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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
CODY WILLIAM GREEN :
:
Appellant : No. 172 MDA 2019
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered December 28, 2018
In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Criminal Division at No(s):
CP-67-CR-0003390-2018
BEFORE: DUBOW, J., NICHOLS, J., and COLINS, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY DUBOW, J.: FILED JANUARY 15, 2020
Appellant, Cody William Green, appeals from the December 28, 2018
Judgment of Sentence entered in the Court of Common Pleas of York County
following his conviction of one count each of Possession with Intent to Deliver,
Criminal Use of a Communication Facility, and Possession of Drug
Paraphernalia.1 On appeal, Appellant challenges the denial of his Motion to
Suppress. After careful review, we affirm.
We glean the following factual and procedural history from the trial court
Opinion and evidence from the suppression hearing. On the evening of
December 15, 2017, Patrol Officer Randy Wagner of the West Manheim
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30); 18 Pa.C.S. § 7512(a); and 35 P.S. § 780-
1113(a)(32), respectively.
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Township Police Department was on patrol in a fully marked police cruiser.
Around midnight, he observed two vehicles, a black Toyota sedan and silver
Honda SUV, parked in an unlit area of the Mary Ann Furnace Trail parking lot
of Codorus State Park. Neither vehicle had boating equipment attached or
other signs of park recreation activities. The parking area has posted signs
that it is closed from dusk to dawn unless park patrons are participating in
approved park activities.
Upon seeing the vehicles in the unlit parking lot, Patrol Officer Wagner
pulled behind the vehicles and activated his emergency lights. A passenger
exited the SUV and informed Patrol Officer Wagner that he and the driver,
Appellant, had met up in the parking lot because he had left his license in the
SUV. While he was talking to the passenger, Officer Wagner smelled marijuana
emanating from the SUV. The passenger informed Officer Wagner that he had
smoked marijuana in his vehicle prior to driving to the park and indicated that
he had some drug paraphernalia in his black sedan. Officer Wagner notified
dispatch and requested a second unit for assistance.
Patrol Officer Wagner then patted down the passenger. Appellant exited
the SUV, and Officer Wagner also patted him down for weapons; Officer
Wagner felt a bulge in Appellant’s crotch area, which made a noise that
sounded like plastic or paper.
After the second unit arrived, Officer Wagner searched Appellant and
determined that the bulge was caused by a clear plastic bag containing 61.2
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grams of marijuana wax and paper wrapped around a glass container with
marijuana concentrate and four empty round plastic containers. Officer
Wagner conducted a search of Appellant’s white SUV and found $2,208 in cash
in the armrest.
The passenger then informed the officers that he was in the park to
purchase marijuana from Appellant and that he had used the telephone
application, Snapchat, to arrange the drug transaction. The officers
subsequently obtained a search warrant for Appellant’s telephone. The search
of his phone confirmed that the drug transaction was arranged through
Snapchat and text messages. Appellant was charged with, inter alia, the above
crimes.2
Appellant filed an Omnibus Pretrial Motion on August 6, 2018, which
included a Motion to Suppress all evidence seized after Officer Wagner had
turned on his emergency lights. The court held a suppression hearing on
October 3, 2018, at which Officer Wagner testified. On November 19, 2018,
the court denied Appellant’s Motion.
On December 28, 2018, after a stipulated bench trial, the trial court
found Appellant guilty of the above charges and sentenced him to an
aggregate term of three years of probation.
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2The Commonwealth also charged Appellant with False Identification, but he
was acquitted of that charge.
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Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal. Appellant and the trial court
complied with Rule 1925.
Appellant raises the following issue on appeal: “Whether Officer Wagner
had reasonable suspicion to detain [Appellant] because he parked his vehicle
in a state trail parking lot that allows after hour[s] parking for park-approved
activities; and when Officer Wagner could not see inside [Appellant’s] vehicle
and did not observe [Appellant] engaged in any criminal activity.” Appellant’s
Br. at 4.
We review the trial court’s decision to deny a motion to suppress to
determine “whether the suppression court’s factual findings are supported by
the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are
correct.” Commonwealth v. Milburn, 191 A.3d 891, 897 (Pa. Super. 2018)
(citation omitted). “Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the
suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the Commonwealth
and so much of the evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted when
read in the context of the record as a whole.” Commonwealth v. Freeman,
150 A.3d 32, 34 (Pa. Super. 2016). We are bound by the suppression court’s
factual findings where they are supported by the record, and we may reverse
only if the court’s legal conclusions are erroneous. Id. at 35. Because this
Court’s mandate is to determine if the suppression court properly applied the
law to the facts, our scope of review is plenary. Id.
