[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
________________________ ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
NOVEMBER 7, 2006
No. 05-15364 THOMAS K. KAHN
Non-Argument Calendar CLERK
________________________
D. C. Docket No. 01-01223-CV-HS-J
ANNIE LAURA THOMPSON,
Plaintiff-Counter-Defendant-Appellant,
versus
LOONEY'S TAVERN PRODUCTIONS, INC.,
a.k.a. Looney's Entertainment Park,
Defendant-Counter-Claimant-Appellee,
LANNY MCALISTER,
FREE STATE OF WINSTON HERITAGE ASSOCIATION, INC.,
a.k.a. Free State Productions,
JENNY MAC PRODUCTIONS,
GARY GOCH, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Alabama
_________________________
(November 7, 2006)
Before ANDERSON, BLACK and BARKETT, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Annie Laura Thompson appeals the district court’s grant of summary
judgment in favor of defendants Looney’s Tavern Productions, Free State of
Winston Heritage Association, Inc., James Posey, Gary Goch, Joseph Cohen,
Lanny McAlister and JennyMac Productions (together, “Defendants”). Thompson
argues on appeal that the district court erred in granting Defendants summary
judgment on the claims of copyright infringement and breach of contract.
Specifically, she contends that: (1) historical facts are copyrightable; (2) the
alleged infringing works were substantially similar to the copyrighted works; (3)
the 1996 sequel was not licensed to Defendants under the 1995 Settlement
Agreement; and (4) her infringement claim regarding the 1998 and 1999 scripts
were not barred by estoppel.1
1
Thompson also briefly raises a few procedural/case-management issues on appeal.
(Blue Brief at 16-21). She requests that summary judgment be entered in her favor, an issue not
properly before this Court because, as Thompson concedes, she did not so move below. Narey
v. Dean, 32 F.3d 1521, 1526-27 (11th Cir. 1994) (“In general, issues not raised in the district
2
STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. Leigh v.
Warner Bros., Inc., 212 F.3d 1210, 1214 (11th Cir. 2000). “Summary judgment is
only proper when there are no genuine issues of material fact.” Id. Additionally,
we review a district court’s evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion and will
reverse only if the moving party establishes that the ruling resulted in a substantial
prejudicial effect. See Alexander v. Fulton County, Ga., 207 F.3d 1303, 1326
(11th Cir. 2000).
APPLICABLE LAW
A. Test for Copyright Infringement
To establish copyright infringement, a plaintiff must prove, first, ownership
court will not be considered on appeal.”). Thompson complains that the district court
improperly denied her leave to amend, but ignores the many amendments that were permitted.
Andrx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Elan Corp., PLC, 421 F.3d 1227, 1236 (11th Cir. 2005) (“We
review the district court's denial of a motion for leave to amend for clear abuse of discretion.
Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, after a responsive pleading has been filed, a litigant
must obtain leave to amend the complaint, which ‘shall be freely given when justice so requires.’
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). Leave may be denied because of undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive
on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously
allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, [or]
futility of amendment.”) (citations omitted). She argues that the district court erred in denying an
extension of the discovery period and in deciding issues piecemeal. (Blue Brief at 21-22). The
district court did not abuse its discretion in its management of the case. See Burks v. American
Cast Iron Pipe Co., 212 F.3d 1333, 1336 (11th Cir. 2000) (“A district court’s refusal to grant a
continuance of summary judgment motion in order to conduct discovery is reviewed for abuse of
discretion.”).
3
of a valid copyright and, second, copying of constituent elements of the work that
are original. Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340,
361, 111 S. Ct. 1282, 1296, 113 L.Ed.2d 358 (1991). To satisfy the first
requirement of Feist, “the Plaintiff must prove that the work as a whole is original
and that the plaintiff complied with the applicable statutory formalities.” MiTek
Holdings, Inc. v. Arce Engineering, Inc., 89 F.3d 1548, 1553-54 (11th Cir. 1996)
(internal quotation omitted).
Feist’s second requirement “‘involves two separate inquiries: (1) whether the
defendant as a factual matter, copied portions of the plaintiff’s [work]; and (2)
whether as a mixed issue of fact and law, those elements of the [work] that have
been copied are protectable expression and of such importance to the copied work
that the appropriation is actionable.’” MiTek, 89 F.3d at 1554. Stated differently, a
defendant’s work must be substantially similar to the plaintiff’s protected
expression. Beal v. Paramount Pictures Corp., 20 F.3d 454, 459 (11th Cir. 1994).
