaged in sex with NS the night before. He said that during that conversation,
NS said that she had a family member that was a master chief in the Navy
and that she was going to ruin his career.
Ms. Payton testified that Appellant did not admit to “rape” at the table.
Instead, she testified that NS said, “I thought we were boyfriend and girl-
friend,” to which Appellant responded “we’re nothing to each other.” Ms.
Payton testified that NS “was angry” at that point and “started threatening”
to “destroy” Appellant.
Ms. Simpson also supported Appellant’s claim that NS said she was going
to ruin his career. She testified that NS was “happy and smiling . . . outgoing”
the first night but “quiet and withdrawn” at church the next morning. She
testified that she and Ms. Payton were sitting at a table after church when
Appellant and NS approached and sat down. While she was unsure of the
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
sequence of comments, she recalled NS told Appellant “you raped me,” to
which Appellant responded with a smirk “yea, and you liked it.” She also
recalled Appellant being irritated that morning because NS had posted his
pictures on her social media and called him her “boyfriend.” When Appellant
then said “it’s over,” or words to that effect, NS “got angry and said she “had
people in the Navy and was going to ruin [Appellant’s] career.”
Ms. Simpson also contradicted NS’s testimony that Ms. Payton asked NS
to not report Appellant. She further testified that Ms. Payton never told her
Appellant admitted to sexually assaulting NS, which corroborated Ms. Pay-
ton’s testimony and contradicted NS’s testimony.
When she later arrived back at her barracks, NS told her neighbor and
made a restricted report. Two months later, she modified the report to unre-
stricted. When interviewed by NCIS, she said she also reported the assault to
a Chief Petty Officer, but she refused to provide the name of the Chief to
NCIS. After she modified her report to unrestricted, she requested and was
granted expeditious transfer off the aircraft carrier to which she was as-
signed and sent to shore duty at a medical facility.
II. DISCUSSION
A. Factual Sufficiency of Sexual Assaults
We review the factual sufficiency of the evidence de novo. Art. 66(c),
UCMJ; United States v. Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) and
determine whether, “after weighing the evidence in the record of trial and
making allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses, [we] are
. . . convinced of the accused’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States
v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 324-25 (C.M.A. 1987) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia,
443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “Such a review involves a fresh, impartial look at
the evidence, giving no deference to the decision of the trial court on factual
sufficiency beyond the admonition in Article 66(c), UCMJ, to take into ac-
count the fact that the trial court saw and heard the witnesses.” Washington,
57 M.J. at 399.
By “reasonable doubt” is not intended a fanciful or ingen-
ious doubt or conjecture, but an honest, conscientious doubt
suggested by the material evidence or lack of it in this case. . . .
The proof must be such as to exclude not every hypothesis or
possibility of innocence, but every fair and rational hypothesis
except that of guilt.
United States v. Loving, 41 M.J. 213, 281 (C.A.A.F. 1994).
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
1. Sexual assault of NC
Appellant was convicted of sexual assault, in violation of Article
120(b)(1)(B), UCMJ, requiring the Government prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that Appellant: (1) committed a sexual act upon NC by causing pene-
tration, however slight, of the vulva . . . by the penis; and (2) did so by caus-
ing bodily harm to NC and, (3) did so without the consent of NC. 3 Bodily
harm “means any offensive touching of another, however slight, including
any nonconsensual sexual act[.]” Art. 120(g)(3), UCMJ. Consent is defined as
a freely given agreement to the conduct at issue by a competent person. The
evidence is sufficient to convince us of Appellant’s guilt of this specification
beyond a reasonable doubt. AD2 Clark testified that she saw and heard a
male in NC’s bed moving and moaning as if he were engaged in sexual activi-
ty; NC awoke, undressed and experienced soreness in her vagina; Appellant’s
hat was found in NC’s room; and Appellant’s DNA was found in NC’s cervix—
a combination of evidence sufficient to prove that Appellant engaged in a
sexual act with NC.
Regarding lack of consent, we note the following: the weight of the evi-
dence indicates NC showed no romantic interest in Appellant; video footage
showed NC returned to her room by herself; lights in the bedroom that were
routinely left on were out during the intercourse; and NC instantly started to
cry when told that a man had been in her bed the night before. Finally, and
significantly, Appellant denied they had intercourse when NC asked and he
lied to investigators when they asked how long it had been since he had had
sexual intercourse.
