FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT February 21, 2020
_________________________________
Christopher M. Wolpert
Clerk of Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 19-2173
(D.C. Nos. 5:18-CV-00880-KG-SMV &
MOISES EUFELIO MARTINEZ, JR., 5:17-CR-01643-KG-1)
(D. N.M.)
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER DENYING CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY*
_________________________________
Before HARTZ, PHILLIPS, and EID, Circuit Judges.
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Pro se1 appellant-defendant Moises Eufelio Martinez, Jr. seeks a certificate of
appealability (COA) to appeal the district court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255
petition in which he claimed that his trial counsel was ineffective for not objecting to
various sentence enhancements. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C §§ 1291 and
2253(c), we deny Martinez’s application for a COA and dismiss his appeal.
*
This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the
case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its
persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
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Because Martinez is proceeding pro se, we liberally construe his filings. See
United States v. Pinson, 584 F.3d 972, 975 (10th Cir. 2009). That said, liberally
construing a pro se filing does not include supplying additional factual allegations or
constructing a legal theory on the appellant’s behalf. See Whitney v. New Mexico,
113 F.3d 1170, 1173-74 (10th Cir. 1997).
I.
In February 2016, police executed a search warrant for Martinez’s recreational
vehicle (“RV”) in Hobbs, New Mexico, and found 270.5 grams of a substance testing
positive for methamphetamine, along with two digital scales and two firearms. Then, on
December 19, 2016, the police used a confidential source to contact Martinez and arrange
a sale of methamphetamine valued at $600. Martinez informed the confidential source
that he was staying at the Black Gold Casino hotel and agreed to conduct the exchange at
a Walmart parking lot.
Police drove to the hotel, observed Martinez get into his car in the hotel driveway,
then followed him to the Walmart parking lot. There, after Martinez attempted to
complete the sale of drugs to the confidential source, the police detained Martinez and
found 67 grams of methamphetamine, a .22 caliber pistol, two keys for Room 522 at the
Black Gold Casino hotel, and hotel breakfast vouchers on his person. The police then
obtained and executed a search warrant for Room 522 at the hotel, where they found
another 564 grams of methamphetamine. Shortly thereafter, police charged Martinez
with possession with an intent to distribute at least 50 grams of methamphetamine under
21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(B) and aiding and abetting under 18 U.S.C. § 2.
Martinez pleaded guilty to his charges. In his plea agreement with the
Government, Martinez admitted only to the facts related to his arrest in the Walmart
parking lot; specifically, that the police discovered he possessed two bags of
methamphetamine and a firearm. He agreed that the court, when determining his
sentence, could rely on the facts that he stipulated to “as well as facts in the presentence
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report.” ROA at 170. Through the same Plea Agreement, the Government agreed not to
charge Martinez based on any of the facts arising from the execution of the February
2016 search warrant of Martinez’s RV or the December 2016 search warrant of the hotel
room. But the Government “reserve[d] the right” to provide the United States Probation
Office (USPO) and the court with a presentence report including any “relevant conduct”
or “helpful” information. ROA at 169. Martinez acknowledged that the statutorily-
prescribed sentence range for his crime was between five and forty years’ imprisonment.
After Martinez pleaded guilty, the USPO prepared a Presentence Report (PSR)
indicating that Martinez had possessed a total of 901.5 grams of methamphetamine
including the 270.5 grams found in his RV, the 67 grams found on his person, and the
564 grams found in the hotel room. Based on the 901.5 grams of methamphetamine, the
PSR assigned Martinez a base offense level of 30. It then recommended a two-level
enhancement to his offense-level because Martinez possessed a firearm, and another two-
level enhancement because Martinez maintained a place—his RV—for the purpose of
distributing narcotics. Because Martinez accepted responsibility for his actions, the PSR
allowed him a three-level reduction of his offense level. With these enhancements and
reduction, the PSR calculated Martinez’s total offense level at 31, which yielded a
Guidelines range of 135–168 months’ imprisonment.
Martinez moved for a two-level reduction on the ground that he played only a
“minor role” as a broker between a woman who allegedly brought him the drugs in Room
522 and the buyer in the Walmart parking lot. The district court granted Martinez’s
motion and assigned him an offense level of 29. From the resulting Guidelines range of
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108–135 months’ imprisonment, the court ultimately imposed a sentence of 108 months
in prison.
In September 2018, Martinez motioned for habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255,
challenging his 108-month prison sentence. He claimed that his trial counsel was
ineffective during sentencing in two ways. First, Martinez contended that his counsel
should have objected to the PSR’s offense-level enhancement based on Martinez’s use of
his RV “for the purpose of” distributing drugs. According to Martinez, the RV was his
home, and thus its purpose was not solely to facilitate Martinez’s drug operation, but also
to provide Martinez a place to live in.
Separately, Martinez claimed that his counsel should have objected to the PSR’s
base offense-level calculation of 30 because it considered the 564 grams of
methamphetamine in the hotel room. Martinez argued that the report should not have
attributed the 564 grams of methamphetamine to him because the Government did not
prove he possessed it. To the contrary, Martinez alleged, a woman named Anita or
Annette “had drugs she needed to sell;” so she “g[ot] [Martinez and his friend, Tommy] a
room at [the] hotel,” brought the drugs, and stayed in the room with Tommy while
Martinez went to the Walmart parking lot to sell the 67 grams of methamphetamine to the
confidential source. ROA at 192.
Adopting the recommendation of a magistrate judge, the district court denied
Martinez’s § 2255 motion on the ground that his underlying ineffective assistance of
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counsel (IAC) claim failed to satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test.2 The trial
counsel’s failure to object to the RV and hotel room enhancements did not prejudice
Martinez, the magistrate judge reasoned, because the sentencing judge would have denied
such objections had they been made in the first place. After denying Martinez’s § 2255
motion, the district court sua sponte denied him a COA.
Martinez now seeks a COA from this court.
II.
To obtain a COA, Martinez must make a “substantial showing of the denial of a
constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c). This would require Martinez to demonstrate
that “reasonable jurists” would find the district court’s resolution of his IAC claims to be
“debatable or wrong.” Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 338 (2003).
To successfully raise an IAC claim, Martinez is required to show that his counsel’s
failures to object to the sentence enhancements were (1) so unprofessional that they
deprived Martinez of “reasonably effective assistance,” and (2) “prejudicial” in that there
was a “reasonable probability” that Martinez would have received a lower sentence if his
counsel made the objections. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1980).
Courts can dispose of IAC claims on the prejudice prong alone, without needing to
decide if the counsel’s performance was even deficient. Id. at 697.
2
The Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington mandated that an IAC claim
had to pass a two-prong test. 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1980). First, the defendant must
show that their counsel made an error; and second, the defendant must show that the
error prejudiced the defense. Id.
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III.
We find that no reasonable jurist would debate the lower court’s denial of
Martinez’s IAC claims. The failures of Martinez’s counsel to object to the RV and hotel
sentence enhancements were not prejudicial because such objections would have lacked
merit and would have thus been rejected.
A.
Martinez first claims that his counsel was ineffective for not objecting to the
sentence enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(12) for “maintain[ing] a premises [his
RV] for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance.” He argues
that the RV was his home and therefore its sole purpose was not drug related.
But sentence enhancements under § 2D1.1(b)(12) can apply to the defendant’s
place of residence if one of the “primary uses” of the premises was to manufacture,
distribute, or store a controlled-substance. Id. at n.17. For example, in United States v.
Murphy, our court affirmed the lower court’s sentence enhancement under
§ 2D1.1(b)(12) where the premises at issue was also the defendant’s home. 901 F.3d
1185, 1187 (10th Cir. 2018). We found that the residence had a “primary use” of
facilitating the defendant’s drug operation because the defendant stored or distributed
methamphetamine there on at least four occasions and kept digital scales and a firearm on
the premises. Id. at 1194–95.
Here, the § 2D1.1 sentence enhancement would have applied to Martinez
even if his counsel raised an objection. The RV had a “primary use” of facilitating
a drug operation because Martinez, like the defendant in Murphy, used his RV to
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store a significant quantity of methamphetamine, digital scales, and firearms.
Accordingly, any objection to the § 2D1.1 sentence enhancement would have
failed for a lack of merit. No reasonable jurist therefore would have found that
Martinez was prejudiced by his trial counsel’s lack of objection here.
B.
Martinez also claims that his counsel was ineffective for failing to argue that the
564 grams of methamphetamine should not have been attributed to him for sentencing
purposes. He cites the Supreme Court’s opinion in Alleyne v. United States to suggest
that any fact that “increase[s] the range of punishment” must be proven beyond a
reasonable doubt. See Aplt. Br. at 4 (quoting Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 115
(2013)). He suggests that the Government did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that
he possessed the 564 grams of methamphetamine seized in the hotel room, and that
therefore the district court should not have used that amount to increase his offense level
without first conducting an evidentiary hearing. Id. at 3–4.
It is true that facts influencing statutorily-imposed minimum and maximum
sentences must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. For example, the Supreme Court
in Alleyne vacated the circuit court’s affirmance of the district court’s judgment because
it imposed a mandatory minimum sentence based on a fact that the district court found
through only a preponderance of the evidence, and not beyond a reasonable doubt. 570
U.S. at 117.
However, facts that merely influence a Guidelines range falling within the
prescribed statutory range can be found by a preponderance of evidence. See United
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States v. Cassius, 777 F.3d 1093, 1096 (10th Cir. 2015) (finding that the lower court did
not err by “computing [a defendant’s] Guidelines range using a crack cocaine amount the
court found [only] by a preponderance of the evidence”). Here, the 564 grams of
methamphetamine contributed to a Guidelines range of 135–168 months’ imprisonment,
which fell within the prescribed statutory range—five to forty years—for Martinez’s
crime. Therefore, Martinez’s connection to the hotel room drugs need only be supported
by a preponderance of the evidence.
Under the Guidelines, “the defendant is accountable for all quantities of
contraband with which he was directly involved.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 n.3. An individual
can be “directly involved” with a specific quantity of drugs even if he never possessed
them. For example, in United States v. Ruiz-Castro, we found that the lower court did
not err in attributing 227.5 grams of cocaine to the defendant for sentencing purposes,
even though the defendant never gained possession of that amount. 92 F.3d 1519, 1538
(10th Cir. 1996). There, the defendant sought to purchase cocaine from another
individual, who then transported and stored the cocaine at a third individual’s house. Id.
at 1525–26. Before the defendant ever visited the house or paid for the drugs, the police
searched the house and seized 227.5 grams of cocaine. Id. at 1526. After the lower court
attributed the entire 227.5 grams of cocaine to the defendant for sentencing purposes, the
defendant appealed, arguing that he had no “direct connection with that amount.” Id. at
1526, 1537.
This court in Ruiz-Castro agreed with the lower court and found that the defendant
was “involved directly” with the entire amount of cocaine. Id. at 1538. We based our
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finding on the facts that the defendant sought to purchase cocaine from one of the
individuals at the house, that the home owner told a confidential source that “half of the
cocaine brought to his residence was destined for [defendant],” and that the defendant
called the residence on the day the cocaine was seized. Id.
Here, Martinez was also “directly involved” with the 564 grams of
methamphetamine seized in the hotel room. First, the evidence suggests that Martinez
personally possessed that entire amount and stored it in the room. He told the
confidential source that he was staying at the hotel, he was seen by police leaving the
hotel, and he was later found with hotel breakfast vouchers and two keys for the hotel
room from where the drugs were eventually seized.
Even under Martinez’s alternate version of the facts, the sentencing court would
have still found that he was “directly involved” with the drugs in the hotel room.
Martinez claims that the drugs were not his, but rather belonged to a woman who “g[ot]
[Martinez and his friend] a room at a hotel” and brought them drugs. These facts are
similar to those in Ruiz-Castro where we found that the defendant—who sought to
purchase drugs from a seller, but never touched any of the drugs because they had been
stored at a third-party’s house—was directly involved with the entire amount of drugs
seized. Similarly, Martinez indicated that he wanted to buy drugs from a seller—the
woman—who brought the drugs to a specific location—the hotel room. And Martinez’s
involvement here is even more apparent than in Ruiz-Castro because Martinez had a
direct connection to the hotel room—through both room keys—while the defendant in
Ruiz-Castro did not.
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Because the sentencing court would have found Martinez to have been directly
involved with the drugs under either version of the facts, it would have sentenced
Martinez accordingly regardless of whether his counsel objected to the enhancement. As
such, no reasonable jurist would have found that Martinez was prejudiced by his
counsel’s decision not to object to his increased offense level based on the 564 grams of
methamphetamine seized in the hotel room.
IV.
Because no reasonable jurist would have found that Martinez’s IAC claims
satisfied the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, Martinez fails to substantially show
that he was denied a constitutional right. We therefore deny Martinez’s application for a
COA.
Entered for the Court
Allison H. Eid
Circuit Judge
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