Collins v. Commissioner

Robert F. Collins, Petitioner v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, Respondent

Collins v. Commissioner

Docket No. 5841-72

United States Tax Court

61 T.C. 693; 1974 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 146; 61 T.C. No. 74;

March 7, 1974, Filed

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">*146 Decision will be entered under Rule 155.

In 1968 T, a physician, established a charitable foundation to which he, the sole contributor, donated some cash and the building in which he maintained his offices. The foundation thereupon leased the building to T. The foundation was associated with the preparation of two pamphlets on "traits" and "attitudes," the subject of its alleged charitable purpose. Held, the foundation did not receive "a substantial part of its support * * * from direct or indirect contributions from the general public" as required by sec. 170(b)(1) (A)(vi), I.R.C. 1954, as a condition for T's additional charitable deduction to the extent of 10 percent of adjusted gross income; held, further, that the Commissioner's second investigation of T's tax liability for 1968 was not "unnecessary" within the meaning of sec. 7605(b), I.R.C. 1954; held, further, that Rev. Proc. 68-28, 1968-2 C.B. 912, did not preclude the reopening of the case or affect the validity of the ensuing deficiency notice.

Jack E. Bratter and Bradley D. Marcus, for">*149 the petitioner.

Alan R. Herson, for the respondent.

Raum, Judge.

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RAUM

">*693 The Commissioner determined a deficiency in petitioner's 1968 income tax in the amount of $ 5,219. ¹ Four issues are presented for decision. These are (1) whether the Commissioner conducted an "unnecessary" examination or investigation in respect of petitioner's tax liability for 1968 contrary to the provisions of section 7605(b), I.R.C. 1954; (2) whether the Commissioner failed to comply with the Service's recognized procedure (set forth in Rev. Proc. 68-28, 1968-2 C.B. 912) in reopening a closed tax year of petitioner; (3) in the event either of the above questions is answered affirmatively, whether the Commissioner's procedural noncompliance deprived the resultant deficiency notice of any validity; and (4) if the deficiency notice is valid, whether the charitable foundation created and endowed by petitioner normally receives a substantial part of its support "from direct or indirect contributions from the general public" as provided in section 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) of the Code. In the event that respondent prevails on the first two issues, the third issue">*150 becomes moot; alternatively, if the third issue is reached and decided in favor of petitioner, it will become unnecessary to consider the final issue.

FINDINGS OF FACT

The parties have filed a stipulation of facts which, together with its accompanying exhibit, is incorporated herein by this reference.

">*694 Petitioner Robert F. Collins, a physician, resided in North Hollywood, Calif., at the time of filing his petition herein. He timely filed a Federal income tax return for the taxable year 1968 with the district director of internal revenue at Los Angeles, Calif.

On or about November 22, 1968, petitioner established the Collins Foundation (foundation), a California corporation, and contributed to it $ 1,000 cash and the building in which he conducted his medical practice. The building had a fair market value of $ 40,000, and it together with the $ 1,000 cash comprised the sole assets of the foundation. ">*151 Subsequently, the foundation executed a lease of the entire building to petitioner for 1 year with five 1-year options to renew.

The foundation's initial board of trustees consisted of petitioner and his two sisters, both of whom were registered nurses holding college degrees. By limiting board membership to his immediate family, Dr. Collins hoped to retain personal control of the foundation's activities. The foundation had no office or telephone, nor did it employ any secretarial help. Instead it shared petitioner's personal office space, using that mailing address. Petitioner's wife handled what correspondence there was.

Petitioner's alleged purpose in creating the foundation was to promote and foster the study of human "traits" with respect to their causal relationship to human "attitudes." The Internal Revenue Service approved the foundation's tax-exempt status under section 501(c) (3). There were difficulties in resolving certain fundamental definitional problems as well as in developing basic projects, and the activities and research conducted by the foundation have been quite limited both in amount and scope. Dr. Robert Morman, a "research teacher" at City College of">*152 Los Angeles, prepared a pamphlet under the aegis of the foundation in 1970 designed to identify "attitudes" on drivers' problems in order ultimately to develop a set of highway safety "predictors." Throughout the preparation of the pamphlet Morman was employed on a full-time basis by City College and he received no compensation from the foundation, although it did pay unspecified costs associated with the pamphlet. In 1972, Dr. Lawrence H. Brown, professor emeritus at Creighton University, initiated a study of "traits," pursuant to a research grant of an undisclosed amount from the foundation; a resulting pamphlet was produced in 1973. At some time in the first part of 1973, the foundation hired Dr. Brown to conduct "basic research" as a full-time employee. The record does not disclose whether the compensation received by him is consequential in amount. In the case of both foregoing pamphlets, the record is unclear both as to the number of copies produced and as to the manner of their dissemination, if they were in fact distributed at all.