Furthermore, “for similarity to be substantial, and hence actionable, it must
apply to more than simply a de minimis fragment.” See 2 Melville B. Nimmer &
David Nimmer, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT, 8-24, §8.01[G] (2002). “Ordinarily,
the importance of but one line in plaintiff’s work would be regarded as de minimis,
not justifying a finding of substantial similarity.” See Id. at 13-50, §13.03[A][2].
4
In copyright cases, “summary judgment is appropriate if (1) the similarity
concerns only noncopyrightable elements or (2) no reasonable jury upon proper
instruction would find the works substantially similar.” Beal, 20 F.3d at 459.
B. Work Represented as Factual
Authors who make express representations that their work is “factual” are
estopped from claiming fictionalization and therefore a higher level of protection.
1 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT, 2-172.21,
§2.11[C] (2002); Houts v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 603 F.Supp 26 (C.D. Cal.
1984) (holding author estopped from claiming fictionalization after express
representation work is factual). See also Beal, 20 F.3d at 459 (“Material that is not
original cannot be copyrighted.”).
C. Unprotected Facts
No one may claim originality as to facts. Facts may be discovered, but
they are not created by an act of authorship. One who discovers an
otherwise unknown fact may well have performed a socially useful
function, but the discovery as such does not render him an “author” in
either the constitutional or statutory sense.
1 Melville B. Nimmer & David Nimmer, NIMMER ON COPYRIGHT, 2-172.16,
§2.11[A] (2002); see also Miller v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 650 F.2d 1365,
1372 (5th Cir. July 1981) (holding there is no protection for industrious collection).
“Notwithstanding that enormous effort and great expense may have been required
5
to discover factual information, it may, nonetheless, be freely taken from the
original writer’s copyrighted work and republished at will without need of
permission or payment.” Craft v. Kobler, 667 F.Supp. 120, 123 (S.D.N.Y. 1987).
D. Historical Works Are Due Only Very Limited Protection
[T]he protection afforded the copyright holder has never extended to
history, be it documented fact or explanatory hypotheses. The rationale
for this doctrine is that the cause of knowledge is best served when
history is the common property of all, and each generation remains free
to draw upon the discoveries and insights of the past. Accordingly, the
scope of copyright in historical accounts is narrow indeed, embracing no
more than the author’s original expression of particular facts and
theories already in the public domain. . . . [A]bsent wholesale
usurpation of another’s expression, claims of copyright infringement
where works of history are at issue are rarely successful.
Hoehling v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 618 F.2d 972, 974 (2nd Cir. 1980). “One
cannot build a story around a historical incident and then claim exclusive right in
the use of the incident.” Echevarria v. Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc., 12 F.Supp. 632,
638 (S.D. Cal. 1935).
E. “Substantial Similarity”
When dealing with historical works, “it is expected that there would result
some similarity of treatment.” Eisenschiml v. Faucett Publications, Inc., 246 F.2d
598, 604 (7th Cir. 1957). Evidence showing the duplication of historical facts and
ordinary phrases does not raise a triable issue of fact. Narrell v. Freeman, 872 F.2d
902, 913 (9th Cir. 1989).
6
Moreover, “because it is virtually impossible to write about a particular
historical era or fictional theme without employing certain ‘stock’ or standard
literary devices, we have held that scenes a faire are not copyrightable as a matter
of law.” Hoehling, 618 F.2d at 979. “Scenes a faire,” which are “sequences of
events which necessarily follow from a common theme” or “incidents, characters,
or settings that are indispensable or standard in the treatment of a given topic” are
not copyrightable and not protectable. Herzog v. Castle Rock Entertainment, 193
F.3d 1241, 1248 (11th Cir. 1999).
Application of the Law 2
A. Count 1
Summary judgment was appropriate as to Appellant’s claims of copyright
infringement of Tories of the Hills, Free State of Winston, and So Turns the Tide
by the following works: (1) scripts and performances in 1996, 1997, 1998, and
1999 of the play “Looney’s Tavern: the Aftermath and the Legacy”; (2) scripts and
performances in 2000, 2001 and 2002 of the play “The Incident at Looney’s
Tavern”; and (3) the “Freedom Run” screenplay. Because Appellant’s claims with
respect to 1996 and 1997 are barred by the statute of limitations, the district court
dismissed them and Appellant does not challenge that on appeal.
2
Appellant’s motion to supplement the record with Doc, 369 is GRANTED.
