J-S35004-19
2020 PA Super 41
: IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
IN THE INTEREST OF: L.B., A MINOR, : PENNSYLVANIA
:
: No. 578 EDA 2019
APPEAL OF: A.W., FATHER
Appeal from the Order Entered January 28, 2019
in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
Family Court at No(s): CP-51-DP-002974-2015
FID: 51-FN-002498-2015
BEFORE: OLSON, J., STABILE, J. and STRASSBURGER, J.*
OPINION BY STRASSBURGER, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 19, 2020
A.W. (Father) appeals from the permanency review order entered on
January 28, 2019, which, pursuant to the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6351,
suspended his visitation with his son, L.B. (Child), who was born in October
2014. We vacate the order and remand for proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
The juvenile court set forth the relevant factual and procedural history
of this case.
On November 24, 2015, [] Child was adjudicated dependent.[1]
At the adjudicatory hearing, [the juvenile c]ourt found that,
“based upon the findings of abuse, neglect[,] and/or dependency
of the minor child[,]” it was in the best interest of the Child to
[be removed] from [M]other’s home. Father first showed up and
made himself available to court proceedings on May 2, 2017. On
July 17, 2017, [the trial court] ordered supervised visits for
1The juvenile court granted the petition of the Philadelphia Department of
Human Services (DHS) to adjudicate Child dependent.
*Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S35004-19
Father.[2] On February 2, 2018, Father was fully compliant with
his objectives. Father and Child were referred to [Behavioral
Health Services (BHS)] for consultations and[/]or evaluations.
At that hearing, [the juvenile court] also ordered family therapy
to be implemented[,] if appropriate. On October 29, 2018, [the
juvenile court] increased Father’s visitation rights and ordered
[his] visits to be from Friday to Sunday[,] overnight[,] on a
weekly basis.
The overnight weekend visits continued until [] Child
reported that Father hit him during one of the overnight visits.
At which point, the visits were suspended pending investigation.
It was further reported that [] Child is “extremely fearful” of
Father. Child also alleged that Father had abused him during the
weekend overnight visits. On January 24, 2019, [] Child
completed an intake for trauma therapy. When asked the
reason for the trauma therapy, [Shanese] Streams, the
[Community Umbrella Agency (CUA)] case manager, testified
that there was an incident that happened in December where []
Child “had a visible bruise on his forehead and a report was
generated through the hotline.” [] Streams testified that Father
was the alleged perpetrator in that report and that visits were
suspended because of that report. [] Streams also indicated
that she was part of the intake for [] Child’s trauma therapy.
She indicated that during the session, the Child “became visibly
agitated when dad was mentioned.” She indicated that at the
start of the intake, [] Child was okay, but once the therapist
started mentioning [Father], [] Child began “pinching” and
“hitting” [the] foster parent, and was “cowering underneath the
desk.”
[] Streams further testified that since the visitations were
suspended, [the] foster parent has reported that [] Child has
been a lot better in the home and hasn’t had as many tantrums
and outbursts. [] Streams also testified that Father’s goals were
“to maintain compliance and cooperation with the court order,
CUA involvement, developing parenting skills and comply with
2 That same day, the court entered a decree terminating Mother’s parental
rights to Child. This Court affirmed that decree on February 7, 2018. In
Interest of L.B., 185 A.3d 1094 (Pa. Super. 2018) (unpublished
memorandum).
-2-
J-S35004-19
BHS services.” [] Streams further indicated that she would rate
Father’s level of compliance with his goals as “minimal[.]”
Based on the foregoing testimony, [the juvenile court]
issued a decree suspending Father’s visits with the Child pending
the recommendation of the Child’s therapist.
Juvenile Court Opinion, 4/2/2019, at 1-3 (footnote added) (internal citations
omitted).
On February 21, 2019, Father filed a timely notice of appeal along with
a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). On appeal, Father contends that the juvenile court
erred in suspending his visits with Child. Father’s Brief at 3. Specifically,
Father argues that his visitation with Child is an issue of law that should be
for a judge or master to determine, not a therapist. Id. Father claims that
a therapist may not know the legal “grave threat” standard,3 and may not
want to make a decision that potentially involves liability on the part of the
therapist. Id. Most importantly, Father alleges that he would not have an
opportunity to have a hearing, present evidence, and cross-examine the
therapist if the therapist makes a decision involving visitation. Id.
Accordingly, Father contends that this Court should vacate the order entered
by the juvenile court. Id. at 7.
3 The “grave threat” standard is met when “the evidence clearly shows that
a parent is unfit to associate with his or her children.” In re C.B., 861 A.2d
287, 294 (Pa. Super. 2004).
-3-
J-S35004-19
Before we consider this issue, we must determine whether this Court
has jurisdiction over the instant appeal. “‘[S]ince we lack jurisdiction over
an unappealable order[,] it is incumbent on us to determine, sua sponte
when necessary, whether the appeal is taken from an appealable order.’”
