*86OPINION.
Kern :The first issue for our consideration is whether advance payments on advertising contracts to be performed after the taxable year are income to petitioner in the year of receipt. Petitioner contends that the prepayments represented advances for the purpose of defraying initial costs of erection of structures and were income only in the year petitioner performed the services for which the advance payments were made. Kespondent argues that petitioner was not restricted in its use of the prepaid amounts and that the payments were income to petitioner in the taxable year.
The contracts under which petitioner received the initial payments did not restrict the use of the prepaid funds by petitioner. Nor did the agreements contain any provision with respect to refund of the payments. The payments were in the nature of advance rentals and were income in the year of receipt. Edwin B. De Golia, 40 B. T A. 845; O'Day Investment Co., 13 B. T. A. 1230; Renwick v. United States, 87 Fed. (2d) 123. Where the initial payments may be used by the taxpayer without restriction, the fact that the taxpayer is on the accrual basis does not prevent the prepayments from being included in gross income in tlie„year of receipt. Commissioner v. Lyon, 97 Fed. (2d) 70. We hold that the initial payments in the sum of $2,570 which were carried on petitioner’s books as of December 31, 1934, as “deferred income” were income to petitioner in the-year 1934.
*87The second issue concerns the deductibility of the sum of $4,000 paid by petitioner in a compromise settlement of litigation. Petitioner contends that the amount paid is deductible as an ordinary and necessary expense of conducting its business. Respondent asserts that it was made in defense of petitioner’s title to property and should be treated as an addition to the cost basis of the property. Petitioner had bought part of the assets of a bankrupt corporation and the trustee in bankruptcy brought suit against petitioner to invalidate this transfer. Despite a judgment in petitioner’s favor by the U. S. District Court, which was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals, the trustee renewed his attack on what he claimed to be a fraudulent transfer. To protect its credit, it is said, petitioner compromised the suit. But it was also to protect the assets which it had acquired, for its credit could not have been affected save through the questionableness of its title to the assets. Such an expense, as we have recently decided in Morgan Jones Estate, 43 B. T. A. 691, is a capital expense and its deduction from income must, therefore, be disallowed.
The third issue is whether or not petitioner is entitled to a bad debt deduction in the sum of $3,901.52. Petitioner claims the deduction on the ground' that the Red Cross Pharmacy account was uncollectible and was charged off on petitioner’s books during the taxable year. Respondent urges that a deduction for a bad debt is not allowable, since the account was not ascertained to be worthless in the taxable year.
Section 23 (k) of the Revenue Act of 1934 provides that deductible bad debts are “debts ascertained to be worthless and charged off within the taxable year.” Here, the account was charged off in the taxable year. In order to obtain the deduction, however, petitioner must show that the debt was reasonably ascertained to be worthless during the taxable year. Higginbotham-Bailey-Logan Co., 8 B. T. A. 566. Petitioner has not sustained the burden of proof on this point. While petitioner may have had reasons sufficient to it for not pressing legal action on the account, this fact does not demonstrate worthlessness and there can be little doubt that the account had considerable value. The evidence does not show that the debtor was insolvent or that the account could not have been collected if adequately pressed. We find no error in respondent’s denial of the deduction in the taxable year.
The final question before us is whether or not that portion allocable to 1934 of the refund made in 1939 by the Florida Power & Light Co. to petitioner by court order sustaining the city of Miami’s lower rate was income to petitioner in the year 1934. Petitioner had in 1934 claimed and been allowed as a deduction the full amount paid by it to the Light Co. It now claims that its gross income for *88that year should be increased by the amount of the refund allocable to that year, in correction of what now appears to have been an excessive deduction. Anything unusual in the taxpayer’s request to have its taxes increased for the taxable year 1934 is explained, obviously, by a desire not to have the entire sum refunded in 1939 treated as gross income received in that year. Petitioner relies on Elsie S. Eckstein, 41 B. T. A. 746, 751.