Appellant asserts the evidence is factually insufficient to support the con-
viction due to the “lack of substantiating evidence, [NC’s] extremely poor
character for truthfulness . . ., and [her] clear motive to fabricate.” Specifical-
ly, Appellant invites us to conclude that NC is “a dishonest person who has a
track record of leveraging the sexual assault reporting system for her person-
al advantage through false allegations.” To support his contention, Appellant
argues the allegations NC made in 2011 and the allegations that she claimed
LT B had sexually assaulted her in 2016 are indicative that NC falsely re-
ports allegations of sexual assault. We disagree for several reasons.
First, the record is void as to what motive NC would have to falsely claim
she was sexually assaulted in 2011, nor is there any indication of animus
against that accused. Regarding the allegations against LT B, the CMC’s
testimony was less than definitive. He testified that he met NC in November
3 Appellant was acquitted of sexual assaulting NC while she was sleeping.
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
2016, when the CMC joined the unit to which NC had transferred upon re-
turning from Bahrain. Because she had a “SAPR advocate for a sexual as-
sault” and she discussed her case about LT B, it appears the CMC connected
the two: “That is the only person I know that she was ever involved with as a
sexual assault or conversation with her, not anybody else.”
Regarding her motive to fabricate, the Defense challenged NC’s reasons
for declining to allow the forensic examiner to conduct a full examination or
to file an unrestricted report, claiming she did so only to ward off an immi-
nent NJP. To this point, NC testified that she filed a restricted report be-
cause she did not want to bring attention to herself and that she changed her
report to unrestricted when she learned that step was required in order to
have the DNA sample tested. While the timing and circumstances of NC’s
decision to make the report unrestricted may raise a question as to her mo-
tive, we find this issue was fully litigated at trial, including extensive cross
examination of NC on this point.
Finally, on the issue of general truthfulness, the Government offered the
opinions of NC’s ex-husband, AD2 Clark, and other co-workers, all of whom
testified that NC was truthful. When weighed against the Defense evidence
of NC’s former Executive Officer and CMC, both of whom knew NC for only a
limited period of time and had limited interactions with her, most of which
involved disciplinary issues, we decline Appellant’s invitation to conclude
that NC had “an extremely poor character for truthfulness.”
We are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of Appellant’s guilt on this
specification.
2. Sexual assault of NS
Appellant was also convicted of the sexual assault of NS, in violation of
Article 120a(b)(1)(B), UCMJ, requiring the Government prove beyond a rea-
sonable doubt that Appellant: (1) committed a sexual act upon NS by causing
penetration, however slight, of her vulva . . . by his penis; and (2) did so by
causing bodily harm to NS by pressing his bodyweight on her back. Appellant
claims this conviction was factually insufficient, and we agree.
To prove Appellant’s guilt, the Government’s evidence consisted of Appel-
lant’s recorded interview with NCIS, the testimony of NS, and the testimony
of Ms. Simpson. In answering the questions of NCIS investigators, Appellant
said he had not engaged in sexual intercourse in over seven months, a de-
monstrable falsehood as his semen was found in NC six months prior. The
remainder of the evidence against Appellant came from NS herself, making
her credibility of central importance to the prosecution’s case. In examining
the record closely, and for several reasons, we find that credibility wanting.
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
First, several key parts of NS’ testimony were either discredited or con-
tradicted by other witnesses. When questioned by NCIS, NS implicitly sup-
ported Appellant’s claim that he offered her the couch in the living room,
saying that “the black couch is where dog hair and stuff was, so I’m like you
clearly don’t want me sleeping on this couch, it’s [got] dog hair everywhere.”
But at trial, NS testified that Appellant told her to sleep on the futon next to
his bed and she simply complied. NS also testified that Appellant admitted to
Ms. Payton that he raped NS and that Ms. Payton told her to not “do any-
thing” for fear of hurting Appellant’s career but Ms. Payton flatly denied both
claims. Finally, both Ms. Payton and Ms. Simpson testified that they heard
Appellant tell NS it “was over,” that NS became angry, and that NS threat-
ened Appellant. Even Ms. Simpson, who testified about Appellant’s response
when NS said “you raped me,” testified on redirect that Appellant “end[ed]”
the nascent relationship before NS claimed he sexually assaulted her.
