MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any
FILED
court except for the purpose of establishing Jan 30 2020, 8:55 am
the defense of res judicata, collateral CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
estoppel, or the law of the case. Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Robert F. Ahlgrim, Jr. Katherine M. Marshall
State Auto Insurance House Counsel Robert H. Ebbs
Carmel, Indiana Glaser & Ebbs
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
David J. Christner, January 30, 2020
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
19A-CT-1009
v. Appeal from the Hamilton
Superior Court
Jon A. Ward, The Honorable Jonathan M.
Appellee-Plaintiff. Brown, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
29D02-1405-CT-4928
Mathias, Judge.
[1] David J. Christner (“Christner”) appeals the $500,000 judgment entered in Jon
A. Ward’s (“Ward”) favor after a jury concluded that Christner negligently
caused an automobile accident. Christner argues the Hamilton Superior Court
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tendered a jury instruction that invaded the province of the jury resulting in
prejudicial error that warrants a new trial.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] On August 29, 2012, Christner’s vehicle rear-ended Ward’s truck. Ward had
slowed his truck and was waiting to make a left-hand turn onto Lion’s Creek
Boulevard in Noblesville, Indiana. Ward saw Christner’s vehicle approaching
from behind and anticipated that he was going to be struck. However, there was
nothing he could do to avoid the collision, and he braced himself before the
impact occurred.
[4] Twenty-four-year-old Ward did not seek medical treatment at the scene of the
accident. The next day he sought treatment with his primary care physician
because he was suffering from back pain. Ward’s back pain did not resolve, and
he also developed sciatic nerve pain. Over the next several years, Ward saw
several physicians and a chiropractor seeking treatment for continued nerve
pain. Although various treatments were successful in providing Ward with
some relief, the nerve pain never completely abated. The continued pain
impacted Ward’s career as a welder because he was unable to bend and twist as
required by that vocation. Ward was forced to change jobs and employment as
a result. Ward was also unable to physically participate in certain recreational
activities he had enjoyed before the accident.
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[5] On May 23, 2014, Ward filed a complaint in Hamilton Superior Court alleging
that Christner negligently operated his automobile causing injury to Ward and
his vehicle. Christner denied the allegations, and in his answer, raised the
affirmative defense of comparative fault. Christner also alleged that Ward
sought unnecessary medical treatment and failed to mitigate his damages.
[6] A jury trial commenced on January 15, 2019. Dr. John Ward,1 an
anesthesiologist specializing in pain management, testified at trial. Dr. Ward
testified that he first saw Ward on October 21, 2015. While treating Ward, Dr.
Ward reviewed prior physician’s records including records from a spine
surgeon, a neurologist, a neurosurgeon, and a chiropractor. Dr. Ward
ultimately concluded that Ward sustained a right-sided L5 radiculopathy as a
result of the collision.
[7] While Christner was cross-examining Ward, Christner offered Exhibit J into
evidence, which contained Ward’s records of medical visits at the Indiana Spine
Group with Dr. Paul Kraemer. Dr. Kraemer did not testify at trial, but Dr.
Ward did review his records while treating Ward. Ward objected to the
admission of Exhibit J because it “contains inadmissible hearsay opinions of
doctors who are not testifying in this case.” Tr. Vol. 3, p. 147. The trial court
admitted the exhibit but gave the following limiting instruction:
1
The doctor is not related to Ward.
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I’m just instructing the jury to let you know that you may see
diagnoses from physicians that have not testified today. . . . [T]he
medical records that were provided to Dr. Ward as he had
testified today, that he said he had reviewed the medical records
and he relied on them to some degree in order to make his own
decisions.
With that said, just because there’s a diagnosis in the record
doesn’t mean that the diagnosis in the record is true. Because, for
example, Dr. Ward didn’t meet with the Plaintiff until a couple
years after the accident. Okay? So, he can’t say that this is what
happened on such and such a day, but he can review a medical
record, just like any of our doctors can rely on a medical record
from a prior doctor, in trying to decide how to help treat all of us.
Okay? So, it’s not whether it’s true, but it’s just there. So, you
can’t treat that diagnosis as true that’s set forth in the medical
record. All right?
Tr. Vol. 3, pp. 150–51. Christner objected to the limiting instruction but did not
specify the grounds for his objection. Id. at 151. Additional medical records that
Dr. Ward relied on were also admitted into evidence.
[8] Ward argued that as a result of the accident, he was entitled to receive $1.5
million in damages. Christner argued that, if the jury determined that he was at
fault, Ward proved that he suffered “between $12,500 and $17,500” in
damages. Tr. Vol. 3, p. 215. Ultimately, the jury determined that Christner
negligently operated his vehicle and caused the collision with Ward’s truck. The
jury awarded Ward $500,000 in damages.