7
1. 1998-1999 Plays
Appellant’s claims based on the 1998-1999 plays are barred by estoppel.
The elements of estoppel in a copyright infringement action are: (1) the party to be
estopped must know the facts of the defendant’s infringing conduct; (2) he must
intend that his conduct shall be acted on or must so act that the party asserting the
estoppel has a right to believe that it is so intended; (3) the defendant must be
ignorant of the true facts; and (4) he must rely on the plaintiff’s conduct to his
injury. Tefel v. Reno, 180 F.3d 1286, 1302 (11th Cir. 1999) (setting out the
traditional elements of estoppel).
Appellant admitted that she knew that Looney’s was performing the play
since 1996. Not only was Looney’s told by Appellant’s counsel that the play was
not infringing, the Appellant never informed it or the other Defendants otherwise.
Looney’s Tavern did not know that Appellant thought the 1996 play was infringing
and, on that basis, performed the play for the next four years. Therefore, the
district court did not err in finding that Appellant’s claims for performances in
1998-1999 were barred on the basis of estoppel. Hayden v. Chalfant Press, Inc.,
177 F.Supp. 303, 312 n.20 (S.D. Cal. 1959). Moreover, Appellant may not assert
rights in the future to the 1996 play should Looney’s Tavern choose to perform the
play again. Id.
8
The claims are also barred by license. While Appellant asserts that the
attorneys who gave consent had no authority to act for her, it was undisputed that
Appellant‘s sister and co-owner of all copyrights, Yarbrough, reviewed the 1996
script and agreed with her lawyers that it was non-infringing. It was also
undisputed that Yarbrough’s lawyers, who were also Appellant’s lawyers at one
time, communicated this approval to counsel for Looney’s Tavern. A joint owner
of a copyright, such as Ms. Yarbrough, may grant licenses to a jointly-owned work
without the consent of the other joint owners. 1 Melville B. Nimmer & David
Nimmer, N IMMER ON C OPYRIGHT , 6-30, § 6.10 (2002); see also Meridith v. Smith,
145 F.2d 620, 621 (9th Cir. 1944). A license is an effective defense to an
infringement action brought by another joint owner. N IMMER at § 6.10. Ms.
Yarbrough’s consent and permission alone granted Looney’s Tavern a non-
exclusive license to perform the 1996 play script. See Korman v. HBC Florida,
Inc., 182 F.3d 1291, 1293 (11th Cir. 1999) (“While an exclusive license to use
copyrighted material must be written, a nonexclusive license can be granted orally
or can be implied from the conduct of the parties.”). Therefore, based on license,
and the fact that the plays were nearly identical, the scripts and performances of the
1998-1999 plays were non-infringing.
9
2. The 2000 Play
The 1995 Settlement and Release Agreement granted Looney’s Tavern the
right to use in future scripts and performances portions of the book Tories of the
Hills in the 1989-1995 scripts of the play, “Incident at Looney’s Tavern.” The
2000 script for “Incident at Looney’s Tavern,” was identical in all material respects
to the 1989, 1991, and 1993 scripts, with only minor and inconsequential changes.
Under the 1995 Settlement and Release Agreement, Looney’s Tavern was licensed
to use the passages appearing in the 2000 script which correspond to passages in
the 1989-1995 scripts.
There were only a few minor and inconsequential changes made to the 2000
script which have no corresponding passages in the 1989, 1991, or 1993 scripts.
Except as described below, these “new” passages were neither copied from nor
“substantially similar” to the copyrighted works. The only “new” passage in the
2000 script which also appeared in one of the works, Tories of the Hills, was the
following single sentence: “His associates had, for a time, recognized in him the
possibility of a leader and were already looking to him for advice in the
economical and political questions of his country.” This text appears on page 3,
line 11 of the 2000 script to “Incident at Looney’s Tavern,” and on page 12 of
Tories of the Hills. Other than that passage, all of the passages identified by
10
Appellant appeared in one form or another in the 1989-1995 play scripts and were,
therefore, licensed pursuant to the 1995 Settlement and Release Agreement.
Appellant also apparently relied on the allegedly similar depiction of Chris
Sheets’s conduct at the Secession Convention for proof of copyright infringement.
That depiction, even if infringing, was the same in the 2000 script as it was in the
1989-1995 scripts, and was, therefore, licensed. Moreover, if Appellant alleged
any similarity in the plot, characters, locale, sequence, and mood, this too was
insufficient because these similarities stemmed from the 1989-1995 scripts, not the
minor alterations made in 2000, and were, therefore, licensed.
