J-A05045-20
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
GLORIA J. NICODEMUS : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
Appellant :
:
:
v. :
:
:
BRIAN E. AND JOLINDA A. : No. 1596 WDA 2019
MARKITELL :
Appeal from the Judgment Entered March 11, 2019
In the Court of Common Pleas of Blair County Civil Division at No(s):
2017 GN 2752
BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., BOWES, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*
MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED MARCH 11, 2020
Gloria J. Nicodemus (Nicodemus) appeals the order of the Court of
Common Pleas of Blair County (trial court) denying her request for an
easement by implication over the property of her neighbors, Brian E. and
Jolinda A. Markitell (the Markitells). We affirm.
I.
Nicodemus and the Markitells each own a piece of what was once a
single parcel owned by a developer.1 In 1978, the developer sold a portion of
that original parcel (Lot A) to Gloria G. Van Tries, who died in 2012, leaving
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1 The pertinent facts are gleaned from the certified record.
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Lot A to her estate, which was administered by Emily Van Tries. Nicodemus
purchased Lot A from the estate in 2015. The other piece of the original parcel
(Lot B) was sold by the developer in 2005. Lot B was again sold in 2007 and
its most recent sale was to the Markitells in June 2012.
This case involves an allegation of an unrecorded easement (“road”)
that the original developer constructed across Lot A and Lot B when they were
still a single parcel. The Markitells built a fence blocking access to “the road”
between the two properties. In 2017, Nicodemus filed a Complaint against
the Markitells asserting that their construction of the fence wrongfully denied
her an implied easement2 that was created by its continuous use starting from
the time when Lot A and Lot B were one parcel. She claimed that the “road”
running through Lot B was the sole means of accessing her house on Lot A.
In their Answer, the Markitells responded that no such easement existed
because the “road” had not been in continuous use for years before Nicodemus
owned Lot A. They also asserted that any easement on Lot B was abandoned
by past residents of Lot A who obstructed it with vehicles, piles of garbage
and large bonfires. As to Nicodemus’ allegation that “the road” was her sole
access to her home on Lot A, the Markitells contended that Nicodemus and
prior owners of that property had full access to the house via a front driveway.
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2 Generally, an implied easement may arise from continuous use of a right-
of-way if the behavior of the parties demonstrates their intention for such use
to continue. See Phillippi v. Knotter, 748 A.2d 757, 762 (Pa. Super. 2000).
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Before the trial court, the Markitells testified that after moving into their
residence in 2012, they saw that vehicles would often be parked for long
periods of time on the “road” connecting Lot A and Lot B. See Trial Transcript,
1/9/2019, at 22. Further, they observed that the residents of Lot A had been
leaving “bags of dirty diapers,” as well as “furniture from within the home;
there was lamps, computer, dressers, [and] end tables.” Id. at 53-54. To
dispose of that waste, these previous residents would periodically burn it with
“big bonfires.” Id. at 54.3
The Markitells testified that the fires were set directly in the middle of
the “road.” Id. at 54-55, 74. In September 2013, the Markitells erected a
fence across the “road” to prevent ash and debris from blowing onto their
property. Id. at 76-77. Finally, the Markitells testified that a separate
driveway outside of Lot B was for many years used without any limitations to
access the house on Lot A. Id. at 56-57, 64.
The trial court ruled that the construction and continuous use of the
subject “road” created an easement by implication but found that it was
extinguished by abandonment. See Trial Court Opinion and Order,
3/11/2019, at 11-14. Specifically, the trial court credited evidence showing
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3 It is undisputed that the residents of Lot A who dumped and burned garbage
from 2012 to 2013 included the administratrix of Gloria G. Van Tries’ estate,
Emily Van Tries, who held legal title to the property at that time.
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that before Nicodemus purchased Lot A, earlier residents had “intended to
give up the right to use the easement permanently by . . . using it as a
dumping ground, as well as a burn pile, for the miscellaneous garbage dumped
there.” Id. at 13.4
Moreover, the trial court found that the “dumping and burning, along
with the presence of inoperable vehicles amount[ed] to affirmative acts that
created a physical obstruction of the easement in a manner inconsistent with
its further enjoyment.” Id. The trial court also noted the Markitells’ testimony
that the residence on Lot A was fully accessible year-round via the driveway
in front of the property. Id. at 12.
Nicodemus filed post-trial motions, contending that the trial court
abused its discretion by misconstruing the evidence as indicative of
abandonment of an easement. See Post-Trial Motions, 3/21/2019, at 2-3.
Judgment was entered on October 15, 2019. Nicodemus timely appealed,5
and both she and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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4The Markitells concede that the trial court erred in describing the purported
acts of abandonment as taking place over a period of seven years. See
Appellee’s Brief, at 9-10. In fact, this conduct only lasted between 2012 and
2013.
5 The standard of review in this equity action is whether the trial court
“committed an error of law or abused his discretion. The scope of review of a
final decree in equity is limited and will not be disturbed unless it is
unsupported by the evidence or demonstrably capricious.” Phillippi, 748
A.2d at 758 (quoting Southall v. Humbert, 685 A.2d 574, 576-77 (Pa.
1996)).
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II.
On appeal, Nicodemus contends that the trial court erred as a matter of
law or abused its discretion in finding that an easement by implication across
the Markitells’ property (Lot B) was extinguished due to its abandonment by
the residents of Lot A who preceded Nicodemus. From our review of the record
and the applicable law, we find that Nicodemus is due no relief.