Second, NS’s supervisor, Chief Petty Officer (CPO) Kelly, testified that
NS was the “least truthful [S]ailor she had ever led in [her] career.” CPO
Kelly explained that among other things, NS lied to her command about
having to leave work for appointments with NCIS or prosecutors that did not
actually exist. However, most concerning is the seemingly incompetent
memory NS displayed during cross examination.
Under questioning by the trial counsel, NS’s memory was unencumbered,
only once failing to recall a detail asked of her—the name of the song she was
listening to when the assault began. But for that single instance on direct
examination, NS was able to recall every detail of her story, including even
the color of the clothes Appellant gave her. Yet when defense counsel asked
for details probing inconsistencies in her testimony, NS answered “I don’t
remember” over fifty different times, including to routine questions such as
“Are you married now?” The following is a representative example of such
testimony:
Q. You offered to give NCIS a copy of your text message
communications with AWS2 Masa, didn’t you?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. Would it help to refresh your recollection if you reviewed
the transcript of your interview with NCIS?
A. No, sir.
Q. All right. So about six questions ago, we were talking
about the [C]hief [P]etty [O]fficer, do you remember
that?
A. Yes, sir.
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
Q. Okay. So you remember us talking about the [C]hief
[P]etty [O]fficer and I said did you tell NCIS that you
told the [C]hief [P]etty [O]fficer about the sexual as-
sault, and your response was I don’t remember?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. All right. And then I said would it help you to refresh
your recollection to review the transcript of that inter-
view with NCIS, and you said yes?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You looked at the transcript. You read it. You looked up
at me. I took it from you. And you said your recollection
had been refreshed, correct?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And then you were able to testify about what happened
in that NCIS interview?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. But you’re telling me now that the same process of re-
freshing your recollection with the exact same document
will not work?
A. No, sir.
Q. Because you don’t want to testify that you did not pro-
vide your text messages to NCIS?
A. Wrong, sir.
Q. Did you provide your text messages NCIS?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. So you may have?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. Could you have given your text messages to NCIS?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. Is it a possibility?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. Would it refresh your recollection to review the tran-
script of your interview with NCIS where they ask you
for the text messages?
A. No, sir.
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
Q. Would it help you to review the portion where you say
I’ll give you my text messages?
A. No, sir.
Q. Because that wouldn’t refresh your recollection?
A. No, sir.
Q. Because there’s no way reading a transcript that was
produced by the [G]overnment of exactly what you said
would make you remember that?
A. No, sir.
Q. Even though it did now 15 questions ago?
A. No, sir.
Q. At some point in the fall of 2016, you text messaged to
your father?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. And his response was that you do stupid stuff for atten-
tion?
A. I don’t remember, sir. 4
Another example occurs when NS was questioned regarding the lack of
physical evidence found during her forensic examination:
Q. During the sexual assault forensic examination, the
sexual assault forensic examiner, the woman, asked you
to tell her what happened?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. Did you tell the woman what happened?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. [NS], how can you possibly not remember?
A. I don’t remember. I just remember what I said, not what
she said, sir.
Q. So do you remember telling the sexual assault forensic
examiner what happened?
4 Record at 1040-42.
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. [NS] you just told me you remembered what you said?
A. Yes, sir, about the hand, sir.
Q. And that’s the only thing you remember saying?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. You told the sexual assault forensic examiner that
AWS2 Masa grabbed your neck in response to a ques-
tion from her?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. A specific question from her?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. The specific question was, at any time did he put his
hands around your neck?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. And your response was yes?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. But you did not spontaneously make that statement to
the sexual assault forensic examiner, did you?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. You claimed your throat was sore the next day?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. Do you remember claiming that you had a sore throat?