Strictly taken, our decision in that case is not authority, for the issue there was conceded by the taxpayer; but our reasoning does support the theory now relied on by petitioner. There the taxpayer had accrued and deducted certain state property taxes in 1932, but actually paid a lesser amount in 1934. Her contention was that the difference should be adjusted as of the earlier year and not treated as income in 1934. We pointed out that, where the earlier years were not open to adjustment by reason of the statute of limitations, so much of the refund as represented the excess over the accrued and deducted tax was “to be treated as taxable income in the year in which the refund is made.” The taxpayer, now taking a different tack, also assigned as error the disallowance in 1934 of the excess of taxes accrued and deducted in that year over the amount actually paid in 1935 and 1936. In other words, the taxpayer objected to the correction made by the Commissioner, where correction was possible under the statute of limitations. The taxpayer on brief conceded the correctness of the Commissioner’s action in this regard, but raised the question apparently to show inconsistency in the Commissioner’s method. Our opinion set forth the complete answer to this, for had the result of the taxpayer’s successful negotiations with the state tax authorities for a-reduction of her taxes transpired before the Federal statute of limitations had run, the Commissioner would have completely adjusted the 1932 taxes, as he had already done in part in 1934 on the basis of the facts then known to him. But her concealment of these facts allowed the statute to run, and the Commissioner had no recourse but to treat the refund as income in the year it was received. We said in that opinion that “we have consistently held that where in a given year a taxpayer takes a deduction which, prior to the final determination of his income tax liability for such year, is ascertained to be excessive, only the correct amount will be allowed in the final determination of his income tax liability.”
We are of the opinion that the rule thus stated in Eckstein’s case is that which the Board has consistently applied, with the exception of a few distinguishable cases and obiter dicta,. While that case and most of the cases thereafter discussed involve refunds of taxes previously deducted, the equitable principle which lies at the root of the rule is equally applicable to the. facts of the instant proceeding. We might *89have laid it down as a basic principle in the beginning that, when the taxpayer on the accrual basis has accrued a valid tax, he shall be entitled to the deduction in that year and any refund shall be treated as income in the year of receipt. That is the respondent’s contention here. He points out that the rates charged petitioner by the power company were an absolute obligation of petitioner when laid, and that petitioner was not even itself contestiag their validity. The conditions for accruing the obligation, it is said, were present, Helvering v. Russian Finance & Construction Corporation, 77 Fed. (2d) 324; and the mere contingency of the obligation’s later modification by a decision favorable to the city in its pending suit against the company should not postpone until that year final determination, by relation back to prior years, of the amount of deductions to be allowed in those years, North American Oil Consolidated v. Burnet, 286 U. S. 417. Each annual accounting period should constitute a closed transaction and refunds, or repayment of prior losses, Burnet v. Sanford & Brooks Co., 282 U. S. 359; which are made in later years should lie where they fall.
Much might be said for such a doctrine, but it is too late to advance it now. We have too long followed a different principle. As early as Inland Products Co., 10 B. T. A. 235 (1928); affd., 31 Fed. (2d) 867; the taxpayer raised the plea that a tax paid under mistake of law, having been paid voluntarily, was not recoverable in an action at law, and, therefore, was deductible in full in the earlier year, although re-fun ded in a later year. We held otherwise, saying that, the money having been refunded prior to a final determination of tax liability for the earlier year, it should not be allowed as a deduction in that year, and sustained the deficiency (arising from the excess deduction) for the year of payment. A little later in the same year we took the same view in Philip C. Brown, 10 B. T. A. 1122, and there held that a state inheritance tax paid by the taxpayer in 1922, which was later held unconstitutional and refunded before the proceeding for that year was brought before the Board, could not be deducted in the year when payment was made. In 1929, in Lehigh Valley Coal Sales Co., 15 B. T. A. 1401, we reached the same conclusion on similar facts against the Commissioner’s contention that the unconstitutional tax was income in the year of refund. We pointed out that “amended returns or additional assessments were available to correct the error” of the prior year. Likewise, in Mary W. Leach, 16 B. T. A. 781; affd., 50 Fed. (2d) 371, we held that a deduction of estate tax in 1922 which was later refunded in part should be adjusted as to the excess in 1922, the taxpayer being on the cash basis.
It will be observed that all of these cases support petitioner’s contention here, since in all we required readjustment of a later refunded deduction in the year in which it was taken. It should be noted that *90in none of them did the statute of limitations bar such a recomputation of the tax after the transaction was closed.