">*695 At about the time of incorporating the foundation, petitioner had some conversations with a representative of one and perhaps several">*153 pharmaceutical companies with respect to the possibility of obtaining financial support for the foundation's activities. Although he understood the responses to be generally favorable, they were entirely noncommittal, and the foundation in fact received no financial support outside of what petitioner himself had contributed.

The fair market value of all of petitioner's charitable contributions in 1968 equaled $ 41,856, which amount included his donations ($ 41,000) to the foundation. On his individual Federal income tax return for that year, petitioner claimed a charitable deduction in the amount of $ 30,194, and sought to deduct the unclaimed excess in his return for the following year. Section 170(b) of the Code, as it applied to 1968, generally permitted a deduction for charitable contributions in an amount up to 20 percent of a taxpayer's adjusted gross income. Irrespective of this limitation, contributions to certain defined charities qualified for an additional separately calculated deduction in an amount up to 10 percent of adjusted gross income, thus in effect resulting in a 30-percent aggregate limit. The amount claimed by petitioner for 1968 was predicated upon the ">*154 foundation qualifying for the more favorable percentage limitation. Gifts to private foundations generally were restricted to the 20-percent limitation. Accordingly, if the foundation failed to qualify as an organization which received "a substantial part of its support * * * from the general public" (sec. 170(b)(1) (A)(vi)), then the deduction to which petitioner was entitled in 1968 would have been substantially less than that claimed by him.

Sometime shortly after September 19, 1969, petitioner received a written request from Internal Revenue Agent Albert Zelmon to make his books and records pertaining to his 1967 and 1968 income available in connection with an audit of his returns for those years. As a result of his investigation, Agent Zelmon determined deficiencies in both of those years arising from matters unrelated to the issues herein. Petitioner signed a consent to the adjustments dated November 23, 1970, and paid the amounts due.

On or about May 13, 1971, petitioner was advised by Internal Revenue Agent Norman Smoller that he was at that time commencing an audit of petitioner's 1969 tax return. On or about July 6 of that year, while Agent Smoller's audit was still ">*155 in progress, another revenue agent, Terry Milne, commenced an audit of the foundation's tax return for the taxable year ending November 30, 1969. Milne communicated with the foundation's lawyer, Jack Bratter, who is also petitioner's lawyer, and asked to examine the foundation's records for the year ">*696 in question. Bratter provided the requested records at a meeting held on July 27, 1971. On the basis of his examination of the foundation's records, Milne concluded that the foundation was subject to unrelated business income taxation on account of the building which it had leased to petitioner, and he so advised Bratter on September 1, 1971. Milne's conclusion turned upon treating the 1-year lease and the five options to renew as the equivalent of a 6-year lease, thus satisfying the statutory requirement (sec. 514) that the lease in question extend for a period of more than 5 years. Bratter disagreed as to the legal effect of the lease, and there the matter stood for the time being.

Through his examination of the foundation's books and records, however, Milne learned that petitioner was the sole contributor to the foundation and on that basis concluded some time in November">*156 1971, that, although its activities had remained within the scope of its tax-exempt status, the Collins Foundation was a private foundation. Aware that such a determination would render any carryover deduction of petitioner's 1968 contribution to 1969 ineligible (see sec. 170(b)(5) as it applied to 1968), Milne called Agent Smoller, who was still engaged in the audit of petitioner's 1969 return, to apprise him of his conclusion. Because petitioner had in fact claimed such a carryover deduction in 1969, Agent Smoller called Bratter in order to notify him that he proposed to disallow the carryover deduction on the strength of Agent Milne's determination of the foundation's private status. Bratter thereafter called Milne on or about December 1, 1971, in order to verify the information received from Smoller. At that time Milne confirmed the substance of his conversation with Smoller. Petitioner's personal audit for 1969 ultimately concluded with a partial agreement dated December 16, 1971, with respect to the disallowed carryover deduction and another item, while a third issue remained unresolved.