A. I don’t remember, sir.
Q. And that your voice was hoarse?
A. I don’t remember.5
At one point, NS explained that she answered “I don’t remember” because
defense counsel was “yelling” at her. While we are familiar with the stress
that complaining witnesses may experience when being cross-examined about
an allegation of sexual assault in open court, such stress must never justify
5 Record at 1026-27
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
anything less than truthful responses to every question asked. 6 After claim-
ing time and again to not remember so many important facts and even rou-
tine matters, and then routinely stating that her own recorded responses
would not help refresh her memory, we are left to conclude either that her
ability to recall was deficient on cross-examination to the point of legal in-
competence or her memory lapses were feigned.
Contrast NS’s testimony with Appellant’s responses to NCIS during a
multi-hour video-recorded session with two trained investigators. Appellant
agreed to speak to them, told his story matter-of-factly, answered every one of
their questions, gave them samples of his DNA, authorized them to search
his phone (a Samsung, not an iPhone as NS claimed), and permitted them to
enter his apartment to take pictures. Moreover, despite two professional
investigators repeatedly attempting to convince him to “see it” as a sexual
assault, Appellant did not waiver, hesitate, nor modify in the slightest his
account that it was a consensual sexual encounter, even after an agent urged
Appellant to “tell the truth” by appealing to Appellant’s religious belief that
he will be judged one day “at the Pearly Gates.”
We recognize and greatly respect that the members saw and heard the
witnesses testify. However, we also recognize the mandate of Congress that
this Court itself be convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of Appellant’s guilt. 7
Art 66(c), UCMJ. Faced with a conviction grounded near-solely on the word of
a complaining witness with a poor reputation for truthfulness, and whose
testimony was riddled with implausible claims of not being able to remember
pertinent facts, we are far from being so convinced. This conviction must be
set aside. 8
B. Sentence Reassessment
Finding one of the two sexual assault convictions factually insufficient, we
next determine if we may reassess the sentence in accordance with the prin-
6 We also note that, although VLC lodged an objection to Defense Counsel’s
method, the Military Judge declined to intervene, indicating the manner of question-
ing was not inappropriate.
7 We note with peculiarity that the specification alleged Appellant committed the
sexual assault on NS by causing bodily harm, to wit: “grabbing her hands and holding
them behind her back and pressing his bodyweight on her back.” However, no evidence
was admitted to support the language “grabbing her hands and holding them behind
her back” and the military judge granted the defense request for a finding of not
guilty to these words under R.C.M. 917.
8 This action renders moot Appellant’s second assignment of error.
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
ciples set forth in United States v. Moffeit, 63 M.J. 40 (C.A.A.F. 2006) and
United States v. Sales, 22 M.J. 305, 307-09 (C.M.A. 1986). Under the right
circumstances, we may “modify sentences ‘more expeditiously, more intelli-
gently, and more fairly’ than a new court-martial[.]” United States v. Winck-
elmann, 73 M.J. 11, 15 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (quoting Jackson v. Taylor, 353 U.S.
569, 580 (1957)). This recognizes the “difficulties inherent in sentence rehear-
ings” and that ordering a rehearing—as opposed to the CCA reassessing the
sentence itself—“merely substitutes one group of nonparticipants in the
original trial for another.” Id. (citation and internal quotation marks omit-
ted).
But reassessing a sentence is only appropriate if we are able to confident-
ly determine that, “absent the error, the sentence ‘would have been at least of
a certain magnitude.’ ” United States v. Buber, 62 M.J. 476, 479 (C.A.A.F.
2006) (quoting United States v. Doss, 57 M.J. 182, 185 (C.A.A.F. 2002)). Fur-
ther, we must endeavor to reliably assess “what sentence the members would
have imposed” were it not for the error. Id. (quoting United States v. Vasquez,
54 M.J. 303, 306 (C.A.A.F. 2001)). If we cannot, we must order a rehearing.
We base this determination on the totality of the circumstances of each case,
guided by the following “illustrative, but not dispositive, points of analysis”:
(1) Whether there has been a dramatic change in the penalty landscape or
exposure;
(2) Whether sentencing was by members or a military judge alone. We are
more likely to be certain of what sentence a military judge would have im-
posed as opposed to members;
(3) Whether the nature of the remaining offenses captures the gravamen
of criminal conduct included within the original offenses and, similarly,
whether significant or aggravating circumstances addressed at the court-
martial remain admissible and relevant to the remaining offenses;
(4) Whether the remaining offenses are of the type with which appellate
judges should have the experience and familiarity to reliably determine what
sentence would have been imposed at trial.
