Castillo v. United States

Case: 19-1158 Document: 78 Page: 1 Filed: 02/20/2020

United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________

REINALDO CASTILLO, GONZALO PADRON
MARINO, MAYDA ROTELLA, JULIA GARCIA,
SHOPS ON FLAGER INC., JOSE F. DUMENIGO,
DORA A. DUMENIGO, HUMBERTO J. DIAZ,
JOSEFA MARCIA DIAZ, LUIS CRESPO, JOSE LUIS
NAPOLE, GRACE BARSELLO NAPOLE,
BERNARDO D. MANDULEY, NORMA A.
MANDULEY, DANILO A. RODRIGUEZ, DORA
RODRIGUEZ, AVIMAEL AREVALO, ODALYS
AREVALO, DALIA ESPINOSA, DANIEL ESPINOSA,
SOFIRA GONZALEZ, LOURDEZ RODRIGUEZ,
ALBERTO PEREZ, MAYRA LOPEZ, NIRALDO
HERNANDEZ PADRON, MERCEDES ALINA
FALERO, LUISA PALENCIA, XIOMARA
RODRIGUEZ, HUGO E. DIAZ, AND, CONCEPCION
V. DIAZ, AS CO-TRUSTEES OF THE DIAZ FAMILY
REVOCABLE TRUST, SOUTH AMERICAN TILE,
LLC, GLADYS HERNANDEZ, NELSON MENENDEZ,
JOSE MARTIN MARTINEZ, NORMA DEL
SOCORRO GOMEZ, OSVALDO BORRAS, JR., LUIS
R. SCHMIDT,
Plaintiffs-Appellants

v.

UNITED STATES,
Defendant-Appellee
______________________

2019-1158
______________________
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2 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

Appeal from the United States Court of Federal Claims
in Nos. 1:16-cv-01624-MBH, 1:17-cv-01931-MBH, Senior
Judge Marian Blank Horn.
______________________

Decided: February 20, 2020
______________________

MEGHAN SUE LARGENT, LewisRice, St. Louis, MO, ar-
gued for plaintiffs-appellants. Plaintiffs-appellants Gon-
zalo Padron Marino, Mayda Rotella, Julia Garcia, Jose F.
Dumenigo, Dora A. Dumenigo, Dalia Espinosa, Daniel Es-
pinosa, Sofira Gonzalez, Mayra Lopez, South American
Tile, LLC, Gladys Hernandez, Jose Martin Martinez,
Norma del Socorro Gomez, Luis R. Schmidt, Humberto J.
Diaz, Josefa Marcia Diaz also represented by LINDSAY
BRINTON.

JAMES H. HULME, Arent Fox LLP, Washington, DC, for
plaintiffs-appellants Reinaldo Castillo, Danilo A. Rodri-
guez, Dora Rodriguez.

MARK F. HEARNE, II, True North Law Group, LLC, St.
Louis, MO, for plaintiffs-appellants Shops on Flager Inc.,
Luis Crespo, Jose Luis Napole, Grace Barsello Napole, Ber-
nardo D. Manduley, Norma A. Manduley, Avimael Arevalo,
Odalys Arevalo, Lourdez Rodriguez, Alberto Perez, Niraldo
Hernandez Padron, Mercedes Alina Falero, Luisa Palencia,
Xiomara Rodriguez, Hugo E. Diaz, Concepcion V. Diaz,
Nelson Menendez, Osvaldo Borras, Jr. Also represented by
STEPHEN S. DAVIS.

KEVIN WILLIAM MCARDLE, Environment & Natural Re-
source Division, United States Department of Justice,
Washington, DC, argued for defendant-appellee. Also rep-
resented by JEFFREY B. CLARK, ERIC GRANT.
______________________
Case: 19-1158 Document: 78 Page: 3 Filed: 02/20/2020

CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 3

Before WALLACH, TARANTO, and CHEN, Circuit Judges.
TARANTO, Circuit Judge
Reinaldo Castillo and others own plots of land abutting
a railroad right-of-way that was long ago granted to, and
for decades used by, the Florida East Coast Railway Co. in
Dade County, Florida. It is undisputed before us that,
when the railway company eventually abandoned the
right-of-way for rail use (the purpose for which the right-
of-way was granted), full rights to the underlying land—
title unencumbered by the right-of-way easement—would
have reverted to whoever owned such rights, had there
been no overriding governmental action. But there was
such governmental action: the railway company success-
fully petitioned a federal agency to have the railroad corri-
dor turned into a recreational trail. The landowners sued
the United States in the Court of Federal Claims, alleging
that the agency’s conversion of the railroad right-of-way
into a recreational trail constituted a taking of their rights
in the corridor land abutting their properties and that the
United States must pay just compensation for that taking.
To establish their ownership of the corridor land, the plain-
tiffs relied on a Florida-law doctrine known as the “center-
line presumption,” which, where it applies, provides that
when a road or other corridor forms the boundary of a land-
owner’s parcel, that landowner owns the fee interest in the
abutting corridor land up to the corridor’s centerline, un-
less there is clear evidence to the contrary.
In proceedings on summary-judgment motions, the
government argued that the landowners did not own the
land to the centerline of the railroad corridor at issue. The
trial court agreed with the government, holding that the
only reasonable finding on the evidence in this case was
that the centerline presumption was overcome or was in-
applicable. See Castillo v. United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 707
(2018) (SJ Op.); Castillo v. United States, 140 Fed. Cl. 590
(2018) (Reconsideration Op.). The landowners appeal. We
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4 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