The validity of the rule laid down in these cases has been recognized either inferentially or explicitly in many of our more recent opinions, the majority of them involving deductions of taxes paid under unconstitutional statutes. Thus, in Charles F. Fawsett, 30 B. T. A. 908, we distinguished that case from the cases of Philip C. Brown, supra, and Inland Products Co., supra, because in those cases “the amounts illegally exacted were refunded to the taxpayers, and it was held that, having been made whole, they were not in a position to claim deductions,” whereas in Fawsetfs case “the same statute which imposed the levy prevents a recovery by reason of the limitation period it prescribes.” In Dixie Margarine Co., 38 B. T. A. 471, reversed on another point, 115 Fed. (2d) 445, we said: “In E. L. Bruce Co., 19 B. T. A. 777, and Charles F. Fawsett, 30 B. T. A. 908, we held that amounts paid as taxes under unconstitutional and void state statutes, where such amounts have not been later refunded amd refunds were barred by limitations or otherwise, were allowable deductions * * (Emphasis ours.) We also said: “Such amounts have been held not to constitute allowable deductions from gross income for the year in which paid only in those cases where refund was received prior to the final determination of the tax liability for the year in which the refund payment was made,” and cited as authority Inland Products Co., supra, and Mary W. Leach, supra. In Estate of David Davies, 42 B. T. A. 965, we said : “We have held that where taxes imposed by a statute later declared unconstitutional are paid by a taxpayer * * * and such taxes have not been refunded prior to a final determination of the tax liability for the year in which such payments were made, then * * * the taxpayer is entitled to a deduction * * * in the year of payment * * (Emphasis ours.) See also Suffolk Co., Ltd., 42 B. T. A. 994, 995.
In Eckert Packing Co., 42 B. T. A. 1000, we held that “A taxpayer is not entitled to deduct the amount of tax paid in a given year if, prior to the final determination of his tax liability for such year, the amount paid is refunded or recovered” and cited, inter alia, the cases of Leach v. Commissioner, supra; Inland Products Co. v. Commissioner, supra; Philip C. Brown, supra; and Lehigh Valley Co., supra. In that opinion we quote with approval the rule laid down in Elsie S. Eckstein, supra, which we have already set out, and also quoted with approval from an opinion of the Court of Claims in Bohemian Breweries, Inc. v. United States, 27 Fed. Supp. 588, as follows:
* * * So long as a ease involving the audit and determination of the correct tax liability of a taxpayer is open and under consideration by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, it is his duty correctly to determine the income *91of the taxpayer and deductions to which the taxpayer is entitled. Lewis v. Reynolds, 284 U. S. 281; Illinois Terminal Co. v. United States, 73 C. Cls. 263, 53 F. (2d) 904. * * * This conclusion that plaintiff cannot recover because of the exclusion of these deductions is not inconsistent with the rule that an amount deducted and allowed from income in a certain year must be included in income when collected or recovered in a subsequent year when the correction of the return and the tax liability in a prior year is barred by the statute of limitations. * * * Wherever it is possible to do so, the taxing statutes require that the items of income subject to tax and the deductions to which the taxpayer is legally entitled for the years unde¡r consideration be correctly and legally determined by the Commissioner in his final decision, notwithstanding such decision may be made several years after the returns for the particular years involved were filed. Lewis v. Reynolds, supra. * * *' [Italics supplied.]
Four cases which are apparently contrary to the established rule are, in reality, distinguishable on their facts. In Houbigant, Inc., 31 B. T. A. 954; affd., 80 Fed. (2d) 1012, there was a refund of custom duties which we treated as income in the year of receipt, but we pointed out in our opinion that the statute of limitations had run for the years in which the duties were paid, and, therefore, any readjustment of the deductions in those years would have been impossible. In Victoria Paper Mills Co., 32 B. T. A. 666; affd., 83 Fed. (2d) 1022, we held that court judgments (which were entered in 1931 and assigned to a bank and credited to a taxpayer) of refunds of city property taxes paid in 1922 to 1930, inclusive, should be treated as income in 1931. Although the matter was not referred to in the opinion, it was evident that the statute of limitations barred adjustment in most of the years of payment. In M & N Cigar Manufacturers, Inc., 42 B. T. A. 1091, the facts showed that the refund in question was made pursuant to a compromise settlement and was in a lump sum considerably less.than the amount of taxes paid, and could not be allocated to the various years involved. In Estate of William H. Block, 39 B. T. A. 338, we specifically pointed out that it was too late to make any adjustment by reducing the deductions for the prior years. That being true, the result reached in that case was inevitable and refunds were taxable to the taxpayer in the year received by him.
We think it is clear that, despite some apparent departures from it, the rule to be drawn from our decisions is that all refunds of paid taxes are to be adjusted to the years in which the taxes were paid and deductions claimed, as the best method to reflect income; the only proper departure from the rule of adjustment of the refund in the years of payment is where the statute of limitations or some other consideration has made it impossible. In such cases it is obviously inequitable to allow the taxpayer the unjust enrichment which would result and the refund must- then be treated as income in the year of receipt. See Block's Estate, supra.
*92We are of the opinion that the rates exacted by the public utility company here were provisionally valid obligations, just as they would have been if enforced under a statute properly enacted but later held unconstitutional, and as such they justified the deduction of the amounts accrued and paid under them in the prior years. To the extent that these deductions may be adjusted in the light of our present knowledge of the invalidity of the rates and the consequent refund, this should be done; but where the statute of limitations sets up a bar to such correction, the refund for those years must be treated as income when received.
A concluding word will dispose of Commissioner v. Central United National Bank, 99 Fed. (2d) 568, affirming 33 B. T. A. 588, which we erroneously thought in M & N Cigar Manufacturers, Inc., supra, to support the view that any refund of an amount previously paid and claimed as a deduction constitutes income in the year of the refund regardless of whether the statute of limitations may bar readjustment of the tax for the year in which the deduction has been claimed. Examination of the peculiar facts of that case will show that it stands for no such doctrine. There a taxpayer enjoined the collection of personal property taxes by a county treasurer and decision on its case was deferred until decision of a parallel case. That decision proved favorable to the taxpayer, but appeal was taken by the county tax authority. Before that case was finally decided, however, the taxpayer in the principal case reached a compromise with the county treasurer which was made the basis of the court’s decree in another suit by the same taxpayer and of the same nature, under which the taxpayer in 1932 paid for taxes for the years 1928, 1929, and 1930 amounts considerably less than those originally claimed by the county and taken as deductions from Federal income in the taxpayer’s return to the Commissioner. The Circuit Court reversed the District Court in the parallel case, and thereupon the principal taxpayer reported as income in 1932 the amount it had saved by the compromise, or put otherwise, the difference between the deductions allowed it in prior years and the sum actually paid in 1932. The Commissioner contended, however, that its income for 1929 and 1930 should be adjusted. We overruled him and the Circuit Court affirmed.
The rationale of the Circuit Court’s opinion is that the deductions for prior years were closed because “all the events which rendered respondent [taxpayer] liable for the full amount of the taxes claimed had occurred”, citing United States v. Anderson, 269 U. S. 422. The court points out that the taxes were valid obligations and distinguishes the decisions of three other circuits on the ground that in those cases the tax was erroneously assessed and the deduction could not therefore be legally taken. Inland Products v. Blair, 31 Fed. (2d) 867; Leach v. Commissioner, 50 Fed. (2d) 371; Bergan v. Commissioner, *9380 Fed. (2d) 89. This is a valid distinction, with the qualification we have already pointed out that even an unconstitutional statute has a provisional validity for tax purposes until otherwise construed by the Supreme Court, but it certainly does not justify the generalization sometimes drawn from these invalid tax cases that the refund of every valid tax will constitute income in the year of the refund; and it may be doubted whether the court so meant it. It should be noted that the taxpayer had effected a compromise with the local tax officers while litigation was still pending in 1932. In other words, he drove a bargain while the judicial outcome was still in doubt and by this agreement made a saving. The fundamental premise of the bargain was that the validity of the tax was doubtful. In this light the compromise can be regarded only in the light of a new transaction taking place in 1932, which, instead of bearing a definite relation to the validity of the tax and its refund in case of invalidity, put those questions out of consideration altogether. There was no reason for relation back to the original deduction here and the court properly disregarded it; In the circumstances the Circuit Court treated the new transaction, divorced as it was from the original deduction or later possible refunds, as single in itself, and, since it resulted in a gain to the taxpayer in the year in which it was effected, taxed the gain when made.
Obviously, then, Commissioner v. Central United National Bank, supra, is not in conflict with the view which we take of the instant case; and the course of our decisions is clear.
Reviewed by the Board.
Decision will be entered u/nder Rule 60.