Winckelmann, 73 M.J. at 15-16.
Each of the sexual assaults carried a maximum sentence to confinement
of thirty years. A reduction of confinement exposure from sixty years to thirty
presents a dramatic change in the punishment to which Appellant was ex-
posed. Although this court has familiarity with the sentences imposed in
sexual assault cases, Appellant requested and was sentenced by members.
Under these circumstances, we do not find a reassessment of his sentence to
be appropriate.
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
C. Dilatory Post-Trial Processing
Whether an appellant has been deprived of his due process right to a
speedy appellate review is a question of law we review de novo. United States
v. Bush, 68 M.J. 96, 102 (C.A.A.F. 2000). When facially unreasonable delays
in appellate review occur, claims that such delay violate due process are
reviewed under the four-part test laid out in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514,
530 (1972). United States v. Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 135 (C.A.A.F. 2006). In
such analysis, we balance the (1) length of delay; (2) reasons for the delay;
(3) the appellant’s assertion of the right to timely review and appeal; and
(4) prejudice. No one factor is determinative and the court will decide wheth-
er each factor favors the government or the appellant. Id. at 136.
If the period between completion of the trial and the convening authority’s
final action is greater than 120 days, the delay is presumed to be facially
unreasonable. Id. at 142. Here, the Government concedes the delay between
the completion of the court-martial on 15 May 2018 and the convening au-
thority’s action on 9 October 2018 totaled 147 days. As such, the delay is
unreasonable on its face, triggering a full Barker/Moreno analysis.
The presumption of unreasonableness may be overcome by a showing of
legitimate, case-specific circumstances. Id. at 142-43; see also United States
v. Arriaga, 70 M.J. 51, 56 (C.A.A.F 2011). Here, due to software problems
encountered when the Navy upgraded the operating system on its computers,
production and authentication of the record of trial took 108 days. The Staff
Judge Advocate (SJA) completed her review and served her recommendation
on defense counsel nine days later, on 7 September 2018. Defense requested
and received an additional 20 days to file clemency matters and filed such
matters on 7 October 2018. The SJA completed her supplemental recommen-
dation two days later on 8 October 2018, and the convening authority acted
one day after that on 9 October 2018. In that action, the convening authority
explained that post-trial processing delay was caused by software problems
and a “heavy court docket.”
As our superior court has stated in Moreno, “heavy court dockets” will not,
without exceptional circumstances, justify delay in post-trial processing. See
Moreno, 63 M.J. at 137 (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 531 (noting that ultimate
responsibility of delay caused by negligence or overcrowded courts rests with
the Government)). This factor favors Appellant.
Next, this Court looks at whether the appellant objected to the delay or
asserted his right to timely review. See Arriaga, 70 M.J. at 57. No such objec-
tion was lodged nor was a request for speedy post-trial review filed.
When analyzing the fourth factor, prejudice, the Court should consider
three interests in a prompt appeal: (1) prevention of oppressive incarceration;
(2) minimization of anxiety and concern of those awaiting the outcome of
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United States v. Masa, NMCCA No. 201800314
their appeals; and (3) limitation of the possibility that a convicted person’s
grounds for appeal, and his defenses in case of reversal and retrial, might be
impaired by the delay. Moreno, 63 M.J. at 138-41. Appellant fails to assert,
let alone establish, prejudice from any of these prongs, and we find none. This
factor weighs in favor of the Government.
In the absence of the assertion of his right to speedy review coupled with
the lack of prejudice identified or experienced by the delay, our balancing of
the four Barker factors leads us to conclude that Appellant was not denied his
due process right to speedy review and appeal.
III. CONCLUSION
After careful consideration of the record and briefs of appellate counsel,
Appellant’s conviction of Specification 3 of Charge I is SET ASIDE and
DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. The remaining finding is AFFIRMED.
The sentence is SET ASIDE. The record is returned to the Judge Advocate
General of the Navy for remand to an appropriate convening authority who
may order a sentence rehearing.
Senior Judge HITESMAN and Judge GASTON concur.
FOR THE COURT:
RODGER A. DREW, JR.
Clerk of Court
18