Eugene Villarreal v. State of New Jersey

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
___________

No. 19-1426
___________

EUGENE VILLARREAL; SOON SIK VILLARREAL,
Appellants

v.

STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
a/k/a JUDICIARY COURTS OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY, DUNS: XX-XXXXXXX,
a/k/a JUDICIARY COURTS OF THE STATE OF NJ DUNS: XX-XXXXXXX,
a/k/a SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY,
a/k/a SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY OFFICE OF FORECLOSURE;
MICHELLE M. SMITH, individually and severally;
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY BERGEN COUNTY VICINAGE;
ELLEN KOBLITZ, individually and severally;
EDWARD A. JEREJIAN, individually and severally;
MENELAOS W. TOSKOS, individually and severally;
MICHAEL SAUDINO, a/k/a OFFICE OF COUNTY OF BERGEN SHERIFF, a/k/a
BERGEN COUNTY SHERIFF’S OFFICE OCCUPIED BY MICHAEL SAUDINO;
THOMAS J. SULLIVAN, individually and severally;
GERMAINE M. ORTIZ, individually and severally;
MARY J. AMOROSO, individually and severally;
DAVID L. GANZ, individually and severally;
STEVEN A. TANELLI, individually and severally;
JOAN M. VOSS, individually and severally;
TRACY S. ZUR, individually and severally
____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of New Jersey
(D.C. No. 2:18-cv-10444)
District Judge: Honorable Madeline C. Arleo
____________________________________
 Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
on February 19, 2020

Before: JORDAN, BIBAS, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: February 21, 2020)
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OPINION*
___________

PER CURIAM

Pro se Appellants Eugene Villarreal and Soon Sik Villarreal appeal from the District

Court’s order dismissing their complaint. For the following reasons, we will affirm.

I.

The following facts are taken from the complaint. In October 2006, the Villarreals en-

tered into a mortgage agreement with J.P. Morgan Chase Bank for property located at

501 Lincoln Avenue in Ridgefield, New Jersey. J.P. Morgan later initiated a foreclosure

action in the Superior Court of New Jersey. On May 13, 2016, the Superior Court entered

a Final Judgment of Foreclosure and Writ of Execution. After the property was sold at the

Bergen County Sheriff’s Office in February 2018, the Villarreals were ordered to vacate

the premises.

On June 12, 2018, the Villarreals filed a pro se complaint in the United States District

Court for the District of New Jersey alleging that their rights had been violated in numer-

ous respects during the foreclosure and Sheriff’s Sale. They named as defendants: the

State of New Jersey; the Superior Court of New Jersey Bergen Vicinage; Michelle M.

*
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
2
Smith, the Clerk of the Superior Court; and Superior Court Judges Ellen L. Koblitz, Ed-

ward A. Jerjian, and Menelaos W. Toskos (together, the “State Defendants”). They also

named as a defendant Bergen County Sheriff Michael Saudino, as well as the seven

members of the Bergen County Board of Chosen Freeholders.

The complaint, which is oftentimes rambling and difficult to follow, contained the fol-

lowing claims: (1) the State Defendants ordered the Villarreals to satisfy a Note that was

unsatisfiable because it “demands payment in U.S. $, which is impossible for [the Villar-

reals] to satisfy as there are no United States Dollars currently in circulation, and there is

no Act of Congress which declares a Federal Reserve Note to be a United States Dollar,”

Compl. 15, D.C. Dkt. No. 1; (2) the State Defendants violated their “Un-Alienable Rights