In early January of 1972, Milne once again called Bratter, suggesting that before he">*157 wrote his report with respect to his audit of the foundation they meet in an effort to resolve the question of the foundation's unrelated business income. Bratter agreed, and on February 8, 1972, he, Milne, and Milne's group supervisor met. They were, nevertheless, unable to reach any agreement. As a collateral matter, however, they reviewed the possibility that, due to the existence of an encumbrance attached to the donated building, the amount of which was in excess of the basis of the building, there had been a slight gain which should have been reflected in petitioner's 1968 return. Either Milne or his supervisor, though, assured Bratter that, in view of the small ">*697 amount involved, they would not seek to reopen petitioner's 1968 return if that were the only adjustment needed.

Shortly thereafter and with the approval of his supervisor, Milne nonetheless requested and on February 16, 1972, obtained permission from the Assistant Regional Commissioner, Audit, to reopen petitioner's 1968 tax return. Milne's decision to reopen the return rested upon his earlier conclusion that the foundation was private, the germinal information for which he had drawn from the foundation's">*158 records. When Milne learned that petitioner had claimed a carryover deduction in 1969 from the same gift, he was alerted to the likelihood that petitioner in 1968 had erroneously employed the higher percentage limitation associated with public foundations in calculating his permissible deduction for charitable contributions.

Milne therefore notified Bratter that he had reopened petitioner's 1968 return and, since the period of limitations within which a deficiency could be assessed against petitioner was about to expire, Milne requested the execution of an appropriate waiver of the statute of limitations. Bratter refused that request but did agree to allow Milne to examine a copy of petitioner's 1968 Federal income tax return which Bratter had, recognizing that the original of that return was obtainable by Milne from the IRS files and that thus making the copy available was merely for Milne's convenience. They met for this purpose on March 2, 1972, and Milne then verified that petitioner had calculated his 1968 charitable contribution deduction in accordance with the higher percentage limitation. Milne prepared a computation of the proposed adjustment at that time which he left">*159 with Bratter. Bratter then asked Milne whether an agreement with respect to the foundation's unrelated business income might induce the Service to forego reopening petitioner's return; Milne responded that such an arrangement was not possible.

As a result of these events, the Commissioner issued a notice of deficiency on April 13, 1972, in which he determined that --

the deduction claimed for contributions in the amount of $ 31,852.00 ² is allowable to the extent of $ 20,621.00 for the taxable year 1968. You contributed property with a net fair market value of $ 40,000.00 to the Collins Foundation and claimed the maximum deduction allowable (30 percent of adjusted gross income). The Collins Foundation does not qualify for the 30 percent limitation as described in Section 170(b)(1)(A) of the Internal Revenue Code. Therefore, your contribution deduction is limited to 20 percent of adjusted gross income. * * *

">*160 ">*698 OPINION

The threshold issue presented concerns whether the Government complied with the procedural dictates of section 7605(b), which provides as follows:

SEC. 7605. TIME AND PLACE OF EXAMINATION.

(b) Restrictions on Examination of Taxpayer. -- No taxpayer shall be subjected to unnecessary examination or investigations, and only one inspection of a taxpayer's books of account shall be made for each taxable year unless the taxpayer requests otherwise or unless the Secretary or his delegate, after investigation, notifies the taxpayer in writing that an additional inspection is necessary.

Petitioner argues that the reconsideration of his 1968 return by Revenue Agent Milne was "unnecessary" because the Commissioner had previously concluded an examination with respect to the same taxable year. On the materials before us we hold otherwise.

As a preliminary matter we note that in reexamining petitioner's 1968 tax return, Agent Milne did not conduct an unauthorized inspection of petitioner's books of account, nor does petitioner so allege. Cf. Geurkink v. United States, 354 F.2d 629, 631 (C.A. 7); Bouschor v. United States, 316 F.2d 451, 457-458">*161 (C.A. 8); De Masters v. Arend, 313 F.2d 79, 85-86 (C.A. 9); Credit Bureau of Erie, Inc., 54 T.C. 726">54 T.C. 726, 54 T.C. 726">729; Millard H. Hall, 50 T.C. 186">50 T.C. 186, 50 T.C. 186">201-202, affirmed 406 F.2d 706 (C.A. 5). Neither does petitioner contend that his acquiescence in the Commissioner's first deficiency notice with respect to other items in 1968 qualifies as a "closing agreement" which might constitute a bar of itself to the present deficiency notice.³

There is no question that at some time after examining the">*162 foundation's records Milne's interest in petitioner's 1968 tax return ripened into an investigation of petitioner's tax liability for that year, separate from the previous investigation conducted by Agent Zelmon. Compare United Statesv. Fordin (E.D.N.Y., 72-2 U.S.T.C. par. 9618 at 85,468), with United States v. Schwartz, 469 F.2d 977, 984 (C.A. 5). This much is not controverted. While this transformation probably occurred prior to the time Milne advised Agent Smoller in November of 1971 to disallow petitioner's carryover deduction in 1969, the precise moment is irrelevant for our purposes.