conclude that the trial court misapplied the centerline pre-
sumption to the evidence. We reverse and remand.
I
A
When a railroad stops using a railroad right-of-way to
operate a rail line, Section 8(d) of the National Trails Sys-
tem Act Amendments of 1983 (Trails Act), 16 U.S.C.
§ 1247(d), “allows [the] railroad to negotiate with a state,
municipality, or private group (the ‘trail operator’) to as-
sume financial and managerial responsibility for operating
the railroad right-of-way as a recreational trail.” Caldwell
v. United States, 391 F.3d 1226, 1229 (Fed. Cir. 2004). The
federal government’s Surface Transportation Board (STB)
has exclusive and plenary authority to “regulate the con-
struction, operation, and abandonment of most railroad
lines in the United States.” Id. at 1228. If the railroad and
trail operator reach a trail agreement and notify the STB,
the STB may issue a Notice of Interim Trail Use or Aban-
donment (NITU), 49 C.F.R. § 1152.29(d), which permits the
railroad to discontinue rail service on the right-of-way and
allows for trail use of the right-of-way indefinitely. Rogers
v. United States, 814 F.3d 1299, 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2015).
The Fifth Amendment’s Takings Clause provides that
private property shall not “be taken for public use, without
just compensation.” If, in the absence of a conversion to
trail use, state law would provide for return to a person of
full rights in the land, “[a] taking occurs when, pursuant to
the Trails Act, state law reversionary interests are effec-
tively eliminated in connection with a conversion of a rail-
road right-of-way to trail use.” Caldwell, 391 F.3d at 1228;
see also Preseault v. United States, 100 F.3d 1525, 1552
(Fed. Cir. 1996) (en banc). Accordingly, the government
must provide just compensation to the owner of the rever-
sionary rights eliminated by a Trails Act conversion. See
Rogers, 814 F.3d at 1303.
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 5

B
In the fall of 1924, Florida East Coast Railway Co.
(FEC Railway) obtained a 1.2-mile long right-of-way ease-
ment (of a basically north-south orientation) in Dade
County, Florida, by way of four condemnation orders in the
Dade County Circuit Court. See J.A. 708–09 (P. Russo
judgment); J.A. 710–12 (R.S. Stanley judgment); J.A. 712–
13 (W.H. Johnson judgment); J.A. 713–16 (J. Pyles judg-
ment). The FEC Railway completed most of the rail line on
the right-of-way in 1932 and soon began operations on the
line as part of its South Little River Branch Line.
As relevant here, the land to the east of the right-of-
way eventually came into the hands of two families: the
Merwitzers and the Mosses. The Merwitzers owned the
land to the east of the right-of-way obtained by FEC Rail-
way in the P. Russo judgment. The Merwitzers acquired
this land from a 1945 deed from Mr. and Ms. T.C. Hollett
(the 1945 Hollett-Merwitzer deed). On September 30,
1947, the Merwitzers recorded a subdivision plat of the
land, entitled “Zena Gardens.” The recorded subdivision
plat includes the following description:
That Louis Merwitzer and Rebecca Merwitzer his
wife owners of the S.E. ¼ of the S.E. ¼ of Section 2,
Township 54 South, Range 40 East, Miami, Dade
County, Florida, excepting therefrom a strip of
land off the westerly side which is the right of way
of the Okeechobee-Miami Extension of the Florida
East Coast Railway have caused to be made the at-
tached plat entitled “Zena Gardens.”
The Streets, Avenues and Terrace as shown to-
gether with all existing and future planting, trees
and shrubbery there on are hereby dedicated to the
perpetual use of the Public for proper purposes re-
serving to the said Louis Merwitzer and Rebecca
Merwitzer, his wife, their heirs, successors or
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6 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

assigns, the reversion or reversions thereof when-
ever discontinued by law.
J.A. 759.
The Mosses owned land north of the Merwitzers’ land
and east of the FEC Railway right-of-way. The relevant
portion of the right-of-way had been obtained by FEC Rail-
way in the other three condemnation orders—the R.S.
Stanley, W.H. Johnson, and J. Pyles judgments. The
Mosses acquired this land from a 1949 deed from the Es-
tate of Lucy Cotton (the 1949 Cotton-Moss deed). On No-
vember 3, 1949, Mr. and Ms. Moss recorded a subdivision
plat of the land, entitled “Princess Park Manor.” The rec-
orded subdivision plat includes the following description:
That ERVING A. MOSS and HARRIETT E. MOSS
his wife, owners of the South ½ of the N.E. ¼, South
of the Canal and East of the Florida East Coast
Right-of-Way, located in Sec. 2 TWP 54 South,
RGE. 40 East, Dade County Florida; being the land
East of the Florida East Coast Right-of-Way and
between Flagler Street and the Tamiami canal and
extending East to Ludlum Road, ALSO [t]he West
½ of the Northeast ¼ of the Southeast ¼ less the
Florida East Coast Right-of-Way all in Sec. 2 Town-
ship 54 South RGE. 40 East, Dade County Florida,
Said Florida East Coast Right-of-Way being the
right-of-way of the Okeechobee Miami Extension of
the Florida East Coast Railway, have caused to be
made the attached Plat entitled “Princess Park
Manor.”
The Streets, Avenues, Roads, Terraces, Courts and
Alleys as shown together with all existing and fu-
ture planting, trees and shrubbery thereon are
hereby dedicated to the perpetual use of the public
for proper purposes, reserving the said ERVING A.
MOSS and HARRIETT E. MOSS, his wife their
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 7

