[Cite as State v. Primous, 2020-Ohio-912.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 108341
v. :
NATHANIEL PRIMOUS, IV, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: March 12, 2020
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-18-633189-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Shannon Musson, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
Joseph V. Pagano, for appellant.
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J.:
Defendant-appellant, Nathaniel Primous, IV, appeals his convictions
following a bench trial. For the reasons that follow, we affirm in part, and reverse in
part.
In September 2018, Primous was named in a nine-count indictment
charging him with one count each of aggravated burglary (Count 1), felonious assault
(Count 2), domestic violence (Count 3), aggravated menacing (Count 4),
telecommunications harassment (Count 9), and four counts of endangering children
(Counts 5-8). Counts 1 and 2 also carried one- and three-year firearm specifications.
The case proceeded to trial where the following evidence was presented.
On September 28, 2018, the victim was sitting in her living room at
her Dove Avenue address when she heard a “booming” noise. Thinking it came from
her four children, who were playing upstairs, she yelled up to them. She walked
toward the kitchen and heard the sound of glass breaking. As the victim ran up the
stairs to her children, she heard the second windowpane of glass break. She ran into
the bedroom where her children were and attempted to barricade the door with
furniture. However, the door was pushed open by Primous, her estranged husband.
He stood in front of the door, pointed a handgun at the victim, and asked her about
the presence of another man. He then struck the victim with the gun on the side of
head causing injury to her eye area. The victim stated that Primous continued to
point the gun at her, so she dropped to her knees and apologized because she did
not want Primous to hurt her children. When she looked up, Primous had left the
room. After Primous left, the victim barricaded the door and called the police. The
911 recording was played for the court. The victim admitted that she did not identify
Primous as her assailant to the dispatcher or tell them that he had a gun.
When the police arrived, the victim told them that Primous broke into
her home, and threatened and assaulted her with a gun. The victim testified that
although the injury to her eye was painful, she did not seek medical attention. A
photo of her injury was submitted to the court.
According to the victim, the police were supposed to wait outside for
her and her children to pack up their belongings; however, when the victim looked
outside, the police were gone. The victim then heard gun shots and discovered that
the shots were directed at her home. She stated that although she called the police,
she was fearful and left the residence with her children before the police arrived.
The victim identified photographs that she took two weeks prior to
trail of blood found on the walls inside her home. According to the victim, the blood
was from when Primous broke her window to gain entrance into her house.
The victim also testified about text messages she subsequently
received from Primous that night from 10:16 p.m. until 10:27 p.m. She identified a
photograph of the “screenshot” displaying the text messages as an accurate
reflection of the text messages she received. She identified that the messages were
sent by “N,” who, according to the victim, was Primous. The victim explained that
although she has Primous’s name saved in her phone, only the first letter of his name
appears on the text messages. In the messages, Primous threatened to kill “him”
and that no one was going to “touch you.” According to the victim, Primous thought
a male was in her house, which was why he believed she did not answer her
telephone earlier that evening.
The victim testified that she and Primous were happily married for
two years, but separated in early January 2017; they have no children together.
Although she filed for divorce after the separation, she withdrew her petition
because they were attempting to reconcile. Nevertheless, they again separated in
2018 approximately five months prior to the assault. According to the victim,
Primous did not live with her and her children, he surrendered his keys when he
moved out, and his name was removed from the lease.
Even though the victim stated that all four of her children were
present during the assault, they were not interviewed by police. However, two of the
victim’s children testified at trial. Her older son, age 10, testified that he and his
siblings were upstairs watching television when he heard a “loud and bumpy” noise
from downstairs. He said their mother ran into the room and attempted to push the
television in front of the door but Primous, who he identified as his “step-dad,” came
into the room and pointed a gun at the victim. He described the gun as orange and
black. According to the witness, Primous asked about another man and then hit the
victim in the head.
The victim’s second oldest child, age 8, also testified about the
incident. He described the gun that Primous had as “gray and black.” According to
the witness, he knew Primous because “he sometimes comes over to [their] house,”
but was unsure if he and his mother were in a relationship or even friends.
Officer Victoria Przybylski testified that she responded to a call on
Dove Avenue for a burglary in progress. Upon arrival, she learned from a neighbor
that he had heard a couple of big booms and some glass breaking; the neighbor was
not identified or called as a witness. Officer Przybylski approached the home, and
observed the front door was ajar and glass on the floor from the front window.