Appellant claimed that both the play and Tories of the Hills compared the
mansions and fancy way of life of South Alabama with the plain hills of North
Alabama. Contrasting Montgomery with a plainer way of life was not only an
unprotectable idea, but also constituted scenes a faire, i.e., an indispensable scene
when comparing the ideology of the Winston County residents that opposed
secession with the pro-slavery stance of the southern part of the State of Alabama.
In summary, only a single sentence in the 2000 script bore any similarity to Tories
of the Hills.
There was no evidence of any copying or similarity to Free State of Winston
or So Turns the Tide. The single sentence to which Appellant pointed was simply
11
background information on one character and was not of such importance to Tories
of the Hills that the appropriation was actionable. It simply was one line in a work
over 270 pages long. The “substantial similarity” test is simply not met when one,
inconsequential passage is used. See Toulmin v. Rike-Kumler Co., 137 U.S.P.Q.
533 (S.D. Ohio 1962) (copying of a sentence and a half from a book of 142 pages
held de minimis); Rokeach v. Avco Embassy Pictures Corp., 197 U.S.P.Q. 155,
(S.D.N.Y. 1978) (copying 100 words out of a total of 70,000 held de minimis).
For these reasons, the 2000 script was non-infringing and the district court
did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants as to all claims
based on the 2000 script.
3. The 2001-2002 Plays
The 1993 and 2001 scripts were the same. The 2001 script (i.e., the 1993
script) was also used for the 2002 season. Because Looney’s Tavern was licensed
in the Settlement and Release Agreement to use in future scripts any portions of
Tories of the Hills found in the 1989-1995 scripts, and the 2001 and 2002 script
were identical to the 1993 script, the 2001 and 2002 scripts and performances were
non-infringing, and Appellant’s claims based on these works were without merit.
4. Claims Against Free State of Winston Heritage Association
In addition to the reasons stated above, summary judgment is appropriate as
12
to Free State because of the undisputed evidence that, from 1998-2002, Free State:
(1) did not produce or perform the plays; (2) did not have any input or control over
the plays; (3) did not select which plays to perform or on what days plays were to
be performed; and (4) did not employ or pay the directors or actors and actresses.
5. Claims Against Jim Posey
Likewise, as to Posey, summary judgment is appropriate, in addition to the
reasons stated above, because it was undisputed that from 1999-2002 he: (1) was
not an officer or employee of Looney’s Tavern; (2) did not have the ability to
supervise, exercise any control over, or manage the day-today operations of
Looney’s Tavern, or select the plays to be performed; and (3) had not received any
financial remuneration from Looney’s Tavern.
6. The “Freedom Run” Screenplay
a. As to all Defendants
As an initial matter, Appellant’s “Freedom Run” claims were also properly
dismissed on the basis of laches. Appellant had known of Defendants’ alleged
plans to make a movie since 1992, yet waited until May of 2001 to file this lawsuit.
Appellant was equitably estopped from now claiming that Defendants’ conduct
was infringing. Appellant’s delay was inexcusable and prejudicial to the
Defendants and therefore, her claim was barred by laches. See Danjaq LLC v.
13
Sony Corp., 263 F.3d 942, 950-51 (9th Cir. 2001) (“To demonstrate laches, the
defendant must prove both an unreasonable delay by the plaintiff and prejudice to
itself.”).
In addition, even if laches did not apply, the Freedom Run screenplay did
not infringe upon the copyrighted works. The uncontroverted testimony of the
authors, Lanny McAlister and Gary Goch, was that none of the “Freedom Run”
screenplay was copied from, was substantially similar to, or relied upon any
protectable subject matter from the copyrighted works. There was only one passage
included in the “Freedom Run” screenplay, identified originally by Defendants,
that was somewhat similar to a passage appearing in Tories of the Hills. Even if
Appellant could prove that the sentence was copied, it was not of such importance
to Tories of the Hills that the appropriation was actionable.
Appellant also relied on the following list of what she characterizes as
“similarities” between the copyrighted works and the “Freedom Run” screenplay:
(1) events take place in the same locales; (2) same settings; (3) same relevant
factors; (4) same plot; (5) same theme; (6) same characterization; (7) same places;
(8) same mood except for “trite stuff and chewing the fat stuff”; and (9) same pace,
except for the “trite stuff and chewing the fat stuff.” However, lists of
“similarities” alone are insufficient on which to find copyright infringement.