heirs; successors or assigns, the reversion or rever-
sions thereof whenever discontinued by law.
J.A. 757.
Between March 1977 and July 2016, Reinaldo Castillo,
Nelson Menendez, and others acquired, by deed, title to
parcels of land in Zena Gardens and Princess Park Manor.
The deeds did not themselves specify the precise parcel
boundaries but referred to the parcels by lot numbers
within the subdivision plats. See, e.g., J.A. 920 (conveying
“Lot 8, in Block 11, of ZENA GARDENS, according to the
Plat thereof”).
On January 21, 2016, FEC Railway requested author-
ity from the STB to abandon the right-of-way, including the
portion that abuts Zena Gardens and Princess Park Manor.
On November 1, 2016, Florida East Coast Industries (FEC
Industries) requested issuance of an NITU that would al-
low it to operate a trail on the corridor. The STB granted
the request and issued an NITU, which allowed FEC In-
dustries “to negotiate with FEC [Railway] for acquisition of
the Line for use as a trail under [Section 8(d) of the Trails
Act].” J.A. 268. FEC Railway and FEC Industries notified
the STB on July 18, 2017, that “they ha[d] entered a Pur-
chase Sale Agreement . . . for the rail banking/interim trail
use of the 1.21-mile” right-of-way. J.A. 695.
C
In December 2016, Mr. Castillo and other landowners
(collectively the Castillo plaintiffs), along with Mr. Menen-
dez and other landowners (collectively, the Menendez
plaintiffs), separately sued the federal government in the
Court of Federal Claims, alleging that the STB’s issuance
of the NITU authorizing conversion of the FEC right-of-
way into a public recreational trail constituted a taking of
their property, entitling them to just compensation. The
trial court consolidated the cases. After filing their plead-
ings, the parties stipulated that at the time the STB issued
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8 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

the NITU, each plaintiff owned land—in either the Zena
Gardens or the Princess Park Manor subdivision—adja-
cent to the FEC right-of-way. The Castillo plaintiffs’ corri-
dor-abutting land is split between the two subdivisions; the
Menendez plaintiffs’ corridor-abutting land lies entirely in
Princess Park Manor. SJ Op., 138 Fed. Cl. at 714.
The Castillo and Menendez plaintiffs (collectively, the
landowners) filed separate motions for partial summary
judgment, asking the court to determine that the NITU
constituted a taking. 1 The landowners argued that FEC
Railway had only an easement over, not fee-simple title to,
the land underlying the FEC right-of-way and that the
easement was limited to operating a railway. They argued
that the NITU constituted a taking because, in its absence,
once FEC Railway abandoned use of the corridor for rail
service, the landowners would have regained full posses-
sion of the abutting corridor land, east of and up to the cen-
terline, which they claimed they owned under Florida law.
The government opposed the landowners’ motions and
filed its own cross-motions for summary judgment. As to
the Menendez plaintiffs, the government sought summary
judgment that the Menendez plaintiffs could not establish

1 The Castillo plaintiffs sought partial summary
judgment as to the government’s liability for portions of the
right-of-way granted to FEC Railway in all four condemna-
tion orders and a portion of the right-of way obtained by a
1923 deed from G.F. and Mary Holman. See Castillo’s Mo-
tion for Partial Summary Judgment at 1, Castillo v. United
States, 138 Fed. Cl. 707 (2018) (No. 1:16-cv-01624), ECF
No. 23. The Menendez plaintiffs sought the same relief
with respect to portions of the right-of-way granted to FEC
Railway in three of the four condemnation orders. Menen-
dez’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment at 1, Menen-
dez v. United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 707 (2018) (No. 1:17-cv-
01931), ECF No. 20.
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 9

that they owned the land underlying the right-of-way ob-
tained by the railway in the condemnation orders. As to
the Castillo plaintiffs, with respect to the issues now before
us, the government argued that the Castillo plaintiffs had
not established their entitlement to summary judgment in
their favor regarding their ownership of any of the corridor
land. 2
The government’s main argument was that the land-
owners had established ownership of only their parcels ad-
jacent to the right-of-way and not any land underlying the
right-of-way. Specifically, the government pointed to lan-
guage in the September 1947 Zena Gardens plat “excepting
. . . a strip of land off the westerly side which is the right of
way of the . . . [FEC] Railway,” J.A. 759, and language in
the November 1949 Princess Park Manor plat describing
the subdivision as being “east of the Florida East Coast
right-of-way,” J.A. 757. According to the government, that
language, together with certain other language, shows that
the Merwitzers and Mosses excluded the FEC right-of-way
from conveyances made according to the September 1947
and November 1949 plats. Government’s Cross-Motion for
Summary Judgment at 12–13, Castillo v. United States,
138 Fed. Cl. 707 (2018) (No. 1:16-cv-01624), ECF No. 25.
To prove ownership of the land underlying the right-of-
way, the landowners invoked a doctrine of Florida property
law, i.e., the centerline presumption. Under that doctrine,
in its principal relevance to the issue presented to the trial
court on summary judgment, if a grantor conveys property
identified as bounded by a road, stream, or similar corridor,