A.
An easement is “[a]n interest in land owned by another person,
consisting in the right to use or control the land, or an area above or below it,
for a specific limited purpose.” Stanton v. Lackawanna Energy, Ltd., 886
A.2d 667, 676 n.7 (Pa. 2005) (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary, 8th ed. (2004),
at 1108).
The type of easement at issue here, an easement by implied reservation,
is “based on the theory that continuous use of a permanent right-of-way gives
rise to the implication that the parties intended that such use would continue,
notwithstanding the absence of necessity for the use.” Phillippi v. Knotter,
748 A.2d 757, 762 (Pa. Super. 2000) (quoting Bucciarelli v. DeLisa, 691
A.2d 446, 449 (Pa. 1997)). An easement by implied reservation may be
formed even though “the easement is not essential for the beneficial use of
the property.” Burns Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Boehm, 356 A.2d 763, 767 (Pa.
1976).
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However, an easement may terminate by operation of the terms of its
creation or by an intentional act to extinguish it. See Forest Glen Condo.
Ass’n v. Forest Green Common Ltd. P’ship, 900 A.2d 859, 864 (Pa. Super.
2006). A court may determine that an easement by implied reservation is
extinguished by abandonment where there is a:
showing of intent of the owner of the dominant tenement
to abandon the easement, coupled with either (1) adverse
possession by the owner of the servient tenement; or (2)
affirmative acts by the owner of the easement that renders . . .
use of the easement impossible; or (3) obstruction of the
easement by the owner of the easement in a manner that
is inconsistent with its further enjoyment.
Ruffalo v. Walters, 348 A.2d 740, 741 (Pa. 1975) (emphasis added); see
also Moody v. Allegheny Valley Land Trust, 976 A.2d 484, 488 (Pa. 2009)
(conduct of abandonment “must consist of some affirmative act on his part
which renders use of the easement impossible, or of some physical obstruction
of it by him in a manner that is inconsistent with its further enjoyment.”)
(quoting Thompson v. R.R. Pres. Soc’y, 612 A.2d 450, 453 (Pa. Super.
1992)) (emphasis in original).
“Questions of abandonment are heavily fact-driven decisions.” Buffalo
Twp. v. Jones, 813 A.2d 659, 666 n.7 (Pa. 2002). This is because “intent to
abandon must be established from the evidence, and . . . numerous possible
factors evidencing intent must be considered.” Moody, 930 A.2d at 514. On
review, “an appellate court displays a high level of deference to the trial court
as the fact finder.” Jones, 813 A.2d at 666 n.7.
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B.
In this case, there is evidence that a prior owner of Lot A (or at least a
resident who held title to the property in trust)6 acted in ways which were
inconsistent with the further enjoyment of the easement that passed through
Lot B. Gloria G. Van Tries bought Lot A in 1978, and after she died in 2012,
legal title passed to her estate, which was administered by Emily Van Tries
from 2012 to 2015. During that time, prior to the purchase of Lot A by
Nicodemus, the “road” running through Lot A and Lot B was obstructed by
parked vehicles, as well as garbage which was set ablaze.
The trial court credited the Markitells’ testimony that the garbage and
parked vehicles rendered the road unusable, as well as their concern that
embers from the bonfires could blow into their property. See Trial Court
Opinion and Order, 3/11/2019, at 12. Additionally, the trial court accepted
the Markitells’ testimony that they had only ever seen the home on Lot A being
accessed by a separate driveway located outside of Lot B. Id. All of this
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6 Nicodemus argues that during the period in question, from 2012 to 2013,
Lot A was occupied by “short-term tenants” who did not have authority to act
in a way that would terminate an easement. See Appellant’s Brief, at 13.
However, the resident of Lot A at that time was Emily Van Tries, who held
legal title to the property upon her mother’s death as the administratrix of the
estate. Nicodemus cites no authority – and we find none – that would
categorize Emily Van Tries as a type of resident whose actions are incapable
of resulting in a termination of an existing easement. Thus, we decline to
draw this distinction.
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evidence tends to establish that any easement linking the properties was not,
and was not intended to be, in continuous use during that period.
Nicodemus argues that the trial court abused its discretion in finding
that the garbage piles and ash heaps physically obstructed the easement so
as to render it unusable. See Appellant’s Brief, at 12. She further argues
that there was no evidence that a vehicle parked on or by the easement was
positioned in a way that obstructed “the road.” However, whether or not the
garbage piles and parked vehicles actually obstructed an easement between
Lot A and Lot B was a question of fact for the trial court to resolve. 7 The
testimony of the Markitells is evidence that supports the finding that the
subject easement was obstructed and, therefore, abandoned. Accordingly,
because we must defer to the trial court’s findings, there is no factual or legal
basis to disturb the order on review.
Order affirmed.
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7 Nicodemus correctly asserts that the trial court erred in referring to the acts
of abandonment as taking place over a period of seven years. Regardless,
the elements of abandonment outlined above are satisfied by the conduct of
Lot A’s owner occurring between 2012 and 2013. See Ario v. Ingram Micro,
Inc., 965 A.2d 1194, 1200 (Pa. 2009) (“an appellate court may uphold an
order of a lower court for any valid reason appearing from the record”). The
“right for any reason doctrine” applies “if the established facts support a legal
conclusion producing the same outcome.” In re A.J.R.-H., 188 A.3d 1157,
1176 (Pa. 2018).
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 3/11/2020
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