It is evident from the legislative history of section 7605(b) that Congress intended that provision to prevent the Internal Revenue ">*699 Service from undertaking repetitive investigations as a method of taxpayer harassment. There is no indication that it was enacted to restrict the scope of the Commissioner's legitimate power to protect the revenue. H. Rept. No. 350, 67th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 16 (1921); S. Rept. No. 275, 67th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 31; 61 Cong. Rec. 5202, 5855 (1921); H. Rept. No. 356, 69th Cong., 1st">*163 Sess., p. 55 (1926); 67 Cong. Rec. 3855-3857 (1926). See United States v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48">379 U.S. 48, 379 U.S. 48">55 fn. 13. In light of this legislative history, an "investigation cannot be said to be 'unnecessary' if it may contribute to the accomplishment of any of the purposes for which the Commissioner is authorized by statute to make inquiry." De Masters v. Arend, 313 F.2d 79, 87 (C.A. 9). By analogy to other administrative agencies, the courts have concluded that the Internal Revenue Service may investigate merely on the suspicion that taxes are owed; stated otherwise, in the absence of a showing that the Commissioner acted arbitrarily or in excess of his statutory authority, an investigation is not unnecessary. United States v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48">379 U.S. at 57; De Masters v. Arend, supra at 89-90. Cf. Application of Magnus, 196 F. Supp. 127">196 F. Supp. 127, 196 F. Supp. 127">128-129 (S.D. N.Y.), affirmed 299 F.2d 335, 337 (C.A. 2), certiorari denied 370 U.S. 918">370 U.S. 918. In the present circumstances, Agent Milne's knowledge">*164 both that petitioner had regarded the foundation as publicly supported in 1968 and that he had claimed a carryover deduction in 1969 in respect of his 1968 contribution to the foundation left little room to doubt that petitioner had claimed an excessive deduction in 1968. To attribute arbitrariness to an investigation arising from these facts is simply untenable.

Petitioner alleges that the investigation was nevertheless "unnecessary" because the Government initiated the investigation in an unlawful effort to procure his agreement to the proposed adjustment to the foundation's tax liability on account of the existence of unrelated business income. In support of his contention he refers us to the fact that it was at the instigation of Agent Milne that the parties met on February 8, 1972, to try to reach agreement on the foundation's tax liability. When petitioner declined to acquiesce, Milne proceeded directly to request permission to reopen petitioner's individual return for 1968.

To be sure, an investigation which is conducted in order to pressure the taxpayer with respect to a collateral issue may be an improper purpose sufficient to render such investigation "unnecessary" and">*165 thus violative of section 7605(b). United States v. Powell, 379 U.S. 48">379 U.S. 48, 379 U.S. 48">58 (dictum). But we are unpersuaded that such a motive underlay Milne's actions. To the contrary, prior to obtaining permission to reopen the return, Milne avoided any suggestion of his intention in that regard even though he had been aware of the possible tax liability ">*700 for at least several months. Indeed, his request for the February 8, 1972, meeting indicates to us an unmistakable objective to bring to a final conclusion his and petitioner's respective positions with regard to the foundation before auditing petitioner's individual return precisely in order to avoid even the appearance of applying improper pressure. Our conclusion is buttressed by Milne's unequivocal refusal to accept the very arrangement which petitioner alleges he sought when subsequently offered by petitioner. Furthermore, the juxtaposition of the February 8, 1972, meeting and Milne's request to reopen the return does not bespeak governmental harassment but rather reflects the time pressure exerted by the statutory limitations period for petitioner's 1968 tax liability due to expire shortly">*166 thereafter. In essence, petitioner's position is tantamount to challenging the Commissioner's authority to conduct simultaneous investigations of the several taxable capacities relating to a single individual. This we deem to be a wholly unwarranted extension of section 7605(b), and we accordingly refuse to adopt it. ⁴

">*167 Irrespective of section 7605(b), petitioner further argues that the Commissioner erred in reopening the audit of petitioner's 1968 tax return after it had become a closed case within the meaning of Rev. Proc. 68-28, 1968-2 C.B. 912, 913, sec. 3.01(1). ⁵ Specifically, petitioner alleges that Agent Milne's decision to reopen the case did not conform to express conditions for such action detailed in Rev. Proc. 68-28. There it is provided, in relevant part:

Sec. 4. Policy.