2 The government sought summary judgment that
FEC Railway received fee simple title to the portion of the
corridor land conveyed in the 1923 deed from G.F. and
Mary Holman. The trial court agreed, SJ Op., 138 Fed. Cl.
at 730–34, and the landowners do not challenge that aspect
of the trial court’s ruling.
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10 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

and the grantor owns the land under that boundary corri-
dor, the grant also conveys title to the land underlying the
corridor up to the corridor’s centerline, unless there is clear
evidence of non-conveyance as to that corridor land. Land-
owners’ Reply in Support of Their Motion for Partial Sum-
mary Judgment at 7–9, Castillo v. United States, 138 Fed.
Cl. 707 (2018) (No. 1:16-cv-01624), ECF No. 32 (citing
Smith v. Horn, 70 So. 435 (Fla. 1915)). According to the
landowners, the 1947 and 1949 plats’ descriptions and de-
pictions, on which the government relied, failed to rebut
the centerline presumption.
On June 29, 2018, the trial court resolved the sum-
mary-judgment motions in favor of the government. SJ
Op., 138 Fed. Cl. at 742. The trial court made similar de-
terminations for the lots in both Zena Gardens and Prin-
cess Park Manor, namely, that there is no genuine issue of
triable fact because the plat descriptions and depictions of
the subdivisions rebut the centerline presumption by
clearly showing that the Merwitzers and Mosses “did not
intend to pass title to the railroad corridor to the grantees
of the subdivision parcels adjacent to the railroad corridor.”
Id. at 740, 742. In particular, the trial court concluded that
the Zena Gardens plat “makes a specific point to ‘except[]’
the railroad corridor from the description of [the] land plat-
ted,” id. at 740, and that the Princess Park Manor plat de-
scribes the parcels in the plat as both “East of the [FEC
Railway] Right-of-Way” and “less the [FEC Railway] Right-
of-Way,” id. at 741, thus excluding the railroad corridor. In
the trial court’s view, the absence of the railroad right-of-
way from the paragraph in both plat descriptions dedicat-
ing the “Streets” and “Avenues” to the public confirms that
the individual lot conveyances did not include the railroad
right-of-way. Id. at 740, 741. Finally, again relying just on
the plats, the court concluded that the pictorial depictions
of the subdivisions in the plats indicate that none of the
parcels “extend onto the railroad corridor but, instead, end
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 11

at the edge of the railroad corridor,” meaning that the rail-
road corridor is not included in the subdivision plat. Id.
The landowners filed motions for reconsideration, ar-
guing that the trial court misapplied the centerline pre-
sumption. 3 To prove that the Merwitzers and Mosses did
not retain for themselves a fee estate in the strip of land
under the right-of-way easement, the landowners pre-
sented, for the first time, two pre-platting chain of title re-
ports—one for a parcel in Zena Gardens and one for a
parcel in Princess Park Manor. See J.A. 880–81; J.A. 882–
84 (Zena Gardens parcel chain of title report); J.A. 928–30
(Princess Park Manor parcel chain of title report). The
Zena Gardens report included the 1945 Hollett-Merwitzer
deed, and the Princess Park Manor report included the
1949 Cotton-Moss deed. In response, the government sub-
mitted a 1937 quitclaim tax deed that, the government as-
serted, showed a conveyance of the land underlying the
FEC right-of-way from the Southern Drainage District di-
rectly to the FEC Railway.
On October 30, 2018, the trial court denied the land-
owners’ motions for reconsideration. See Reconsideration
Op., 140 Fed. Cl. at 606. The trial court found no clear er-
ror in its determination that the Merwitzers (in September
1947) and the Mosses (in November 1949) made clear their
intent not to convey title to the land underlying the FEC

3 The Castillo landowners also argued that the trial
court erred by granting summary judgment in favor of the
government for the portions of the FEC right-of-way ob-
tained by condemnation order because the government had
not moved for summary judgment with respect to those
portions of the right-of-way. The trial court rejected the
argument without disputing the premise about the limited
scope of the government’s motion. Reconsideration Op.,
140 Fed. Cl. at 604–05. On appeal, the Castillo plaintiffs
have not challenged that procedural ruling.
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12 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