According to Officer Przybylski, the victim came down the stairs and told her that
Primous broke into her home and assaulted her with a gun. Officer Przybylski
interviewed the victim, but did not interview the children because she was advised
by the victim that the children did not witness the incident. She stated that she
observed and photographed the cut and swelling around the victim’s eye. According
to Officer Przybylski, the victim was “terrified, shaking, crying, and upset.”
Officer Przybylski testified that she was waiting for the victim to leave
the residence when she received a call for a male at the Cleveland Clinic with a
gunshot wound. Upon speaking with the reporting officers, she learned the male
was identified as Primous. Officer Przybylski stated that she left the victim’s
residence to speak with Primous at the hospital. Once there, she observed cuts on
Primous’s hand, but Primous denied that he was at the victim’s home or that he had
recently seen her. Despite Primous telling Officer Przybylski that he was shot, she
later learned from the treating physician that Primous’s wounds were consistent
with cuts, and not a gunshot. Based on this information, Primous was arrested.
Dr. Damon Kralovic, a Cleveland Clinic medical physician, testified
that he responded to the emergency department for a male, identified as Primous,
with a gunshot wound. However, upon examination, he ascertained the injury was
to Primous’s right elbow. Dr. Kralovic described the injuries as a “laceration” and
“abrasion,” and not a puncture wound.
Detective John Freehoffer testified that he received the assignment
the following day and interviewed the victim. Detective Freehoffer identified the
photographs that he took of the exterior of the home, but admitted that he did not
take any photographs inside the home because he could not gain access into the
home. He admitted that he did not interview the victim’s children because he had
no further contact with the victim except for emailed photographs the victim took of
the blood that was inside the home and the bullet fragment the victim later provided.
Primous testified in his defense. He stated that he had been drinking
with friends prior to going to the victim’s house. According to Primous, he entered
through the unlocked front door and found the victim sitting on the couch. He
stated that after using the bathroom upstairs he and the victim went outside on the
front porch to drink and smoke. While on the porch, they began to argue about a
man she was talking to and the children Primous fathered with other women during
his and the victim’s marriage. Primous testified that out of anger, he “mooshed” the
victim in the face, causing her injuries; he denied possessing or using a gun. He
further admitted that he broke the window. When the victim ran inside stating she
was calling the police, Primous ran off and went to the hospital for the injury he
sustained to his elbow from breaking the window.
Primous testified that he lived at the Dove address, identifying an
overdue utility bill that was in his name. However, he admitted that he told the
police when he was arrested that evening that he lived at a different address — the
address where he “receives his mail.” Even though he initially testified that he paid
the November 2018 utility bill for the Dove Avenue address, he later stated he did
not pay October or November’s bill because he was incarcerated. Primous further
admitted that he lied to the physicians at the hospital about getting shot. He also
admitted to making calls from jail to the victim begging her not to press charges.
Finally, he denied that he sent the threatening text messages, but admitted he
argued with the victim about another male.
At the close of all evidence, the trial court found Primous guilty of all
counts. The court found that counts 1, 2, and 3 were allied offenses that merged for
sentencing, and the state elected that Primous be sentenced on Count 1, aggravated
burglary. The court imposed a three-year sentence on Count 1, consecutive with the
three-year firearm specification. The court ordered Primous to serve concurrent six-
month terms on each of Counts 4 through 9, and also ordered that those sentences
be served concurrently with Count 1, for a total prison sentence of six years.
Primous now appeals, raising four assignments of error, which will be
addressed out of order.
A. Text Message Authentication
In his third assignment of error, Primous contends that the trial court
erred by admitting, without proper authentication, state’s exhibit No. 4, a printout
of the text messages from the victim’s phone.
Evidentiary rulings made at trial rest within the sound discretion of
the trial court. State v. Graham, 58 Ohio St.2d 350, 390 N.E.2d 805 (1979). “[T]he
threshold standard for authenticating evidence pursuant to Evid.R. 901(A) is low,
and ‘does not require conclusive proof of authenticity, but only sufficient
foundational evidence for the trier of fact to conclude that * * * [the evidence] is what
its proponent claims it to be.’” State v. Inkton, 2016-Ohio-693, 60 N.E.3d 616, ¶ 73
(8th Dist.), quoting State v. Easter, 75 Ohio App.3d 22, 25, 598 N.E.2d 845 (4th
Dist.1991). Pursuant to Evid.R. 901(B)(1), the authentication requirement can be
satisfied by the “[t]estimony of a witness with knowledge * * * that a matter is what
it is claimed to be.”