.01 The Internal Revenue Service will not reopen any case closed after examination by a district office * * * to make an adjustment unfavorable to the taxpayer unless:

1. There is evidence of fraud, malfeasance, collusion, concealment or misrepresentation of a material fact; or

2. The prior closing involved a clearly defined substantial error based on an established Service position existing at the time of the previous examination; or

3. Other circumstances exist which indicate failure to reopen would be a serious administrative omission.

.02 All reopenings must be approved by the Assistant Regional Commissioner (Audit), ">*168 * * *

">*701 Petitioner does not contend that Agent Milne did not obtain the necessary approval, and the Commissioner does not question that the case was closed.

It is too well settled for discussion that procedural rules, such as Rev. Proc. 68-28, are merely directory, not mandatory, "and compliance with them is not essential to the validity of a notice of deficiency." Luhring v. Glotzbach, 304 F.2d 560, 563 (C.A. 4). Accord, Cleveland Trust Co. v. United States, 421 F.2d 475, 481-482 (C.A. 6); Geurkink v. United States, 354 F.2d 629, 632 (C.A. 7); Anthony B. Cataldo, 60 T.C. 522">60 T.C. 522, 60 T.C. 522">523;">*169 Philip F. Flynn, 40 T.C. 770">40 T.C. 770, 40 T.C. 770">773. Furthermore, the evidence does not persuade us that Agent Milne's action was beyond the permissible limits of Rev. Proc. 68-28 regardless of whether he based his decision to reopen petitioner's 1968 case upon either section 4.01(2) or 4.01(3).

As a result of our conclusion that the Commissioner has conformed to the procedural aspects attendant upon reopening a closed year of a taxpayer, it is necessary to address ourselves to the substance of the deficiency determined by the Commissioner. Section 170, as effective in 1968, ⁶ contemplated a bifurcated scheme for charitable deductions. Section 170(b)(1)(B) provided a general rule, permitting an individual taxpayer to deduct charitable contributions to bona fide charities ⁷ in a single year to the extent of 20 percent of his adjusted gross income without respect to any net operating loss carryback. Section 170(b)(1)(A) allowed an additional deduction to the extent of 10 percent of a taxpayer's adjusted gross income for contributions to organizations of the type enumerated therein. Included among these ">*702 charitable">*170 recipients upon which Congress conferred this preferential status was:

(vi) an organization referred to in subsection (c)(2) which normally receives a substantial part of its support (exclusive of income received in the exercise or performance by such organization of its charitable, educational, or other purpose or function constituting the basis for its exemption under section 501(a)) from a governmental unit referred to in subsection (c)(1) or from direct or indirect contributions from the general public * * * [Emphasis supplied.]

">*171 In his 1968 return, petitioner availed himself of the additional 10-percent deduction with respect to his contribution to the Collins Foundation. He does not contend that the foundation was a qualified recipient other than by virtue of section 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) which, he argues, encompassed a good faith, albeit frustrated, intent to secure public financing. The Commissioner, on the other hand, urges that because petitioner is the foundation's sole contributor it has not received any support from the "general public" and hence cannot provide petitioner with a basis for an additional 10-percent deduction. We conclude that the Commissioner must prevail.

In our view, the plain language of the statute, as reinforced by applicable regulations, leaves no room for any conclusion other than that there had been a failure to satisfy the statutory requirement. Section 170(b)(1)(A)(vi) is perfectly clear in its requirement that, in order to qualify, an organization "[receive] a substantial part of its support" (emphasis supplied) from the general public. The inescapable import of the word "receive" is that Congress intended an objective test uncomplicated by any latent hopes or aspirations">*172 for such support. Without more there would be no question that the foundation falls outside the ambit of subparagraph (vi).