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The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article 1,
Section 8 of our state Constitution protect citizens from unreasonable searches
and seizures. In re D.M., 781 A.2d 1161, 1163 (Pa. 2001). “To secure the
right of citizens to be free from . . . [unreasonable searches and seizures],
courts in Pennsylvania require law enforcement officers to demonstrate
ascending levels of suspicion to justify their interactions with citizens as those
interactions become more intrusive.” Commonwealth v. Beasley, 761 A.2d
621, 624 (Pa. Super. 2000). Our Supreme Court has defined three levels of
interaction between citizens and police officers: (1) mere encounter, (2)
investigative detention, and (3) custodial detention. See Commonwealth v.
Boswell, 721 A.2d 336, 340 (Pa. 1998). Both parties agree that when Officer
Wagner parked his police vehicle to block Appellant’s SUV and the black
Toyota sedan, Officer Wagner was engaging in an investigatory detention.
When evaluating the legality of investigative detentions, Pennsylvania
has adopted the holding of Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), wherein the
United States Supreme Court held that police may conduct an investigatory
detention if they have reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot.
“When conducting a Terry analysis, it is incumbent on the suppression court
to inquire, based on all of the circumstances known to the officer ex ante,
whether an objective basis for the seizure was present.” Commonwealth v.
Carter, 105 A.3d 765, 769 (Pa. Super. 2014). In order to justify an
investigative detention, a police officer must be able to identify “specific and
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articulable facts” leading him to suspect that criminal activity is afoot. Terry,
392 U.S. at 21.
In determining whether an officer’s stop of a defendant was supported
by reasonable suspicion, the court must consider the totality of the
circumstances, and give due weight to the reasonable inferences the officer
drew from the facts based upon his experience. Commonwealth v. Foglia,
979 A.2d 357, 360 (Pa. Super. 2009) (en banc). “[E]ven a combination of
innocent facts, when taken together, may warrant further investigation by the
police officer.” Id. (citation omitted). The suppression court is not foreclosed
from concluding that a police officer had reasonable suspicion even where the
defendant’s conduct was equally consistent with innocent activity. Carter,
105 A.3d at 772. See also Commonwealth v. Davis, 102 A.3d 996, 1000
(Pa. Super. 2014) (explaining that although the item weighing down the
defendant's pocket could have been something other than a gun, that did not
mean that it was unreasonable for the police officer to suspect, based on the
totality of the circumstances, that it was a gun).
When evaluating whether reasonable suspicion existed in a particular
case, this Court must “view the circumstances through the eyes of a trained
officer, not an ordinary citizen.” Commonwealth v. Riley, 715 A.2d 1131,
1135 (Pa. Super. 1998). “Reasonable suspicion depends upon both the
content of the information possessed by the police and its degree of
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reliability.” Commonwealth v. Wiley, 858 A.2d 1191, 1194 (Pa. Super.
2004) (citation omitted).
Moreover, reasonable suspicion is “considerably less than proof of
wrongdoing by a preponderance of the evidence.” Navarette v. California,
572 U.S. 393, 397 (2014). See also Commonwealth v. Fink, 700 A.2d 447,
449 (Pa. 1997) (explaining that reasonable suspicion is less than a “certainty,
a preponderance, or even a fair probability.”).
Appellant contends that Officer Wagner illegally detained Appellant
because he lacked reasonable suspicion that Appellant was involved in criminal
activity at the time of the search. Appellant’s Br. at 9-11. He asserts that
Officer Wagner was unaware that he was engaged in illegal activity until after
he was detained and that the location of “expected criminal activity” does not
amount to reasonable suspicion. Id. at 13-15.
The suppression court found that Appellant was parked in an area
marked closed in violation of State Park regulations and concluded that there
were sufficient articulable facts for Officer Wagner to investigate and detain
Appellant. Trial Ct. Op., dated 3/25/19, at 5-6.
Officer Wagner testified that he had made arrests at the Mary Ann
Furnace Trail parking lot, after hours, related to “drugs and alcohol, underage
and DUIs[.]” Id. Therefore, based on his knowledge of the lot and his
observation of the vehicles parked in violation of the posted signs, he turned
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on his emergency lights, exited the car, and approached the vehicles. Id. at
16.
The totality of circumstances—Officer Wagner’s knowledge and
experience concerning the reputation of the Mary Ann Furnace Trail parking
lot after hours and his observation of the two vehicles parked side-by-side in
the unlit lot after hours without any obvious signs of park recreational
equipment—establish that Officer Wagner had specific and articulable
reasonable facts that led him to suspect that criminal activity was
afoot. Accordingly, we conclude that the suppression court’s factual findings
are supported by the record and discern no error in its denial of Appellant’s
Motion to Suppress.
Judgment of Sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 1/15/2020
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