“[I]n most cases involving electronic print media, i.e., texts, instant
messaging, and e-mails, the photographs taken of the print media or the printouts
of those conversations are authenticated, introduced, and received into evidence
through the testimony of the recipient of the messages.” State v. Roseberry, 197
Ohio App.3d 256, 2011-Ohio-5921, 967 N.E.2d 233, ¶ 75 (8th Dist.).
In this case, the text messages were authenticated by the victim. She
testified that she received the messages from Primous after he broke into her home
and assaulted her. She identified that although Primous’s actual name is stored in
her cell phone, when a text message is sent only the first initial of his name appears.
Accordingly, under the low-threshold standard, the victim had personal knowledge
of the content of the text messages; thus, they were properly authenticated by the
victim’s testimony.
Accordingly, Primous’s third assignment of error is overruled.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
A Crim.R. 29 motion challenges the sufficiency of the evidence. The
test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the prosecution met its
burden of production at trial. State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266,
2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 12. An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency
of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted
at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average
mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Murphy, 91 Ohio
St.3d 516, 543, 747 N.E.2d 765 (2001). “‘The relevant inquiry is whether, after
viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a
reasonable doubt.’” State v. Walker, 150 Ohio St.3d 409, 2016-Ohio-829, 82 N.E.3d
1124, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
In this case, Primous was found guilty of all charges — aggravated
burglary, with both one- and three-year firearm specifications, felonious assault,
with one- and three-year firearm specifications, domestic violence, aggravated
menacing, telecommunications harassment, and four counts of child endangering.
He contends in his first assignment of error that the trial court erred when it denied
his Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal because the state failed to present sufficient
evidence to support his convictions.
Primous was convicted of aggravated burglary. Pertinent to this
appeal, aggravated burglary is defined as trespassing by force in an occupied
structure when a person other than an accomplice is present with the intent to
commit a criminal offense inside the structure, and the offender inflicts, attempts,
or threatens to inflict physical harm on another. R.C. 2911.11(A)(1).
Primous contends that the trespass element of his aggravated
burglary conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence because he was married
to the victim, his name was on the lease, and a utility bill was still in his name. He
also contends that he did not break the window to gain access into the home; rather,
he claims he entered through an unlocked door, thus defeating the element of force.
We disagree.
Although Primous and the victim were married, “[a] spouse may be
criminally liable for trespass and/or burglary in the dwelling of the other spouse who
is exercising custody or control over that dwelling.” State v. Lilly, 87 Ohio St.3d 97,
717 N.E.2d 322 (1999), paragraph one of the syllabus. In this case, the evidence was
sufficient to demonstrate that the victim exercised custody and control of the Dove
Avenue residence. The victim testified that Primous had not lived at the Dove
Avenue residence for the past five months, when he surrendered his keys to the
residence and his name was removed from the lease. And, according to the victim,
Primous had not paid any of the utility bills despite them being his name.
Accordingly, sufficient evidence of the trespass element was presented.
Additionally, even if we were to believe that Primous did not break
the window to gain access into the victim’s home, his admitted conduct of entering
through an unlocked door would still be sufficient to prove the force element of
aggravated burglary. “Ohio law has long held that the force element for an
aggravated burglary charge is established through the opening of a closed but
unlocked door.” State v. Johnson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97698, 2012-Ohio-3812;
¶ 16, citing State v. Lane, 50 Ohio App.2d 41, 46, 361 N.E.2d 535 (10th Dist.1976).
Accordingly, sufficient evidence was presented to support the force element and his
overall conviction of aggravated burglary.
Primous contends that despite the trial court finding the offenses of
aggravated burglary, felonious assault, and domestic violence were allied and
merged for sentencing, and the state electing to sentence Primous for aggravated
burglary, this court should review the finding of guilt for felonious assault and
domestic violence under a sufficiency analysis as well. We disagree because when
counts in an indictment are allied offenses and there is sufficient evidence to support
the offense on which the state elects to have the defendant sentenced, this court need
not consider the sufficiency of the evidence on the merged counts because any error
would be harmless. State v. Ramos, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103596, 2016-Ohio-
7685, ¶ 14.