14
Herzog, 193 F.3d 1241, 1257 (11th Cir. 1999).
Because the locations Appellant names are unprotectable historical places
and would be indispensable in any story detailing the account of Winston County
during the Civil War, she could not claim similarity in protectable expression of
these locations. Regarding the same sequence of events, such as the presidential
election, Winston County electing Sheets as a representative, Sheets going to the
Secession Convention, the Neutrality Convention at Looney’s Tavern, and the
jailing of Sheets, as historical occurrences, there are very limited ways in telling
the story, i.e., in chronological order. The repetition of these events in the
screenplay were not infringement. Regarding the debates between Kaiser and
Sheets, a debate between two opposing candidates was not only an unprotectable
idea, but was also a scene that naturally flows from the historical fact of an election
campaign.
Appellant’s claims regarding the killing of Tom Pink Curtis, the killing of
Andrew Kaiser, the burning of the jail, Union encampments, and scenes with
Home Guards failed for the same three reasons Appellant’s claims related to the
1996 play failed: (1) all these incidents are historical incidents, not the creation of
Wesley Thompson; (2) the incidents naturally flow from and are indispensable to
telling the history of Winston County during the Civil War; and (3) the expression
15
used to describe these “incidents” was very different between the screenplay and
the Copyrighted Works.
Appellant also claims that similar characters existed in both works, such as
the use of the historical character, Chris Sheets. Wesley Thompson, however,
described Chris Sheets as “indispensable” to any history of Winston County and
the use of this character in telling the history of Winston County was not
protectable. Moreover, Appellant admitted that the screenplay’s portrayal of Chris
Sheets was very different from that of the copyrighted works. Appellant also
relied on the character “Cherry Kaiser” in the screenplay and “Cherry Parker” in
Tories of the Hills, but did not demonstrate a substantial similarity between the two
characters, other than their first names. Appellant also referenced the use of John
Walker in the screenplay and Bill Walker in Tories of the Hills, but again failed to
demonstrate a substantial similarity between the two characters.
Appellant also claimed the screenplay and copyrighted works contain the
same plot and theme, but then stated that “Freedom Run” has no theme. The only
similarity in plot between the works identified by Appellant was “a southern belle
in love with a Union sympathizer.” This generic plot was an unprotectable idea.
Appellant also claimed that the pace of the works were similar except for the “trite
stuff and chewing the fat stuff.” Appellant stated that Tories of the Hills moved
16
“very fast” and has lots of characters and “lots and lots of events.” The pace of the
screenplay, on the other hand, was slow. For example, it was not until page 63 that
the Secession Convention was over (compared to page 34 of Tories of the Hills.)
The majority of the screenplay focused on Chris Sheets and his love affair with
William Lowndes Yancy’s daughter, while Tories of the Hills only involved Chris
Sheets through the Secession Convention and the Neutrality meeting at Looney’s
Tavern, a small part of the book.
Because Appellant cannot meet Feist’s second requirement, i.e., that there
was copying or “substantial similarity,” the “Freedom Run” screenplay was non-
infringing. The district court did not, therefore, err in granting summary judgment
in favor of Defendants.
b. Claims Against Free State of Winston Heritage Association
In addition to the reasons stated above, summary judgment was properly
granted as to Appellant’s claims against Free State of Winston Heritage
Association because it was undisputed that Free State had no involvement
whatsoever with the “Freedom Run” screenplay.
c. Claims Against Looney’s Tavern and Jim Posey
Again, in addition to the reasons stated above, the district court properly
granted summary judgment as to the claims against Looney’s Tavern and Jim
17
Posey. Even if the “Freedom Run” screenplay were found infringing, there was no
evidence that Looney’s Tavern or Jim Posey had violated any of the exclusive
copyright rights under 17 U.S.C. § 106 by publicly displaying, publicly
distributing, publicly performing, creating derivative works, or making copies of
the “Freedom Run” screenplay. Moreover, there was no evidence of any
production plans or money being raised for the project. Further, there was no
evidence that Posey had the ability to supervise any activity related to the
“Freedom Run” screenplay. It was undisputed that, in 1995, Appellant released all
then existing claims against Looney’s Tavern pursuant to the 1995 Settlement and
Release Agreement and, since 1997, the only activity related to the “Freedom Run”
screenplay involving Looney’s Tavern or Jim Posey was a visit in the Summer of
2000 to Looney’s Entertainment Park by Gary Goch, a co-author of the screenplay,
and Joseph Cohen.