Gunn v. Automobile Ins. Co. of Hartford, Connecticut, 971 A.2d 505,
508 (Pa. Super. 2009), quoting Kulp v. Hrivnak, 765 A.2d 796, 798 (Pa.
Super. 2000).
“An appeal lies only from a final order, unless permitted by rule or
statute.” Stewart v. Foxworth, 65 A.3d 468, 471 (Pa. Super. 2013).
Generally, a final order is one that disposes of all claims and all parties. See
Pa.R.A.P. 341(b). Here, the order on appeal fails to satisfy the requirements
of Rule 341(b), as it did not dispose of all claims and all parties. Further,
the order provided that a permanency review hearing would be held on April
16, 2019. Thus, the January 28, 2019 order is not a final order.
Accordingly, for this order to be appealable, it must satisfy the
requirements of the collateral order doctrine.
The “collateral order doctrine” exists as an exception to the
finality rule and permits immediate appeal as of right from an
otherwise interlocutory order where an appellant demonstrates
that the order appealed from meets the following elements: (1)
it is separable from and collateral to the main cause of action;
(2) the right involved is too important to be denied review; and
(3) the question presented is such that if review is postponed
until final judgment in the case, the claimed right will be
irreparably lost. See Pa.R.A.P. 313.
Our Supreme Court has directed that Rule 313 be
interpreted narrowly so as not to swallow the general rule that
-4-
J-S35004-19
only final orders are appealable as of right. To invoke the
collateral order doctrine, each of the three prongs identified in
the rule’s definition must be clearly satisfied.
Interest of J.M., __ A.3d __, 2019 WL 4385685, at *6-7 (Pa. Super. 2019)
(quoting In re W.H., 25 A.3d 330, 335 (Pa. Super. 2011) (some citations
omitted)).
We begin our analysis by considering this Court’s decision in J.M. In
J.M., this Court analyzed the appealability of a permanency review order,
which did not change the parent’s goal,4 but prohibited “visits at [the
mother’s] home if [the m]other or [the c]hildren tested positive for drugs.”
Id. at *1. We held that this order did not satisfy the second and third
prongs of the collateral order doctrine and quashed the appeal.
Essentially, because the order did not prohibit the mother’s visits with
her children in their entirety, but rather placed restrictions on those visits,
we concluded that the second and third prongs of the collateral doctrine
were not satisfied. See id. at *11 (pointing out that with respect to the
second prong, or whether the order involved a right “too important to be
denied review,” “there is no indication in the record that [the m]other was
denied the right to see [the c]hildren in any fashion, or was denied the right
to visit with children in her home environment indefinitely); id. at *12
(pointing out that with respect to the issue of whether the mother’s claim
4 “[A]n order granting or denying a goal change request, in a case involving
a dependent child, is an appealable order.” In re C.M., 882 A.2d 507, 513
(Pa. Super. 2005).
-5-
J-S35004-19
would be irreparably lost, the “order did not deny home visits indefinitely; it
simply required [the m]other and [the c]hildren to be drug-free before
visiting at [the m]other’s home”). Thus, because the order in J.M. failed to
satisfy both the second and third prongs of the collateral order doctrine, this
Court did not consider the first prong. See id. at *11 (“leav[ing] for another
day the resolution of what constitutes the cause of action in a dependency
matter, and whether a permanency review order placing restrictions on a
parent’s visitation is separable from the main cause of action”).
While the order in the instant matter bears some similarity to the
order at issue in J.M., there are important distinctions. First and foremost,
the instant order denies Father visits altogether, and it is unclear when those
visits may resume.5
As a usual rule, parental visitation is not denied except where a
grave threat to the child can be shown. The policy underlying the
“grave threat” standard reflects the desirability of continuing
contact between the parent and the child. It underscores the
importance of each parent’s maintaining a meaningful and
sustaining relationship with the child.
In Interest of M.B., 674 A.2d 702, 705 (Pa. Super. 1996).
5 There is some conflicting information in the record regarding when visits
are to resume. At the hearing, the trial court stated that visits “can begin
upon the therapist’s recommendation.” N.T., 1/28/2019, at 17. In the
order, the trial court stated that “Father’s visits with the child are to remain
suspended upon the recommendation of the child’s therapist.” Order,
1/28/2019. In any event, what is clear is the fact that Father’s visits with
Child are suspended and will remain that way for a period of time.
-6-
J-S35004-19
Here, Father contends that the trial court erred by outsourcing the
decision regarding the resumption of Father’s visitation to a therapist, which
according to Father, denies him due process. Father also contends that the
juvenile court entered an order denying visitation without a finding that he
posed a grave threat to Child. This purported error may well result in much
more than the denial of a visit or series of visits. It ultimately can affect a
custody determination or even the termination of parental rights. A parent
denied any visitation can be “behind the eight ball” for a child’s entire
minority. Thus, because this order resulted in the complete denial of
visitation, it is both a “right … too important to be denied review,” and “if
review is postponed until final judgment in the case, the claimed right will be
irreparably lost.” Pa.R.A.P. 313(b). Accordingly, unlike the order in J.M.,
this order satisfies both the second and third prongs of the collateral order
doctrine.