Even if we addressed the findings of guilt for felonious assault and
domestic violence, sufficient evidence was presented because Primous admitted, at
the very least, to “mooshing” the victim in the face and causing the injury depicted
in the photograph. Moreover, under a sufficiency standard the evidence is viewed
in the light most favorable to the state; accordingly, the victim and her children’s
testimony that Primous pointed a gun at the victim and hit her in the face with the
gun would be sufficient to support the finding of guilt for felonious assault and also
his convictions of both the one- and three-year the firearm specifications.
Primous also contends that his convictions for aggravated menacing
and telecommunications harassment were not supported by sufficient evidence
because the text messages the state used to prove the offenses were not
authenticated.
R.C. 2903.21(A) provides that no person shall knowingly cause
another to believe that the offender will cause serious physical harm to the person
or property of the other person. Telecommunications harassment pursuant to R.C.
2917.21(A)(3), prohibits a person from “knowingly mak[ing] or caus[ing] to be made
a telecommunication * * * to another, if the caller * * * during the
telecommunication, [commits the offense of aggravated menacing].” As previously
discussed, the text messages were properly authenticated by the victim.
Accordingly, Primous’s challenge to these offenses on appeal is without merit.
Moreover, the state did not need the text messages to prove the
aggravated menacing charge because Primous’s conduct of breaking into the
victim’s home and pointing a gun at her caused the victim to believe that he would
cause or attempt to cause her serious physical harm. State v. Goodwin, 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 05AP-267, 2006-Ohio-66, ¶ 25-26 (merely displaying a weapon
supports a conviction for aggravated menacing where the victim believed the
appellant would cause serious physical harm). In fact, the victim testified that she
was scared and terrified for her and her children’s safety. Accordingly, sufficient
evidence was presented supporting Primous’s conviction for aggravated menacing.
Primous was also charged with four counts of child endangering, in
violation of R.C. 2919.22(A), which provides that
No person, who is the parent, guardian, custodian, person having
custody or control, or person in loco parentis of a child under eighteen
years of age * * * shall create a substantial risk to the health or safety of
the child, by violating a duty of care, protection, or support.
Primous contends on appeal that his convictions are not supported
by sufficient evidence because (1) he did not threaten the children, and (2) he is not
the children’s parent, guardian, custodian, person having custody or control, or
person in loco parentis of the children. The state maintains that Primous’s conduct
of entering the bedroom where the children were located and threatening their
mother with a gun created a substantial risk to the safety of the victim’s children.
We agree. However, we disagree with the state’s argument that Primous owed a
duty of care, protection, or support to the children because (1) he was the children’s
stepfather, and (2) he was in control of the children.
In order to be convicted of child endangering pursuant to R.C.
2919.22(A), the state must prove that the person who creates “a substantial risk to
the health or safety of the child, by violating a duty of care, protection, or support”
is a person “who is the parent, guardian, custodian, person having custody or
control, or person in loco parentis” of the child.1
The state first contends that Primous’s legal status as the children’s
stepfather places him a position to provide care, protection, and support to the child.
In support, the state cites to State v. Craig, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 01CA8, 2002-Ohio-
1433, ¶ 46, where the court simply stated, “[a]ppellant is [child victim’s] stepfather.”
However, a “stepparent” is not an identified relationship in R.C. 2919.22(A) that
automatically owes a duty of care. Rather, the identified relationships are “parents,
guardians, custodians, persons having custody or control, or person in loco
parentis.” This is not to say that “stepparents” cannot be included as one of these
classifications, but the legal status of “stepparent,” alone, does not subject an
individual to a criminal offense under R.C. 2919.22. The General Assembly could
have included stepparent as an identified class, but has chosen not to do so.
Compare R.C. 2907.03(A)(5), sexual battery, “offender is the other person’s natural
or adoptive parent, or a stepparent, or guardian, custodian, or person in loco
parentis of the other person”; R.C. 2919.25(F), domestic violence, defining “family
1 Subsection B expressly covers affirmative acts of torture, abuse or excessive acts
of corporal punishment, or disciplinary measures. Whereas subsection A is concerned
with circumstances of neglect, which is characterized as acts of omission rather than
commission. Accordingly, an inexcusable failure to act in discharge of one’s duty to
protect a child where such failure to act results in a substantial risk to the child’s health
or safety is an offense under R.C. 2919.22(A). State v. Kamel, 12 Ohio St.3d 306, 309,
466 N.E.2d 860 (1984); see also State v. Esper, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105069, 2017-
Ohio-7069, ¶ 12, quoting Committee Comment to R.C. 2919.22 (offense of neglect is “‘the
violation of a duty to care, protection, or support which results in a substantial risk to [the
child’s] health and safety.’”).
or household member” as “a parent or child of spouse, person living as a spouse, or
former spouse of the offender.”