right-of-way. Id. at 601. The trial court then considered
the pre-platting chain of title reports submitted by the
landowners and found that these reports were public rec-
ords available to the landowners at the time they filed their
summary-judgment motions, and thus “should not have
been left for a post-decision motion for reconsideration.”
Id. Nonetheless, the trial court considered the reports and
adopted a new basis to reject the landowners’ claims,
namely, that the Merwitzers and Mosses did not them-
selves own the land underlying the right-of-way when the
subdivisions were platted. Id. at 601–02. The trial court
supported this determination with the language of the
1945 Hollett-Merwitzer deed and the 1949 Cotton-Moss
deed. Id. The trial court ruled that the 1945 Hollett-Mer-
witzer deed conveyed land “less [the] certain strip of land”
that is the right-of-way and that the 1949 Cotton-Moss
deed stated that the land conveyed was “East of the [FEC]
right-of-way” and “less the [FEC] Right-of-Way.” Id. (quot-
ing J.A. 897, 943). The trial court did not address the 1937
quitclaim tax deed submitted by the government.
The landowners timely appealed. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(3).
II
We review a decision of the Court of Federal Claims
granting summary judgment de novo. See Rogers, 814 F.3d
at 1305. Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant
shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material
fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Court of Federal Claims Rule 56(a). We review the
denial of a motion for reconsideration for an abuse of dis-
cretion. See Nat’l Westminster Bank, PLC v. United States,
512 F.3d 1347, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2008). “An abuse of discre-
tion occurs when a court misunderstands or misapplies the
relevant law or makes a clearly erroneous finding of fact.”
Id.
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 13

We analyze the property rights of the parties in a rails-
to-trails case under the relevant state’s law, which in this
case is Florida law. Rogers, 814 F.3d at 1305. We decide
legal issues, under federal or state law, de novo. Hash v.
United States, 403 F.3d 1308, 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2005).
A
The landowners argue that the trial court misapplied
the centerline presumption under Florida law. Specifi-
cally, they argue that the court, in its summary-judgment
opinion, improperly interpreted the Zena Gardens and
Princess Park Manor plats as reserving a reversionary in-
terest in the FEC right-of-way to the Merwitzers and
Mosses, so that the subsequent deeds to the subdivision
parcels at issue did not grant any ownership of land in the
railroad corridor. We agree with the landowners.
Long ago, the Supreme Court of the United States de-
scribed the centerline presumption as a “familiar principle
of law” to the effect that “a grant of land bordering on a
road or river, carries the title to the centre of the river or
road, unless the terms or circumstances of the grant indi-
cate a limitation of its extent by the exterior lines.” Banks
v. Ogden, 69 U.S. 57, 68 (1864). A note to the Florida Su-
preme Court’s 1887 decision in Florida Southern Railway
Co. v. Brown described the rule as applicable to a “deed de-
scribing land as bounded by a street or other way,” rather
than “as being bounded by the side line of the street”: the
deed “passes all the title of the grantor in and to the soil of
such way, extending to the center line thereof, subject to
the easement of the public, in the absence of an express or
implied reservation of such street or way.” 1 So. 512, 515
(Fla. 1887). In 1915, the Florida Supreme Court in Smith
v. Horn applied the centerline presumption to the streets
of a subdivision plat:
Where the owner of land has it . . . platted, showing
subdivisions thereof, with spaces for intervening
streets . . . and conveyances in fee of the
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14 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

subdivisions are made with reference to such . . .
plat, the owner thereby evinces an intention to ded-
icate an easement in the streets or other highways
to the public use . . . and the title of the grantees of
subdivisions abutting on such streets in the ab-
sence of a contrary showing, extends to the center
of such highway, subject to the public easement.
70 So. 435, 436 (Fla. 1915); see also Servando Bldg. Co. v.
Zimmerman, 91 So. 2d 289, 293 (Fla. 1956) (recognizing
that Florida codified the centerline presumption in part for
subdivision plats at Fla. Stat. § 177.08 (1955), now
§ 177.085); Seaboard Air Line Ry. v. Southern Inv. Co., 44
So. 351, 353 (Fla. 1907) (“The proprietor of lots abutting on
a public street is presumed, in the absence of evidence to
the contrary, to own the soil to the center of the street.”
(internal quotations omitted)). 4
The centerline presumption can be rebutted in two
ways of relevance here. First, the party challenging the
presumption may “present evidence of the grantor’s intent
not to convey to the centerline” of the easement. Bischoff
v. Walker, 107 So. 3d 1165, 1171 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013).
Second, a party can show that “the strip of land being
claimed is titled in someone else.” Rogers v. United States,
184 So. 3d 1087, 1098 (Fla. 2015).
We have not been pointed to a decision under Florida
law that specifically rules on a contested issue about

4 In a recent case, the Florida Supreme Court de-
clined to consider “whether or to what extent t[he] ‘center
line presumption’ rule still applies to property adjacent to
streets and highways in Florida today.” Rogers v. United
States, 184 So. 3d 1087, 1099 n.7 (Fla. 2015). At present,
the rule is a fixture of Florida law. See, e.g., Bischoff v.
Walker, 107 So. 3d 1165 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2013) (Florida
court applying centerline presumption).
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 15

whether railroad rights-of-way, like streets and certain
other corridors, come within the centerline presumption.
But in the absence of a contrary indication under Florida
law, we conclude that the centerline presumption applies
to railroad rights-of-way that serve as boundaries of a plot,
including a plot within a subdivision.
Florida courts have applied the centerline presumption
to highways, streets, canals, and nonnavigable streams.
See, e.g., Smith, 70 So. at 436 (applying centerline pre-
sumption to “nonnavigable stream or highway”); Bischoff,
107 So. 3d at 1168–71 (applying centerline presumption to
a canal). In both Florida Southern Railway and Seaboard
Air Line Railway, the boundary involved was a street being
used by a railway, though not exclusively. A railroad right-
of-way is relevantly akin to other corridors: it comes within
the core rationale of the centerline presumption. When a
property description includes a two-dimensional corridor
(having width as well as length) as a boundary, that bound-
ary often needs to be translated into one or more one-di-
mensional boundaries to identify ownership, such as when
the right-of-way use of the corridor ends; and the centerline
presumption supplies a default rule to perform that im-
portant task—with the content of the rule being a pre-
sumption that the corridor, commonly a narrow strip, is not
to be owned separately from the abutting land. See, e.g.,
Dale A. Whitman et al., The Law of Property § 11.2 at 713,
719 (4th ed. 2019) (“deeds, to be valid, must describe or oth-
erwise identify the land affected,” and “[m]onuments hav-
ing significant width,” such as “public streets and
highways,” “raise interesting problems” of precisely identi-
fying the lines that bound the land; the centerline pre-
sumption solves that problem). The translation problem
solved by the centerline presumption is presented by rail-
road rights-of-way as by other corridors.
Moreover, in Bischoff, the Florida District Court of Ap-
peals described the centerline presumption as applying to
a boundary defined by a “monument.” See Bischoff, 107 So.
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16 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

3d at 1168 (“The presumption is that ownership extends to
the centerline of a monument . . . .”). Florida Statute
§ 472.005(11) defines a “monument” as “an artificial or nat-
ural object that is permanent or semipermanent and used
or presumed to occupy . . . any point on a boundary line, or
any reference point or other point to be used for horizontal
or vertical control.” A rail line meets the definition of an
artificial monument under Florida law.
Many other jurisdictions—very much the predominant
number among those whose law has been cited to us—have
applied the centerline presumption to railroad rights-of-
way. See Asmussen v. United States, 304 P.3d 552, 558
(Colo. 2013) (finding that a majority of jurisdictions have
“held that the centerline presumption applies to a convey-
ance of property abutting a railroad right-of-way”); Boyles
v. Missouri Friends of the Wabash Trace Nature Trail, Inc.,
981 S.W.2d 644, 650 (Mo. Ct. App. 1998) (applying center-
line presumption to railroad right-of-way); Pebsworth v.
Behringer, 551 S.W.2d 501, 504 (Tex. Civ. App. 1977)
(same); Church v. Stiles, 10 A. 674, 675 (Vt. 1887) (same);
see also Whitman et al., The Law of Property § 11.2 at 719
(“A similar rule making the center line the boundary is ap-
plied to railroad and other rights of way.”). But see, e.g.,
Stuart v. Fox, 152 A. 413, 418–19 (Me. 1930) (finding “no
reason . . . because of analogy to extend the [centerline pre-
sumption, as applied to highways,] to railroad rights of
way”).
We conclude that, under Florida law, the centerline
presumption applies to the railroad right-of-way context of
the present case.
B
In its summary-judgment opinion, the trial court con-
cluded that the Zena Gardens and Princess Park Manor
plats each contain a clear expression of an intent to reserve
a reversionary interest in the FEC right-of-way in the sub-
division grantors—an expression that suffices to rebut the
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 17

centerline presumption. SJ Op., 138 Fed. Cl. at 738–42.
For Zena Gardens, the trial court relied on the plat’s refer-
ence to “excepting therefrom a strip of land off the westerly
side which is the right of way,” id. at 739–40 (citing J.A.
759), and for Princess Park Manor, the trial court relied on
the plat’s references to the land conveyed being “East of the
[FEC] Right-of-Way” and “less the [FEC] Right-of-Way,” id.
at 741 (citing J.A. 757). The landowners argue that under
Florida law, the plats do not clearly express the intent re-
quired to avoid application of the centerline presumption.
We agree.
The centerline presumption is said “to be based on the
supposed intention of the parties, and the improbability of
the grantor desiring or intending to reserve his interest in
the street” when passing title to the adjoining land. Fla.
Southern Ry., 1 So. at 513–14. Thus, a party may rebut the
centerline presumption by “present[ing] evidence of the
grantor’s intent not to convey to the centerline” of the rail-
way. Bischoff, 107 So. 3d at 1171. This contrary intent
must be “clearly expressed.” Servando, 91 So. 2d at 293;
see Bischoff, 107 So. 3d at 1168 (“The presumption is that
ownership extends to the centerline of a monument unless
a contrary intent is clearly expressed.”).
The trial court in the present matter relied on language
of the Zena Gardens and Princess Park Manor plats that is
not sufficient to avoid the centerline presumption. It relied
on “east of” and “less” language in the Princess Park Manor
plat and on “excepting” language in the Zena Gardens plat.
But the relied-on language uses terminology to which the
presumption remains applicable, in that the language used
refers to the two-dimensional corridor (not a one-dimen-
sional edge) or even to the right-of-way itself (as an ease-
ment) in affirmatively stating the boundary of the
subdivision land and identifying certain exclusions.
In Bischoff v. Walker, a Florida appellate court deter-
mined that the centerline presumption applied to—and
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18 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

was not rebutted by—a canal adjacent to land described as
“lying East of [the] Canal.” 107 So. 3d at 1166–68. That
language did not refer to the edge of the Canal as the
boundary. The “East of the [FEC] Right-of-Way” language
in the Princess Park Manor plat is nearly identical to the
plat language in Bischoff, except the two-dimensional mon-
ument named as a boundary is not a canal but a railroad
corridor.
In Dean v. MOD Properties, Ltd., a Florida appellate
court held that a deed conveying the entire parcel “less and
except the following described [road right-of-way] ease-
ment” did not exclude the land of the road from application
of the centerline presumption. 528 So. 2d 432, 432–33 (Fla.
Dist. Ct. App. 1988). The court held that the language
“served simply to exclude the recorded easement in favor of
the [easement beneficiary] from the title interest being con-
veyed and to prevent the recorded easement from consti-
tuting a breach of the covenants of warranty in each deed.”
Id. at 434. Here, the “less the [FEC] Right-of-Way” lan-
guage in the Princess Park Manor plat and the “excepting
therefrom a strip of land” language in the Zena Gardens
plat are relevantly similar to the language held insufficient
to avoid the centerline presumption in Dean. The govern-
ment notes that the Zena Gardens description refers to the
“strip of land,” whereas Dean involved “easement” lan-
guage, but we do not think that difference calls for a differ-
ent result. The Zena Gardens language states that the
“strip of land . . . is the right of way . . . of the [FEC] Rail-
way.” J.A. 759. That language is so readily susceptible to
being understood as merely indicating that certain land is
subject to a right-of-way use right that it does not meet the
standard of clear expression of an intent to exclude under-
lying land-ownership rights from the property description.
Our conclusion is reinforced by the plats’ clauses stat-
ing reservations as to the “Streets, Avenues and Terrace”
in Zena Gardens, J.A. 759, and the “Streets, Avenues,
Roads, Terraces, Courts, and Alleys” in Princess Park
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 19

Manor, J.A. 757. Both plats grant easements in those areas
to the “perpetual use of the public for proper purposes” and
“reserve to the [grantors] . . . the reversion or reversions
thereof whenever discontinued by law.” J.A. 757, 759. We
assume, without deciding, that this reservation language
would suffice to avoid the centerline presumption under
Peninsular Point, Inc. v. South Georgia Dairy Co-op, 251
So. 2d 690, 691, 693 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1971) (holding that
presumption avoided by grantor’s dedication of streets to
public use, “reserving unto itself . . . the reversion or rever-
sions of the same, whenever abandoned by the public or
discontinued by law”). But these reservation provisions
conspicuously do not include the railroad corridor or right-
of-way, even though the railroad right-of-way is mentioned
elsewhere in the plats. The omission from the reservations
confirms the absence of a reservation by the grantors as to
the railroad corridor.
The trial court stated that the plats’ pictorial depic-
tions show that “none of the parcels belonging to the [land-
owners] extend onto the railroad corridor but, instead, end
at the edge of the railroad corridor.” SJ Op., 138 Fed. Cl.
at 740, 741. But the maps do not allow a conclusion that
the standard of clear expression of exclusion is met. It is
not truly clear what the plats’ maps of the two subdivisions,
standing alone, show about what parts of the FEC right-of-
way are outside the west boundary line of the subdivisions.
See J.A. 757, 759. In any event, the subdivision plat “must
be construed as a whole . . . and every part of the instru-
ment be given effect.” Florida East Coast Ry. Co. v. Worley,
38 So. 618, 622 (Fla. 1905); see also North Lauderdale Corp.
v. Lyons, 156 So. 2d 690, 692 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1963). The
plats’ verbal descriptions, as discussed above, mean that
the plats as a whole provide less than a clear expression of
exclusion of the railroad corridor from the land within the
subdivisions or the parcels to be sold within them.
We conclude, for those reasons, that the trial court er-
roneously granted summary judgment in its original ruling
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20 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

as to the land at issue on appeal. That ruling rests on the
conclusion that the Zena Gardens and Princess Park
Manor plats, from September 1947 and November 1949, re-
spectively, contain clear expressions of exclusion of the rail-
road corridor from the subdivisions whose parcels were to
be conveyed to purchasers. That conclusion, we hold, is
contrary to law.
C
Although the government defends the trial court’s orig-
inal ruling, Government’s Brief at 40–43, the government’s
primary argument on appeal is that this court should af-
firm on a different ground. Specifically, it argues that the
record of transfers to the Merwitzers and Mosses (or their
predecessors) regarding the railroad-corridor land at issue
makes clear that the Merwitzers and Mosses did not actu-
ally own the corridor land at issue when they filed the plats
for Zena Gardens in September 1947 and for Princess Park
Manor in November 1949. Id. at 26–39. The trial court did
not so conclude in originally granting summary judgment.
But on reconsideration it considered the issue based on ev-
idence that the landowners themselves submitted in seek-
ing reconsideration, and after deeming the submissions too
late, it seemingly endorsed the government’s contention.
Reconsideration Op., 140 Fed. Cl. at 601–02. We hold that
summary judgment in the government’s favor on this issue
is erroneous on this record.
The government argues that for the centerline pre-
sumption to apply, the landowners must first affirmatively
establish, through pre-platting evidence, that the Merwitz-
ers and Mosses owned the land underlying the FEC right-
of-way. Government’s Brief at 20–26. The trial court did
not so conclude. It recognized, instead, that “the center line
presumption can be rebutted” by “evidence that the grantor
did not own the land underlying the easement at issue.” SJ
Op., 138 Fed. Cl. at 738 (emphasis added). That treatment
accords with the Florida Supreme Court’s ruling in
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 21

Jacksonville, Tampa & Key West Railway Co. v. Lockwood
that “the presumption arising from the deed from [a gran-
tor], conveying the land, and bounding it on the east by [a
roadway], is, in the absence of proof to the contrary, that
[the grantor] owned to the center of the street.” 15 So. 327,
329 (Fla. 1894). The government has not shown that Flor-
ida law required the landowners, in order to withstand
summary judgment, to present affirmative proof of the
Merwitzers’ and Mosses’ ownership of the at-issue part of
the railroad corridor at the time of the 1947 and 1949 plats.
In the absence of such a requirement, the government also
has not shown waiver by the landowners as to pre-platting
ownership issues.
If the government wishes to challenge the Merwitzers’
and Mosses’ ownership of the disputed land when filing
their plats, it must present evidence of the transfers
through which the Merwitzers and Mosses ultimately came
to own what the plats presumptively include. But the rec-
ord may not be fully developed on this issue. It is not clear
to us that the government even sought summary judgment
on this ground without relying on an incorrect legal conten-
tion that the landowners had the burden to establish what
the Merwitzers and Mosses owned when filing their plats
in 1947 and 1949. 5

5 See Government’s Memorandum in Support of
Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment at 10–14, Castillo v.
United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 707 (2018) (No. 1:16-cv-01624),
ECF No. 25; Government’s Reply in Support of Cross-Mo-
tion for Summary Judgment at 3–5, Castillo v. United
States, 138 Fed. Cl. 707 (2018) (No. 1:16-cv-01624), ECF
No. 34; Government’s Memorandum in Support of Cross-
Motion for Summary Judgment at 9–10, Menendez v.
United States, 138 Fed. Cl. 707 (2018) (No. 1:17-cv-01931),
ECF No. 21; Government’s Reply in Support of Cross-Mo-
tion for Summary Judgment at 2–5, Menendez v. United
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22 CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES

At least some of the pre-platting property documents to
which we have been pointed themselves use the FEC right-
of-way as a boundary. See J.A. 897 (1945 Hollett-Mer-
witzer deed conveying land “less that certain strip of land
off the Westerly portion . . . being bounded . . . on the East
by a line parallel to and 50 feet East of Center Line of the
Okeechobee-Miami Extension of the Florida East Coast
Railway”); J.A. 943 (1949 Cotton-Moss deed conveying “the
land East of the [FEC] Right-of-Way” and “less the [FEC]
Right-of-Way”). Interpreting such documents, like inter-
preting the plats themselves, requires use of the centerline
presumption to the extent it applies. The trial court’s dis-
cussion of pre-platting issues in the reconsideration order
may have been colored by an understanding of the pre-
sumption that we have determined to be incorrect in reject-
ing the trial court’s original summary-judgment ruling. 6

States, 138 Fed. Cl. 707 (2018) (No. 1:16-cv-01624), ECF
No. 24.
6 The trial court did not rely on the quitclaim deed
executed by the Southern Drainage District to the FEC
Railway in 1937, which the government submitted on re-
consideration as relevant to the Zena Gardens subdivision.
Under the summary-judgment standard requiring evi-
dence to be viewed favorably to the nonmoving party, see
Dairyland Power Coop. v. United States, 16 F.3d 1197,
1202 (Fed. Cir. 1994), the 1937 deed indicates, at most, that
the FEC Railway fell behind on its drainage-tax payments
owed to the District and that, to clear the debt, the FEC
Railway paid the unpaid drainage taxes for 1932–1936 and
received from the District, in return, the quitclaim deed re-
flecting the clearance and removal of the District’s tax lien.
Under Florida law, the 1937 quitclaim deed conveyed only
such “title or interest as possessed by the grantor [here, the
Southern Drainage District] at the time of the making of
the deed.” See Florida East Coast Ry. Co. v. Patterson, 593
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CASTILLO v. UNITED STATES 23

On the record before us, we conclude that the govern-
ment has not justified summary judgment that the Mer-
witzers and Mosses did not own the corridor land now at
issue when they filed their plats. Further proceedings, in-
cluding such record development as is appropriate, are
warranted on that issue. We do not prejudge what conclu-
sion may be justified on remand, whether or not the evi-
dentiary record is supplemented.
III
For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the trial court
is reversed with respect to the portions of the FEC Railway
right-of-way related to the condemnation orders. The por-
tion of the trial court’s summary-ruling not challenged on
appeal, see note 2, supra, is not disturbed. We remand the
case for further proceedings, including any appropriate fur-
ther development of the factual record.
Costs awarded to appellants.
REVERSED AND REMANDED

So. 2d 575, 577 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1992). Moreover, “the
execution of a quitclaim deed, without more, does not nec-
essarily import that the grantor possesses any interest at
all and if the grantor has no interest in the land described
at the time of conveyance, the quitclaim conveys nothing to
the grantee.” Miami Holding Corp. v. Matthews, 311 So.
2d 802, 803 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1975). The government has
not presented evidence that the Southern Drainage Dis-
trict had ownership interests in the corridor land at the
time of the quitclaim deed. Accordingly, the evidence does
not support the government’s summary-judgment position
that the FEC Railway acquired fee title through the 1937
quitclaim deed.