[9] Christner filed a motion to correct error and argued that the trial court
committed prejudicial error by tendering the limiting instruction to the jury.
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Christner also claimed that the jury’s damage award was against the weight of
the evidence. The trial court held a hearing on the motion on March 25, 2019.
[10] Ward argued that Christner waived his claim of error by failing to raise a
specific objection to the limiting instruction during trial. Christner argued that
the limiting instruction was prejudicial because it invaded the province of the
jury as the exclusive fact-finder. Christner claimed that the limiting instruction
gave the jury the impression that Dr. Ward’s opinion was “accurate and all the
other physicians were wrong.” Tr. Vol. 4, p. 2.
[11] On April 5, 2019, the trial court issued an order denying Christner’s motion to
correct error. In pertinent part, the order provides:
7. Plaintiff correctly notes Defendant did not state a basis for
objecting to the instruction;
8. Further, at the time of the limiting instruction, the trial was
still ongoing, final instructions had not been read to the jury, the
jury had not begun deliberations, and neither party sought an
additional instruction with regards to the opinion testimony
contained in the medical records for purposes of final instructions
for the jury;
9. With regards to the limiting instruction, this Court believes,
that if there was error, it was harmless error, as Defendant could
have stated his objection with more particularity or take[n]
corrective action during the trial by requesting an additional final
instruction prior to the jury beginning deliberations[.]
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Appellant’s App. p. 22. The trial court also concluded that the damage award
was supported by the evidence.
[12] Christner now appeals.
Discussion and Decision
[13] Christner only challenges the limiting instruction on appeal arguing that it
“invaded the province of the jury and violated defendant’s right to a trial by jury
as protected by the Constitution of the State of Indiana.” Appellant’s Br. at 7.
Christner claims that
The information in the medical records was crucial to the defense
of the litigation. The impact of [the] Trial Court’s instruction
affected the defendant’s entire case, including the other medical
records presented to the jury, the cross-examination of treating
physicians which focused upon the medical records, as well as
the jury’s perception of the defense.
Id. at 7–8.
[14] Christner did not make this argument during trial, but simply stated that he
objected to the limiting instruction.2 Tr. Vol. 3, p. 151. It is well-settled that
“[a]n objection which is not specific preserves no error on appeal.” Hill v.
Rhinehart, 45 N.E.3d 427, 440 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015) (citation omitted), trans.
denied. “Objections to instructions must state why the instruction is misleading,
2
Christner’s claim that the trial court gave the instruction “without consulting the affected party” is not
supported by the record. See Appellant’s Br. at 15; Tr. Vol. 3, pp. 150–51.
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confusing, incomplete, irrelevant, not supported by the evidence, or an incorrect
statement of the law.” Id. (citing Carrier Agency, Inc. v Top Quality Bldg. Products,
Inc., 519 N.E.2d 739, 744 (Ind. Ct. App. 1988), trans. denied.
[15] Christner acknowledges that he failed to make a specific objection at trial but
argues that the trial court’s limiting instruction constitutes fundamental error.
Our courts apply the fundamental error doctrine sparingly in civil cases. See
Johnson v. Wait, 947 N.E.2d 951, 959 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011), trans. denied.
Because the doctrine “is extremely narrow and applies only when the error
constitutes a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm
is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant fundamental due
process,” the doctrine is typically applied only in cases where a person’s liberty
or parental rights are at stake. Id.; Lehman v. State, 926 N.E.2d 35, 38 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2010), trans. denied. Because this case involves only monetary damages,
Christner has not persuaded us that the doctrine applies. See Johnson, 947
N.E.2d at 959. See also United Farm Bureau Family Life Insurance Co. v. Fultz, 176
Ind. App. 217, 230–31, 375 N.E.2d 601, 611 (1978) (explaining that
“[f]undamental or plain error results only where a statement is made or an act is
done which results in prejudicial error that goes to the very heart of a party's
case and where that statement or act is wholly outside of the preventive or
corrective powers of that party”).3
3
In Farm Bureau, the trial court gave a jury instruction without objection that shifted the burden of proof. On
appeal, Farm Bureau argued that shifting the burden of proof deprived it of a fair trial and due process of law.