We now turn to the first prong of the collateral order doctrine, which
was not addressed in J.M. We must consider whether the order appealed
from “is separable from and collateral to the main cause of action.”
Pa.R.A.P. 313(b). In doing so, we recognize the caveat set forth in J.M.
When reviewing our treatment of dependency cases as a whole,
it is apparent that this Court has not been consistent with its
interpretation of “the main cause of action” for purposes of
R.A.P. 313. Sometimes we have placed the emphasis on the
underlying dependency adjudication and disposition, even if the
case has progressed into the permanency review stage, … other
times we have focused on one of the broad goals in the
-7-
J-S35004-19
particular stage of the case, … and still other times we have
looked to the purpose of the particular hearing….
J.M., 2019 WL 4385685, at *9.
Even though our treatment of dependency cases has not been
consistent, as pointed out in J.M., our Supreme Court has also held that “the
collateral order rule’s three-pronged test must be applied independently to
each distinct legal issue over which an appellate court is asked to assert
jurisdiction pursuant to Rule 313.” Rae v. Pennsylvania Funeral
Directors Ass’n, 977 A.2d 1121, 1130 (Pa. 2009).
Instantly, Father assails the juvenile court’s decision to outsource to a
therapist the determination of when his visits with Child may or may not
resume. Father’s Brief at 3-4. Among other things, Father is concerned that
a therapist is not familiar with the aforementioned “grave threat” standard.
Id. at 4. Reviewing the appealability of this order in light of the issue
presented, it is clearly separable from and collateral to the main cause of
action, no matter how that cause of action is defined. Thus, we conclude
that this order satisfies the first prong of the collateral order doctrine,
because Father presents a distinct legal issue that is not at all related to the
underlying issues in this case.
On appeal, Father argues that the trial court erred in by “giving judicial
power to the therapist to decide when visits can occur.” Father’s Brief at 4.
Father argues that “only a [j]udge or a master should decide when visits
should or should not occur [because a] therapist does not have the legal
-8-
J-S35004-19
background to make a legal decision.” Id. Importantly, Father argues that a
therapist may not understand the legal grave-threat standard. Id.
Our scope and standard of review in dependency cases is as follows:
[W]e must accept the facts as found by the trial court
unless they are not supported by the record. Although bound by
the facts, we are not bound by the trial court’s inferences,
deductions, and conclusions therefrom; we must exercise our
independent judgment in reviewing the court’s determination, as
opposed to its findings of fact, and must order whatever right
and justice dictate. We review for abuse of discretion. Our scope
of review, accordingly, is of the broadest possible nature. It is
this Court’s responsibility to ensure that the record represents a
comprehensive inquiry and that the hearing judge has applied
the appropriate legal principles to that record. Nevertheless, we
accord great weight to the court’s fact-finding function because
the court is in the best position to observe and rule on the
credibility of the parties and witnesses.
C.M., 882 A.2d at 513.
At each permanency review hearing, the juvenile court is required to
determine “whether the visitation schedule for the child with the child’s
guardian is adequate, unless a finding is made that visitation is contrary to
the safety or well-being of the child.” Pa.R.Juv.P. 1608(D)(1)(q).
In reviewing a trial court’s denial of visitation, [this Court]
look[s] to whether there exists clear and convincing evidence
that visitation would present a grave threat to the child. When
making this determination, we must take into consideration the
express legislative policy of preservation of the family.
Therefore, the trial court is required to consider options such as
structured visitation with the aid of an agency; only where there
are no practicable visitation options can visitation be denied.
In Interest of Coast, 561 A.2d 762, 771-72 (Pa. Super. 1989) (internal
citations omitted).
-9-
J-S35004-19
In its opinion, the juvenile court concludes that “Father’s conduct
during the December incident posed a grave threat to [] Child.” Juvenile
Court Opinion, 4/2/2019, at 3. This may be true; however, it is Father’s
position that the juvenile court erred by then outsourcing the decision of
when those visits may or may not resume to a therapist, rather than to itself
as the ultimate arbiter of whether Father poses a grave threat to Child or if
other less restrictive measures are available rather than suspending visits
altogether. The rules, as discussed supra, provide that decisions regarding
visitation are to be made by the court. Thus, we agree with Father that the
court erred in this respect. Accordingly, we vacate the order and remand for
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
In doing so, we point out that Child has been in placement since 2015,
and his mother’s parental rights have already been terminated. Father has
been working towards reunification since 2017, when he first made himself
available to DHS. Due to the lengthy history of this case, it is necessary that
the trial court move with deliberate speed in determining whether Father
poses a grave threat to Child and resolving this visitation issue, as Child has
been awaiting permanency for almost four years at this juncture.
Order vacated. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.
Judge Stabile files a Concurring Opinion in which Judge Strassburger
joins.
Judge Olson files a Dissenting Opinion.
- 10 -
J-S35004-19
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/19/20
- 11 -