Moreover, merely having the legal status as a stepparent does not
automatically cause the stepparent to stand in loco parentis to the stepchild. See
State v. White, 116 Ohio App. 522, 189 N.E.2d 160 (2d Dist.1962), paragraph five of
the syllabus; see also State v. Erwin, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-920293, 1993 Ohio
App. LEXIS 1127 (Feb. 24, 1992) (stepfather does not automatically stand in loco
parentis to the child of his wife, but if the stepfather takes the child into his home,
supports, educates, and assumes the duties of a parent, he consents to stand in loco
parentis to a stepchild).
R.C. 2919.22 does not define, “in loco parentis.” However, the Ohio
Supreme Court in State v. Noggle, 67 Ohio St.3d 31, 615 N.E.2d 1040 (1993), set
forth the following definitions:
The term “in loco parentis” means “charged, factitiously, with a
parent’s rights, duties, and responsibilities.” Black’s Law Dictionary
787 (6th Ed.1990). A person in loco parentis has assumed the same
duties as a guardian or custodian, only not through a legal proceeding.
A “person in loco parentis” was grouped with guardians and custodians
in the statute because they all have similar responsibilities.
The phrase “person in loco parentis” * * * applies to a person who has
assumed the dominant parental role and is relied upon by the child for
support. This statutory provision was not designed for teachers,
coaches, scout leaders, or any other persons who might temporarily
have some disciplinary control over a child. Simply put, the statute
applies to the people the child goes home to.
Id. at 33.
The following factors should be considered when determining
whether a person is acting in loco parentis:
(1) the person is charged with a parent’s rights and responsibilities; (2)
the person has assumed the same duties as a guardian or custodian; (3)
the person has assumed a dominant parental role; (4) the child relies
upon the person for support; (5) the child “goes home” to the person;
(6) the person’s relationship with the child is close, supportive, and
protective; (7) the person has the intention of acting as a parent, which
is shown by the acts, conduct, and declaration of the person; (8) the
person intentionally assumes the obligations incidental to the parental
relationship; and (9) the person is the primary caretaker for the child
while the biological parent is absent due to, for example, employment.
State v. Abubakar, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-440, 2011-Ohio-6299, ¶ 10.
In this case, no testimony or evidence was presented that would
support any of these factors. Although Primous testified that he was married to the
children’s mother, paid a utility bill, and was on the lease of the residence, evidence
was also presented that Primous and the victim had an estranged relationship for
approximately five months, he did not pay the utility bills, he does not and had not
lived at the residence during those estranged months, he surrendered his keys to the
victim, and his name was removed from the lease. Absolutely no testimony was
presented regarding his interactions with the children on prior occasions, any
maintenance or supportive role he provided the children, or that he acted as a
“factitious” parent. Accordingly, the evidence is insufficient to find that Primous
was a person acting in loco parentis.
The state also contends that Primous “had control of the four children
as well as the victim” when he “forcefully gained entry to the home, without
permission, while in possession and brandishing a firearm.” (Emphasis added.)
The state seems to claim that the defendant’s actions or conduct satisfies the duty
element, i.e. custody or control, found in R.C. 2919.22(A). We disagree.
“[T]he phrase ‘custody or control,’ must mean something other than
in loco parentis, or the phrase becomes superfluous.” State v. Schoolcraft, 11th Dist.
Portage No. 91-P-2340, 1992 Ohio App. LEXIS 2782, 3 (May 29, 1992). “The
relationship must be more than a causal relationship, but something less than being
in loco parentis.” State v. Stout, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-06-12, 2006-Ohio-6089, ¶ 17.
A “‘person having custody or control,’ can apply to someone physically entrusted
with the care of a child * * *.” State v. Kirk, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 93AP-726, 1994
Ohio App LEXIS 1189, 9 (Mar. 24, 1994). Moreover, the control over the child need
not be ongoing, but instead, may be temporary. State v. Brooks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
Nos. 75711 and 75712, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 1354, 25 (Mar. 30, 2000)
(grandmother who was providing temporary child care ignored child’s symptoms
and failed to seek medical care).