The Treasury regulations, however, recognized the difficulty of a newly formed organization in meeting the statutory qualification even though a particular organization was likely to become publicly supported. Consequently, there was provided a "facts and circumstances test," an alternative means of fulfilling the public-support requirement, which looked to objectively manifested factors other than actual donations. Sec. 1.170-2(b)(5)(iii) (c), Income Tax Regs. The application of this alternative test was explicitly limited, however, by the proviso that "under no circumstances will an organization which normally receives substantially all of its contributions (directly or indirectly) from the members of a single family * * * qualify as a 'publicly supported' organization" (emphasis supplied). Sec. 1.170-2 (b)(5)(iii)(c)(2), Income Tax Regs. In 1968, as well as in the subsequent years of the foundation, petitioner was the sole contributor. Hence, the foundation fails to satisfy even the threshold requirement ">*703 which would obligate">*173 this Court to consider the "facts and circumstances" test.

Moreover, even if the foregoing threshold requirement were complied with, it is plain from a reading of these detailed regulations that the foundation does not come within the terms thereof. In the first place, it was not "constituted so as to attract substantial support from contributions, directly or indirectly, from a representative number of persons in the community or area in which it operates." Sec. 1.170-2(b)(5)(iii)(c)(3), Income Tax Regs. ⁸">*175 Its research objectives are elusive at best, and hardly suggest any likelihood of public support. Further, there is no evidence that the foundation made any "bona fide solicitations for broad based public support," or "that its organizational structure and method of operation are such as to require bona fide solicitation for broad based public support." In addition, the regulations (sec. 1.170-2(b)(5)(iii)(c)(4)) ⁹ look to the ">*704 composition of the organization's governing body for evidence of representation of the interests and views of the public, and state explicitly that "This characteristic does not exist if the membership of an organization's governing">*174 body is such as to indicate that it represents the personal or private interests of a limited number of donors to the organization." There could hardly exist a clearer example of an ineligible organization than the foundation in which the board of trustees is comprised exclusively of the sole contributor's family for the express purpose of retaining individual control of the foundation's activities. Furthermore, there is no evidence that the foundation was required to publish or otherwise to distribute its financial reports or that it was required to provide its facilities or services to the public at large. Sec. 1.170-2(b)(5)(iii)(c)(4) (ii) and (iii), Income Tax Regs.

">*176 It is evident from the foregoing that from its inception the foundation lacked the objectively ascertainable characteristics which would indicate that it was organized in a manner to elicit broad-based public support. Quite the contrary, all of the evidence underscores its highly circumscribed orientation. Rather, the foundation's intimate relationship to petitioner's wholly private purposes predominated its existence, and petitioner was therefore not entitled to the additional 10-percent deduction allowed by section 170(b)(1)(A), even under the Commissioner's more liberal "facts and circumstances" test.

Due to the computational error in the deficiency notice (see footnote 1 supra),

Decision will be entered under Rule 155.

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Footnotes

• 1. Subsequent to the issuance of the deficiency notice, the parties stipulated to a computational error by respondent.↩

• 2. This figure differs from the $ 30,194 deduction claimed on petitioner's return. See p. 695 supra↩. However, by reason of certain uncontested adjustments resulting from Zelmon's audit, petitioner's adjusted gross income was increased, and the $ 31,852 figure above probably represents the application to the revised adjusted gross income of the claimed statutory percentage.

• 3. SEC. 7121. CLOSING AGREEMENTS.

  (b) Finality. -- If such agreement is approved by the Secretary or his delegate * * * such agreement shall be final and conclusive, and, except upon a showing of fraud or malfeasance, or misrepresentation of a material fact --

  (1) the case shall not be reopened as to the matters agreed upon or the agreement modified by any officer, employee, or agent of the United States, * * *↩

• 4. In so deciding this matter, we have no need to face the corollary issue, namely, whether a violation of sec. 7605(b) would taint the ensuing deficiency notice. We do note, however, that although the courts have divided on this issue, there is strong support for the view that failure to comply with the requirements of sec. 7605(b) does not render the deficiency notice a nullity. Compare M. O. Rife, Jr., 41 T.C. 732">41 T.C. 732, 41 T.C. 732">751 (concurring opinion); Field Enterprises, Inc. v. United States, 348 F.2d 485, 491 (Ct. Cl.), certiorari denied 382 U.S. 1009">382 U.S. 1009; Philip Mangone Co. v. United States, 54 F.2d 168, 171-172 (Ct. Cl.); with Reineman v. United States, 301 F.2d 267, 271-272 (C.A. 7); Application of Leonardo, 208 F. Supp. 124">208 F. Supp. 124, 208 F. Supp. 124">127↩ (N.D. Cal.).