Re-Affirmed Under Public Law 39-26[1] by claiming In Personam Jurisdiction over Eu-

gene and Soon Villareal, living sentient beings and not artificial entity/legal persons,

which is the only ‘person’ over which said court can obtain in personam jurisdiction in

clear absence of all jurisdiction,” Compl. 17;2 (4) Sheriff Saudino violated their rights by

enforcing the “void ‘Judicially Robo Signed’ ‘Final Judgment’ and ‘Writ of Execution’”

unlawful foreclosure judgment and conducting the sale of the property, id. at 24; (5) the

constitute binding precedent.
1
Public Law No. 39-26 is the immediate predecessor of the Civil Rights Act of 1866,
which is currently codified as 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981 and 1982. Because claims under
§§ 1981 and 1982 necessarily include allegations of racial discrimination, which the Vil-
larreals do not allege, we will liberally construe the pro se complaint as invoking § 1983,
which is the vehicle by which private citizens may seek redress for violations of constitu-
tional rights committed by state officials.
2
These numbers track the Villarreals’ numbering in the complaint. Pages 20 through 22
(which presumably include claim three), are missing from the copy of the complaint up-
loaded to the District Court docket as well the copy provided by the Villarreals in their
3
Freeholders, “as Sheriff Michael Saudino’s Respondeat Superior’s are fully responsible

for the actions and misdeeds of the Sheriff and his department,” id. at 25; (6) the Villar-

reals are entitled to a declaratory judgment deeming the Note fraudulent because “there

are no United States Dollars in circulation to tender as cash,” no loan was ever consum-

mated, and no funds were ever transferred into an account belonging to the Villarreals, id.

at 30; (7) the Villarreals were placed into involuntary servitude when induced into sign-

ing the Note, id. at 31, 33–34; and (8) the Superior Court and its judges seized their prop-

erty in the clear absence of all jurisdiction, id. at 34–35.

The Villarreals alleged that, as a result of the defendants’ actions, they suffered invol-

untary servitude, loss of title to real property, loss of personal property, damage to earn-

ing capacity, lost earnings, physical pain and mental anguish in the past and future, prop-

erty damage, disruption of family harmony, and “[f]ear for Life when Sheriff of Bergen

County will use men with guns to break down their door to evict them from their proper-

ty.” Compl. 36–38. By way of damages, the Villarreals sought $75 million for each

claim, plus “[a]ctual damages,” an order declaring the Note and mortgage null and void,

and an order restoring title to their property. Id. at 39.

The State Defendants, Sheriff Saudino, and the Board of Freeholders all moved to

dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of

Civil Procedure. By Letter Order entered on January 22, 2019, the District Court dis-

missed the complaint on the ground that it lacked subject-matter jurisdiction under the

appendix.
4
Rooker-Feldman doctrine. See D.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983);

Rooker v. Fid. Tr. Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923).3

This appeal followed.

II.

We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review of the Dis-

trict Court’s application of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Turner v. Crawford Square

Apartments III, L.P., 449 F.3d 542, 547 (3d Cir. 2006). We also exercise plenary review

over the dismissal of a complaint under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) and

12(b)(6). In re Schering Plough Corp. Intron/Temodar Consumer Class Action, 678 F.3d

235, 243 (3d Cir. 2012). We may affirm on any basis supported by the record. Fairview

Township v. U.S. EPA, 773 F.2d 517, 525 n.15 (3d Cir. 1985).

III.

On appeal, the Villarreals raise several challenges to the District Court’s application

of the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. Leaving aside, however, whether the District Court’s

reliance on Rooker-Feldman was proper, the Villarreals’ claims for damages under

§ 1983 face other legal bars identified in the defendants’ motions to dismiss.

First, the State of New Jersey and the Superior Court are entitled to Eleventh

Amendment immunity from this suit. Under the Eleventh Amendment, “an unconsenting

State is immune from suits brought in federal courts by her own citizens as well as by cit-

3
In the letter order dismissing the complaint, the District Court also denied the Villar-
reals’ motion for a preliminary injunction. They do not challenge that ruling on appeal.
Therefore, we deem it waived. See Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 609 n.1 (3d Cir.
2005).
5
izens of another State.” Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 662–63 (1974). Eleventh

Amendment immunity protects not only states but also state agencies and departments,

such as the Superior Court here, “that are so intertwined with them as to render them

‘arms of the state.’” Karns v. Shanahan, 879 F.3d 504, 513 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting

Bowers v. NCAA, 475 F.3d 524, 545 (3d Cir. 2007)). While it is not entirely clear from

the complaint, it appears that the Villarreals sought to proceed under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,

see supra note 1, and § 1983 does not abrogate New Jersey’s immunity. See Quern v.