In cases where a person was found to have “custody or control” over
a child, a duty or an exercise of care to the children must be present. See, e.g., State
v. Curry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105203, 2018-Ohio-4771 (defendant had custody
or control because he was babysitting the children, the children viewed him as an
authority figure); State v. Thompson, 2017-Ohio-9044, 101 N.E.3d 632 (7th Dist.)
(defendant exercised control over children despite mother’s presence because he
lived with the children, the children called him “dad,” he provided support in the
form of food stamps, and parental services such as cooking, household rule
enforcement, and child care); State v. Huffman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93000,
2010-Ohio-5116, ¶ 30 (defendant had custody or control over nephew who was in
the backseat of the car); State v. Masterson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88102, 2007-
Ohio-1145 (defendant in custody or control of child because he lived with the child
and child’s mother, and acted as if he were the child’s father); State v. Smith, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 68745, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 214 (Jan. 25, 1996) (grandfather
found to have “custody and control” over children where testimony showed children
and their mother lived with grandparents for over two years); Kirk (defendant who
saw and played with wife’s biological child on a daily basis, and the child referred to
defendant as his “buddy,” had more than a casual relationship, but less than a legal
relationship, sufficient evidence presented that defendant had control over the child
as they were playing on the swing set); Schoolcraft (person acting as a babysitter).
Based on the foregoing, we find that the term “custody or control”
refers to the relationship between the defendant and the child that creates the
defendant’s duty owed to the child. A person’s “custody or control” is not the action
or inaction that creates the substantial risk to the health or safety of the child.
In this case, no testimony was presented that Primous was a person
having custody or control over the children. Although Primous was married to the
victim and at one time lived with the victim and her children, no testimony was
presented that Primous took any responsibility or assumed any parental role toward
the children. Although one of the children testified that he considered Primous as
his “stepfather,” the other child did not refer to him as his stepfather, denied that
Primous ever lived with them, and denied that his mother and Primous were in a
relationship. Simply, the evidence was insufficient to prove that Primous was a
person who owed a duty to the children because he was a person having custody or
control over the children at the time of the incident as intended by R.C. 2929.22(A).
We find that Primous created a substantial risk to the health or safety
of the victim’s children, and arguably committed other criminal offenses. However,
in order to be convicted of child endangering, the additional element that he owed a
duty of care to the children by either his relationship to them or the role he
undertook to assume responsibility for them must also be proven beyond a
reasonable doubt. In this case, no such evidence was presented. Accordingly,
insufficient evidence was presented to support Primous’s convictions for child
endangering.
Primous’s first assignment of error is sustained in part and overruled
in part.
C. Manifest Weight of the Evidence
Primous contends in his second assignment of error that his
convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence.
The Supreme Court of Ohio has “carefully distinguished the terms
‘sufficiency’ and ‘weight’ * * *, declaring that ‘manifest weight’ and ‘legal sufficiency’
are ‘both quantitatively and qualitatively different.’” Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio
St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 972 N.E.2d 517, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Thompkins, 78
Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), paragraph two of the syllabus.
Weight of the evidence concerns “the inclination of the greater
amount of credible evidence, offered in a trial, to support one side of the issue rather
than the other. * * * Weight is not a question of mathematics, but depends on its
effect in inducing belief.” Eastley at ¶ 12, quoting Thompkins at 387. In a manifest
weight analysis, this court sits as a ‘thirteenth juror,’ and reviews “‘the entire record,
weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of
witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the [trier
of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the
conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’” Thompkins at id., quoting
State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).
We initially note that Primous makes no argument regarding his
conviction for aggravated burglary. Accordingly, we will not address this conviction
under this assignment of error. See App.R. 16(A)(7). Moreover, he does not
separately argue why his convictions for aggravated menacing and
telecommunications harassment are against the manifest weight evidence; rather he
asserts that those offenses should be reversed “for the same reasons that they are
not supported by sufficient evidence.” Accordingly, this court summarily rejects
Primous’s manifest-weight challenge to these convictions. Id.; State v. Sparent, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96710, 2012-Ohio-586, ¶ 11.
Primous, however, specifically challenges his convictions for the
firearm specifications because the victim did not disclose in her 911 dispatch calls
that Primous had a gun, and three different witnesses each provided a different
description of the gun.2 He further maintains that the victim was not believable and
his testimony was more consistent and credible.