• 5. Sec. 3. Definitions.

  .01 Closed Case:

  1. A case agreed at the district level is considered closed when the taxpayer is notified in writing, after district conference, if any, of adjustments to tax liability or acceptance of his return without change.↩

• 6. Sec. 201 of the Tax Reform Act of 1969 (Pub. L. 91-172) made various changes in the statutory scheme relating to charitable deductions. All citations of Code sections and Treasury regulations herein with respect to charitable deductions refer to those in effect in 1968.↩

• 7. Sec. 170(c) enumerated those types of charities to which donations would qualify as deductible charitable contributions. As it pertains to the foundation, sec. 170(c)(2) provided as follows:

  SEC. 170. CHARITABLE, ETC., CONTRIBUTIONS AND GIFTS.

  (c) Charitable Contribution Defined. -- For purposes of this section, the term "charitable contribution" means a contribution or gift to or for the use of --

  * * * *

  (2) A corporation, trust, or community chest, fund, or foundation --

  (A) created or organized in the United States or in any possession thereof, or under the law of the United States, any State or Territory, the District of Columbia, or any possession of the United States;

  (B) organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, literary, or educational purposes or for the prevention of cruelty to children or animals;

  (C) no part of the net earnings of which inures to the benefit of any private shareholder or individual; and

  (D) no substantial part of the activities of which is carrying on propaganda, or otherwise attempting, to influence legislation.

  A contribution or gift by a corporation to a trust, chest, fund, or foundation shall be deductible by reason of this paragraph only if it is to be used within the United States or any of its possessions exclusively for purposes specified in subparagraph (B).↩

• 8. Sec. 1.170-2(b)(5)(iii), Income Tax Regs.:

  (c) Facts and circumstances test. * * *

  * * * *

  (3↩) For purposes of the facts and circumstances test the most important consideration is the organization's source of support. An organization will be considered a "publicly supported" organization if it is constituted so as to attract substantial support from contributions, directly or indirectly, from a representative number of persons in the community or area in which it operates. In determining what is a "representative number of persons," consideration must be given to the type of organization and whether or not the organization limits its activities to a special field which can be expected to appeal to a limited number of persons. An organization is so constituted if, for example, it establishes that it does in fact receive substantial support from contributions from a representative number of persons; that pursuant to its organizational structure and method of operation it makes bona fide solicitations for broad based public support, or, in the case of a newly created organization, that its organizational structure and method of operation are such as to require bona fide solicitations for broad based public support; that it receives substantial support from a community chest or similar public federated fund raising organization, such as a United Fund or United Appeal; or that it has a substantial number of members (in relation to the community it serves, the nature of its activities, and its total support) who pay annual membership dues.

• 9. Sec. 1.170-2(b)(5)(iii)(c), Income Tax Regs.:

  (c) Facts and circumstances test. * * *

  * * * *

  (4) Although primary consideration will be given to the source of an organization's support, other relevant factors may be taken into account in determining whether or not the organization is of a public nature, such as:

  (i) Whether the organization has a governing body (whether designated in the organization's bylaws, certificate of incorporation, deed of trust, etc., as a Board of Directors, Board of Trustees, etc.) which is comprised of public officials, of individuals chosen by public officials acting in their capacity as such, or of citizens broadly representative of the interests and views of the public. This characteristic does not exist if the membership of an organization's governing body is such as to indicate that it represents the personal or private interests of a limited number of donors to the organization (or persons standing in a relationship to such donors which is described in section 267(b) and the regulations thereunder), rather than the interests of the community or the general public.

  (ii) Whether the organization annually or more frequently makes available to the public financial reports or, in the case of a newly created organization, is constituted so as to require such reporting. For this purpose an information or other return made pursuant to a requirement of a governmental unit shall not be considered a financial report. An organization shall be considered as making financial reports of its operations available to the public if it publishes a financial report in a newspaper which is widely circulated in the community in which the organization operates or if it makes a bona fide dissemination of a brochure containing a financial report.

  (iii↩) If the organization is of a type which generally holds open to the public its buildings (as in the case of a museum) or performances conducted by it (as in the case of a symphonic orchestra), whether the organization actually follows such practice, or, in the case of a newly created organization, is so organized as to require that its facilities be open to the public.