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[16] Christner also argues that the limiting instruction prejudiced his defense, which
he claims
was based upon the difference between the diagnosis made by
John Ward, M.D., in 2015 of a right sided L5 radiculopathy, as
compared with the diagnosis and treatment rendered by Paul
[Kraemer], M.D., in 2013, for ‘nonspecific left leg complaints’,
the negative results on the MRI’s, as well as the subsequent
opinions and information contained within the medical records
of the plaintiff’s previous physicians. The difference in the
location of the symptoms as well as the difference in the
diagnoses was the foundation of the argument that Plaintiff’s
subsequent complaints in 2014 and 2015 were likely related to
the physical demands of his employment rather than the minor
motor vehicle collision.
Appellant’s Br. at 8–9 (emphasis in original).
[17] Dr. Ward testified that he relied on plaintiff Ward’s prior medical records and
had no reason to question the physicians’ opinions contained therein. Tr. Vol. 3
pp. 69–70. And the trial court’s limiting instruction advised that it was
appropriate for Dr. Ward to rely on the previous records. The trial court’s
limiting instruction, relating only to prior physicians’ diagnoses, was irrelevant
to the MRI results, other test results, and Ward’s right-sided and left-sided
Our court concluded that “the error complained of by Farm Bureau was not fundamental error because it
could easily have been corrected or, at least, preserved for appeal, if Farm Bureau had made a timely
objection.” Id. at 231, 375 N.E.2d at 611.
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complaints of pain, which were all noted in the medical records admitted into
evidence.
[18] The trial court’s admonishment to the jury that they should not treat the prior
physicians’ diagnoses as true was proper because the physicians did not testify
at trial and were not subject to cross-examination.
[F]or medical opinions and diagnoses to be admissible, they must
meet the requirements for expert opinions set forth in Indiana
Evidence Rule 702. Pursuant to Rule 702, the subject matter
must be distinctly related to some scientific field, business, or
profession beyond the knowledge of the average person. In
addition, the witness must have sufficient skill, knowledge, or
experience in that area so that the opinion will aid the trier of
fact. Importantly, “‘[e]xpressions of opinion within medical or hospital
records historically have not been admissible under the business records
exception because their accuracy cannot be evaluated without the
safeguard of cross-examination of the person offering the opinion.’”
Flores v. Gutierrez, 951 N.E.2d 632, 640 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011) (internal citations
omitted) (emphasis added), trans. denied; see also Walker v. Cuppett, 808 N.E.2d
85, 97–98 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004) (stating that “[o]pinions and diagnoses
contained in medical records, although they constitute an exception to the
hearsay rule pursuant to Indiana Evidence Rule 803(6), still must meet the
requirements for expert opinions set forth in Indiana Evidence Rule 702 in
order to be admitted into evidence”).
[19] Ward’s prior medical records were admitted into evidence, and Christner has
not established that Dr. Kraemer or the other treating physicians were
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unavailable witnesses.4 Christner claims that the diagnoses by other treating
physicians were crucial to his defense, but he did not present those witnesses at
trial. Moreover, Ward’s medical records detail his complaints of both right and
left leg pain after the accident. And the trial court’s limiting instruction did not
prevent Christner from arguing that after Ward was released from physical
therapy in March 2013, his “new onset of symptoms” were “more consistent
with his physical activity at work and the physical labor.” Tr. Vol. 3, p. 214.
Christner relied on Ward’s testimony, the physical nature of his employment,
his medical records, and the chiropractor’s testimony to support his defense and
request for a limited damage award. See id. at 216–17.
[20] The trial court’s limiting instruction was a correct statement of law because the
physicians did not testify at trial. Christner utilized other, properly admitted
evidence to support his defense. For all of these reasons, we are not persuaded
that the trial court’s limiting instruction prevented him from adequately
presenting his defense at trial.5 We therefore affirm the judgment of the trial
court.
4
In his brief, Christner attempts to support his argument by citing cases that involve the admission or
exclusion of evidence. See e.g. Appellant’s Br. at 13 (citing Walker, 808 N.E.2d 85). Those cases have minimal
persuasive weight in this appeal because we are only considering the effect of a limiting instruction.
5
Without citation to the record, Christner claims that the trial court’s limiting instruction “influenced the
jury’s perception of defendant’s counsel.” Appellant’s Br. at 13. Christner claims the jury must have
concluded that the “Trial Court’s instruction that the jury, ‘[C]an’t treat the diagnosis as true that’s set forth
in the medical record’ left the jury with only one logical conclusion; that the information was false.” Id. at 14.
This argument is simply speculative. And we do not agree that the instruction, particularly when it is
considered in the context of the entire trial, created an impression that defense counsel was misleading the
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[21] Affirmed.
Robb, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
jury. Moreover, counsel could have avoided this issue by presenting the testimony of Ward’s prior treating
physicians at trial.
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