Admittedly the victim did not tell 911 dispatch that Primous had a
gun. However, this detail does not render his convictions as being against the
manifest weight of the evidence. All three witnesses testified that Primous pointed
a gun at the victim. The children described the color of gun differently — gray and
black versus black with an orange handle — but each described it as being a
handgun. The children admitted that they were scared, and according to the victim,
were on the bedroom floor. These minor inconsistencies, compared with the
remaining unrefuted physical evidence, do not render Primous’s convictions as
being against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Primous admitted that he “mooshed” the victim in the face causing
her injuries. We note that the record before us does not explain how Primous
“mooshed” the victim’s face, but the record reveals that Primous demonstrated the
action during his testimony in front of the trial judge, who was the trier of fact in this
case. Accordingly, the trial judge was in the best position to determine whether the
2 Primous contends that his “conviction” for felonious assault is also against the
manifest weight of the evidence. However, as previously discussed, the felonious assault
offense merged with the aggravated burglary offense. Accordingly, this court will not
review the finding of guilt for felonious assault.
victim’s injury was more consistent with being “mooshed” or struck by a handgun in
the face.
Primous also places much emphasis on the fact that the court heard
testimony that shots were fired into the victim’s house after Primous fled from her
home. According to Primous, this testimony and evidence was irrelevant to the
charges against him and did not prove that he had a firearm on his person when he
assaulted the victim. Primous is correct. However, the firearm specifications
correlated with the aggravated burglary and felonious assault offenses; Primous was
not charged with any offense involving discharging a firearm into a residence.
Moreover, the evidence clearly demonstrates that the shots were fired into the
victim’s residence after the police were called to the hospital where Primous was
seeking medical treatment after allegedly getting shot himself. In a bench trial, the
trial judge is presumed to know the law and to consider only the relevant, material,
and competent evidence in arriving at a decision. See State v. Bays, 87 Ohio St.3d
15, 26-27, 716 N.E.2d 1126 (1999). The testimony about the subsequent gunshots
did not contribute to Primous’s convictions for the firearm specifications.
Accordingly, this is not the exceptional case where the trier of fact
clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that Primous’s
convictions must be reversed.
D. Other Acts Evidence
In his fourth assignment of error, Primous contends that he was
deprived of a fair trial and due process by the admission of other acts and irrelevant
evidence. Specifically, he contends the testimony about shots being fired into the
victim’s home was irrelevant and prejudicial, and the state’s use of his prior
convictions was improper under Evid.R. 404(B).
As previously discussed, Primous was not charged with any offense
relating to the shots that were allegedly fired into the victim’s home, and the
evidence demonstrates that Primous was not in the area during this time. In fact,
the victim testified that she did not see who fired the shots into her home. Although
the testimony was irrelevant, we are again mindful that this was a bench trial where
the trial judge is presumed to know the law and to consider only the relevant,
material, and competent evidence in arriving at a decision. See Bays, 87 Ohio St.3d
at 26-27, 716 N.E.2d 1126.
Primous further contends that the state used improper and
prejudicial Evid.R. 404(B) other acts evidence during its closing when the state
remarked about Primous’s prior convictions for burglary and attempted carrying a
concealed weapon. Primous’s argument is without merit.
First, the state made these remarks during closing, which is not
evidence for the court to consider. See, e.g., State v. Manago, 38 Ohio St.2d 223,
227, 313 N.E.2d 10 (1974). Additionally, the state’s remarks in closing properly
referred to the prior convictions for impeachment. Reviewing the state’s entire
closing argument reveals that the state mentioned Primous’s prior convictions to
refute his credibility, and not as extrinsic evidence of Primous’s propensity to
commit the offenses charged. See, e.g., State v. Lane, 118 Ohio App.3d 230, 692
N.E.2d 634 (8th Dist.1997). Finally, the trial court heard Primous testify about his
prior convictions; thus, the court could consider those prior convictions in assessing
Primous’s credibility and whether to believe his version of events.
Accordingly, Primous was not denied a fair trial or due process. The
fourth assignment of error is overruled.
Judgment affirmed, in part, and reversed in part.
It is ordered that the parties share equally the costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s
convictions having been affirmed, in part, any bail pending is terminated. Case
remanded to the trial court for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, PRESIDING JUDGE
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., CONCURS; and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY