Filed
Washington State
Court of Appeals
Division Two
January 28, 2020
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 52239-0-II
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
v.
ZACHARY RYAN PARKER,
Appellant.
GLASGOW, J. — Twelve-year-old JZ spent the night with twenty-four-year-old Zachary
Parker, a friend of JZ’s family, at Parker’s apartment. Parker twice engaged in oral sexual
intercourse with JZ. After JZ disclosed the incident, Parker was arrested and charged with two
counts of second degree child rape and one count of commercial sex abuse of a minor.
Before trial, the trial court conducted a CrR 3.5 hearing to determine the admissibility of
Parker’s statements to arresting officers. The trial court found Parker’s statements admissible but
did not enter the required written findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting its ruling. The
jury acquitted Parker of commercial sex abuse of a minor but convicted him of both counts of
second degree child rape.
Parker appeals his convictions, asserting that the trial court failed to enter findings of fact
and conclusions of law supporting its CrR 3.5 ruling. He also contends that the police failed to
No. 52239-0-II
provide him with complete Miranda1 warnings and the trial court erred by failing to suppress his
statements to police. The State concedes that it did not present evidence at the CrR 3.5 hearing
sufficient to show that Parker was provided with adequate Miranda warnings and, thus, the trial
court erred by admitting the statements. But the State argues that the error was harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt.
The trial court entered the required CrR 3.5 findings while this appeal was pending, and
Parker was not prejudiced by the late entry. Thus, Parker’s contention regarding entry of written
findings and conclusions is moot and reversal on that basis is not warranted. We accept the State’s
concession that the trial court erred by admitting Parker’s statements to police at trial, but we
conclude that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, we affirm Parker’s
second degree child rape convictions.
FACTS
A. Background
Parker was a friend of JZ’s family for several years and would often take JZ on fishing
trips or to his apartment to play video games. JZ occasionally spent the night at Parker’s apartment,
which Parker shared with his sister.
In December 2016, Parker and his sister attended a party with JZ’s family. JZ was 12 years
old at the time. JZ asked his parents if he could go to Parker’s apartment to play video games and
spend the night; JZ’s parents agreed, and Parker drove JZ to his apartment.
1
Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
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No. 52239-0-II
According to JZ, Parker’s sister was the only other person at the apartment and was in her
bedroom the entire night. At around 1:00 a.m., Parker showed JZ pornographic photographs and
videos. Parker offered JZ $25 and a video game console in exchange for JZ performing oral sex.
JZ acquiesced but stopped after a few seconds because he felt uncomfortable. Parker then began
performing oral sex on JZ, and JZ again moved away because he felt uncomfortable. JZ went to
the living room to play video games and eventually went to sleep.
When JZ woke up the following afternoon, Parker gave him $25 and took him home. JZ
told his parents that Parker gave him $25 for cleaning his apartment. Later that month, JZ’s parents
caught him performing oral sex on a younger boy. As a result, JZ told his parents about his
encounter with Parker, and JZ’s parents reported the allegations to the police.
Later that same day, Clark County Sheriff’s Detective Andrew Kennison went to Parker’s
apartment to ask about JZ’s allegations. Kennison repeatedly knocked on Parker’s door and rang
his doorbell, but no one answered. After returning to his patrol car, Kennison saw Parker exit his
apartment through the back door. Kennison detained Parker and confronted him about JZ’s
allegations. Parker initially refused to talk with Kennison, but then changed his mind.
Parker told Kennison that JZ had spent the night at his apartment, but denied that JZ was
in his bedroom on the night of the alleged incidents. Parker also denied JZ’s allegations. Parker
said that his boyfriend had spent the night in the bedroom with him. Parker also said that he had
two video game systems and was planning to sell one of the systems.
The State ultimately charged Parker with two counts of second degree child rape and one
count of commercial sex abuse of a minor.
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B. CrR 3.5 Hearing
The trial court conducted a CrR 3.5 hearing before trial to determine the admissibility of
Parker’s statements to Kennison. Kennison testified at the hearing that Parker initially told him
that he did not want to speak to law enforcement. Kennison detained Parker in his patrol vehicle.
Kennison then spoke with Parker’s sister in the apartment. After Kennison returned to his vehicle,
Parker apologized and said that he would speak with the officer after all.
Kennison testified that he then read Parker his Miranda rights from a department-issued
form but that he could not recall the exact words used because he did not have the form with him
at the hearing. Kennison said he advised Parker that he had a right to remain silent, that he had a
right to an attorney, that if he could not afford an attorney, one could be made available to him,
and that anything he said could be used against him in court. Deputy Zachary Nielsen, another
officer present at the scene, similarly testified that Kennison had read Parker his Miranda rights
from a form. He reiterated the specific warnings Kennison had given Parker.
Parker’s counsel argued that the officers’ testimony was insufficient to establish that
Miranda warnings had been properly given. The trial court verbally ruled that Parker’s statements
were admissible, but it did not enter written findings of fact and conclusions of law. After Parker
filed his appeal in this matter, the trial court entered its written findings and conclusions. The
written findings indicate that the trial court found Kennison properly advised Parker of his
Miranda rights and Parker voluntarily spoke with the officers. The court concluded that Parker
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his right to remain silent and that his statements
to Kennison were admissible.
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No. 52239-0-II
C. Trial
At trial, JZ testified about what happened as his account is described above. In contrast,
Parker testified that his boyfriend was at the apartment with him and JZ on the night of the alleged
incident. Parker said that he left JZ at the apartment for a short time while he and his boyfriend
went to a store. Parker explained that when he returned to the apartment, he and his boyfriend
played video games with JZ for a couple of hours before going to his bedroom to watch a movie.
He and his boyfriend then went to his boyfriend’s house, and Parker returned to the apartment
around 6:00 a.m. Parker said that he saw JZ sleeping on the couch and that he went to sleep in his
bedroom. Parker denied having any sexual contact with JZ.
Parker’s sister testified that she left the party shortly after Parker. She said that JZ was the
only person at the apartment when she arrived and that JZ told her Parker and his boyfriend went
to a store. Parker’s sister said that she knew Parker and his boyfriend returned to the apartment
because she saw them all playing video games in the living room. She did not know whether they
again left the apartment because she was studying for finals in her bedroom all night.
Kennison testified about what Parker told him when Kennison visited Parker’s apartment.
Kennison said that Parker denied any sexual contact with JZ. Parker acknowledged that JZ had
spent the night, and that he was trying to sell a video game console, but he also told Kennison that
his boyfriend, not JZ, was in his bedroom that night.
The jury returned verdicts finding Parker guilty of both counts of second degree child rape
and not guilty of commercial sex abuse of a minor. Parker appeals from his convictions.
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ANALYSIS
I. LATE ENTRY OF FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
A trial court is required to enter written findings of fact and conclusions of law following
a CrR 3.5 hearing on the admissibility of the defendant’s statements at trial. CrR 3.5(c). But a
trial court may enter its written findings and conclusions while an appeal is pending “‘if the
defendant is not prejudiced by the belated entry.’” State v. Landsiedel, 165 Wn. App. 886, 894,
269 P.3d 347 (2012) (quoting State v. Cannon, 130 Wn.2d 313, 329-30, 922 P.2d 1293 (1996)).
The defendant bears the burden of proving prejudice, and we do not infer any prejudice from the
delay alone. State v. Head, 136 Wn.2d 619, 625, 964 P.2d 1187 (1998). Thus, to demonstrate
reversible error based on late entry of CrR 3.5 findings and conclusions, Parker must show that the
findings and conclusions were tailored to the issues raised in his appeal or that he was otherwise
prejudiced by the late entry. State v. Quincy, 122 Wn. App. 395, 398, 95 P.3d 353 (2004).
Parker does not meet this burden. The trial court’s written findings and conclusions
accurately reflect its oral ruling and do not appear tailored to the issues Parker raised in his appeal.
Because Parker has not demonstrated any prejudice flowing from the late entry of CrR 3.5 written
findings and conclusions, the issue is moot and the delay is not a grounds for relief.
II. ADMISSION OF STATEMENTS
Next, Parker contends that the trial court erred when admitting at trial the statements he
made to law enforcement. Parker argues that Kennison provided incomplete Miranda warnings.
Specifically, Parker contends that although he was advised of his right to an attorney, he was not
told that he had the right to speak to an attorney before and during questioning or that he had the
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No. 52239-0-II
right to stop answering questions at any time until he talked to an attorney. Parker argues that as
a result, the trial court erred when it admitted the statements he made to Kennison.
The State concedes that it failed to present evidence at the CrR 3.5 hearing that Parker was
provided with sufficient Miranda warnings but argues that the trial court’s error in admitting his
statements was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We accept the State’s concession but
conclude that any such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
We review de novo a trial court’s conclusions regarding the adequacy of Miranda
warnings. State v. Mayer, 184 Wn.2d 548, 555, 362 P.3d 745 (2015). The Fifth Amendment to
the United States Constitution “provides that no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to
be a witness against himself.” State v. Templeton, 148 Wn.2d 193, 207, 59 P.3d 632 (2002)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
The United States Supreme Court has held that law enforcement must fully explain Fifth
Amendment protections to a suspect prior to questioning. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444-
45, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966). Our Supreme Court has characterized Miranda as
requiring a four-part warning: “(1) he has the absolute right to remain silent, (2) anything that he
says can be used against him, (3) he has the right to have counsel present before and during
questioning, and (4) if he cannot afford counsel, one will be appointed for him.” In re Pers.
Restraint of Woods, 154 Wn.2d 400, 434, 114 P.3d 607 (2005) (emphasis added), abrogated in
part on other grounds by Carey v. Musladin, 549 U.S. 70, 127 S. Ct. 649, 166 L. Ed. 2d 482 (2006).
In Woods, our Supreme Court simultaneously rejected the contention that a suspect must be
specifically advised that they have a right to stop answering questions at any time until they talk
to a lawyer. Id. at 434-35.
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No. 52239-0-II
Although law enforcement is required to provide the warnings identified in Miranda prior
to questioning a suspect in custody, “there is no requirement that the warnings be given in the
precise language stated in Miranda.” Id. at 434. Rather, in reviewing a challenge to the adequacy
of Miranda warnings, we examine “‘whether the warnings reasonably and effectively conveyed to
a suspect his rights as required by Miranda.’” Id. (quoting Duckworth v. Eagan, 492 U.S. 195,
202-03, 109 S. Ct. 2875, 106 L. Ed. 2d 166 (1989)).
Regarding Miranda’s requirement that a suspect must be advised of their right to counsel,
both the United States Supreme Court and the Washington Supreme Court have held that the
advisement must reasonably convey that the right applies both prior to and during questioning.
See, e.g., Florida v. Powell, 559 U.S. 50, 130 S. Ct. 1195, 175 L. Ed. 2d 1009 (2010) (advisement
that suspect had right to talk to a lawyer before answering questions together with advisement that
suspect had right to use any of his rights at any time adequately conveyed the requirement that the
right to consult with counsel applied before and during questioning); Mayer, 184 Wn.2d at 561-
62, 566 (Miranda advisement deficient where officer conveyed that the suspect’s right to
appointed counsel applied to future events even though the officer had initially given the proper
Miranda warnings).
Here, as the State concedes, evidence presented at the CrR 3.5 hearing showed that Parker
was advised that he had a right to an attorney, but no evidence was presented showing he was
advised that such a right applied prior to and during law enforcement questioning. Accordingly,
we accept the State’s concession that the Miranda warnings were insufficient and that the trial
court erred by admitting the statements at trial.
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The State argues, however, that the trial court’s error in admitting Parker’s statements at
trial was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Improper admission of a defendant’s statements
despite inadequate Miranda warnings is an error that is subject to the constitutional harmless error
test. Mayer, 184 Wn.2d at 566. We consider constitutional error harmless if the untainted evidence
is overwhelming such that it leads to the same outcome. Id. This inquiry requires a finding of
harmless error if, “in light of the entire trial record, we are convinced that the jury would have
reached the same verdict absent the error.” State v. Romero-Ochoa, 193 Wn.2d 341, 348, 440 P.3d
994 (2019). Under this test, we consider “the overall significance of the erroneously admitted or
excluded evidence in this context (e.g., whether it was cumulative or corroborated, or consistent
with the defense theory).” Id.
Here, the trial court admitted at trial Parker’s statements that JZ spent the night at his
apartment near the date of the alleged incidents, that his boyfriend also spent the night at his
apartment on that date, that JZ did not go into his bedroom that night, that he did not have sexual
contact with JZ, and that he owned two video game systems, one of which he planned to sell. The
key issue at trial with respect to Parker’s second degree child rape charges was whether Parker
engaged in sexual contact with JZ.
Parker’s statements to law enforcement were not inculpatory in that he denied JZ was in
his bedroom and denied having sexual contact with JZ. Although Parker admitted that JZ spent
the night at his apartment near the date of the alleged incidents, this fact was corroborated by every
fact witness at trial, including Parker’s sister. Finally, Parker’s statement that he owned two video
game systems, one of which he planned to sell, had no bearing on the key issue of whether he
engaged in oral sexual intercourse with JZ. And, although Parker’s statement regarding the video
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No. 52239-0-II
game systems may have corroborated JZ’s testimony that he was offered a video game system in
exchange for sexual conduct, the jury ultimately acquitted Parker of commercial sex abuse of a
minor.
We conclude that the error in admitting Parker’s statements to Kennison did not contribute
to the jury’s verdicts of guilt as to his second degree child rape charges, and in light of the entire
record, the jury would have reached the same verdict absent the error. We therefore hold that the
error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Accordingly, the trial court’s error in admitting the
statements was harmless.
We affirm Parker’s second degree rape of a child convictions.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040,
it is so ordered.
Glasgow, J.
We concur:
Maxa, C.J.
Melnick, J.
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