Jordan, 440 U.S. 332, 340-41 (1979). Further, New Jersey has neither consented to suit

nor waived its Eleventh Amendment immunity here. Accordingly, the Villarreals’ claims

against the State and the Superior Court are barred.

The Villarreals’ claims against the Superior Court judges who presided over the fore-

closure proceedings are also barred. “A judicial officer in the performance of his duties

has absolute immunity from suit and will not be liable for his judicial acts.” Azubuko v.

Royal, 443 F.3d 302, 303 (3d Cir. 2006) (per curiam). This holds true even if the action

“was in error, was done maliciously, or was in excess of his authority; rather, he will be

subject to liability only when he has acted ‘in the clear absence of all jurisdiction.’” Id.

(quoting Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356–57 (1978)). Here, the Villarreals’ alle-

gations against Judges Koblitz, Jerejian, and Toskos relate to actions they took as judg-

es—namely, their enforcement of an allegedly unconscionable and unenforceable Note.

Although they allege that the judges (a) lacked in personam jurisdiction over their sen-

tient beings, and (b) issued orders in the wrong venue, these claims are frivolous and do

not show a clear absence of jurisdiction under Azubuko and Stump.

6
 Clerk Smith is also entitled to quasi-judicial immunity for carrying out a facially valid

Writ of Execution. See Kincaid v. Vail, 969 F.2d 594, 601–02 (7th Cir. 1992).

Next, Sheriff Saudino was immune from liability for enforcing the foreclosure judg-

ment and conducting the sale of the property. “[L]aw enforcement officials executing a

facially valid court order are protected by absolute quasi-judicial immunity.” Roland v.

Phillips, 19 F.3d 552, 555 (11th Cir. 1994) (emphasis omitted). Although the Villarreals

allege that Sheriff Saudino is liable because the sale was unlawful, they do not allege any

facts suggesting that the Sheriff had reason to question the validity of the state-court fore-

closure judgment. Therefore, he too is immune from this suit. See, e.g., Henry v. Farmer

City State Bank, 808 F.2d 1228, 1238–39 (7th Cir. 1986) (holding that a sheriff who was

acting pursuant to an official court order to enforce a validly entered judgment was enti-

tled to quasi-judicial immunity).4

Lastly, we conclude that the Villarreals failed to state a claim against the seven mem-

bers of the Board of Freeholders based on their alleged failure to supervise the Sheriff’s

Office. Even accepting the Villarreals’ allegation that the Board of Freeholders is the

managing body of the Bergen County Sheriff’s Office and that they have a duty to super-

vise that office, liability under § 1983 cannot be based on respondeat superior, Rizzo v.

Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 375–76 (1976), and the Villarreals failed to identify any specific

policy, procedure, or custom of the Board of Freeholders to support a § 1983 claim

4
Sheriff Saudino is also shielded by the doctrine of qualified immunity, which “protects
government officials ‘from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not
violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person
would have known.’” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009) (quoting Harlow v.
7
against a local government, see Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690–92

(1978). Therefore, the Villarreals failed to state a claim against the Freeholders.

In their brief, the Villarreals also argue that the District Court erred in dismissing the

complaint without providing them with an opportunity to amend it. However, given our

conclusion that most of the defendants are immune from suit and that the Villarreals’ re-

maining allegations against the Freeholders were woefully insufficient, amendment

would have been futile. See Grayson v. Mayview State Hosp., 293 F.3d 103, 114 (3d Cir.

2002).

IV.

We have considered Appellants’ remaining arguments on appeal and conclude that

they are meritless. Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s order dismissing the

complaint.

Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)).
8