d. Claims Against Joseph Cohen
Likewise, in addition to the reasons stated above, summary judgment was
properly granted as to the claims against Cohen because it was undisputed that
Cohen’s only involvement with the “Freedom Run” screenplay was a visit in the
Summer of 2000 to Looney’s Entertainment Park with Gary Goch and his
providing a copy of the screenplay to a friend for consideration by TNT. Even if
18
the “Freedom Run” screenplay were found infringing, there was no evidence that
Cohen violated any of the exclusive copyright rights under 17 U.S.C. § 106 by
publicly displaying, publicly distributing, publicly performing, creating derivative
works, or making copies of the “Freedom Run” screenplay.
e. Claims Against Gary Goch
In addition to the reasons discussed above, summary judgment was
appropriate as to Appellant’s claims against Gary Goch because of the undisputed
evidence that Goch’s only involvement with the “Freedom Run” screenplay since
1997 was a visit in the Summer of 2000 to Looney’s Entertainment Park with
Cohen, and his providing a copy of the screenplay to Cohen for submission to a
friend for consideration by TNT. Even if the “Freedom Run” screenplay were
found infringing, the undisputed evidence was that Goch had not violated any of
the exclusive copyright rights under 17 U.S.C. § 106 because he never publicly
displayed, publicly distributed, or publicly performed the “Freedom Run”
screenplay and the last modifications to the screenplay were made in 1995.
7. McAlister and JennyMac
All claims made as to these Defendants in 1999 or thereafter were also
barred because there was no evidence that these Defendants had any connection
with Looney’s or the plays during that time.
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8. Conclusion
For the above stated reasons, there was no genuine issue of material fact as
to the Appellant’s claims in Count 1. The district court did not, therefore, err in
granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants.
B. Count 2
Summary judgment was appropriate as to Appellant’s claim of breach of the
1995 Settlement and Release Agreement by Defendants for: (1) making
preparations for a movie when movie rights to Tories of the Hills were reserved to
Appellant; (2) generating and performing “Looney’s Tavern: The Aftermath and
the Legacy” from 1996-1999 when sequel rights and dramatic rights to Tories of
the Hills were reserved to Appellant; (3) failing to pay Appellant and her sister 2%
royalties of gross ticket sales for performances of “Incident at Looney’s Tavern”;
(4) failing to keep full and correct books relating to performances of “Incident at
Looney’s Tavern”; and (5) transferring to Free State the non-exclusive license
obtained pursuant to the 1995 Settlement and Release Agreement.
It was only movie rights, sequel rights, and dramatic rights to Tories of the
Hills, not the play “The Incident at Looney’s Tavern” or even the historical story
of Winston County during the Civil War, to which Appellant was entitled. Only if
Looney’s Tavern infringed the copyright rights to Tories of the Hills would
20
Looney’s have breached the contract. For the same reasons discussed above,
however, Looney’s did not commit copyright infringement. Accordingly,
Appellant’s breach of contract claims on these counts failed as well.
Summary judgment was also appropriate as to Appellant’s breach of
contract claims for unpaid royalties as it was undisputed that Appellant and her
sister have been paid the 2% of the gross ticket sales for performances of the play
“Incident at Looney’s Tavern” in 1995, 2000, 2001, and 2002.
Lastly, summary judgment was appropriate as to Appellant’s breach of
contract claims for Looney’s Tavern’s purported transfer of the license obtained
pursuant to the 1995 Settlement and Release Agreement because there was no
evidence such transfer occurred. Nor was there any evidence that Defendants have
failed to keep proper books. For the above stated reasons, there was no genuine
issue of material fact as to the Appellant’s claims in Count 2. The district court,
therefore, did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants.
C. Count 8
Summary judgment was appropriate as to Appellant’s claims that Looney’s
Tavern and Free State refused to account for proceeds from the play. Free State did
allow Appellant to review its records for the year 2000, despite the fact that it had
no duty to do so. Looney’s Tavern repeatedly informed Appellant that, pursuant to
21
the 1995 Settlement and Release Agreement, her designated CPA or attorney was
entitled to review the books. She has apparently not taken advantage of that
entitlement.
For the above-stated reasons, the district court did not err in granting
summary judgment in favor of Defendants. Accordingly, we affirm.
AFFIRMED. 3
3
We also reject any other issues Appellant may have raised in her brief.
22