18‐3639
L.S. v. Webloyalty, Inc., GameStop Corporation
1 United States Court of Appeals
2 for the Second Circuit
3
4 AUGUST TERM 2019
5 No. 18‐3639
6
7
8 L.S.,
9 Appellant,
10
11 v.
12
13 WEBLOYALTY.COM, INC., GAMESTOP CORPORATION,
14 Defendants‐Appellees,
15
16 AMAZON.COM, INC., VISA INC.,
17 Defendants.
18
19
20 ARGUED: DECEMBER 2, 2019
21 DECIDED: MARCH 20, 2020
22
23
24 Before: JACOBS, CARNEY, PARK, Circuit Judges.
25
26 In this putative consumer class action, plaintiff L.S. appeals from the
27 dismissal on summary judgment of his claim under the Electronic Funds
28 Transfer Act (“EFTA”) alleging that defendant Webloyalty.com, Inc.
1
1 (“Webloyalty”) failed to provide L.S. with a copy of the written authorization he
2 gave online for recurring monthly charges to his debit card. We agree with the
3 district court that Webloyalty satisfied its obligation under EFTA by providing
4 L.S. with an email containing the relevant terms and conditions of that
5 authorization. On a separate claim arising under state law, the district court
6 erroneously dismissed the claim for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
7 Therefore, we AFFIRM in part and in part VACATE and REMAND.
8 ____________________
9 DAVID C. KATZ, WeissLaw LLP, New York, NY, for
10 Plaintiff‐Appellant L.S.
11
12 MARK C. FLEMING, (John J. Butts, Timothy J. Perla,
13 Jessica R. Lisak, Paloma Naderi, on the brief), Wilmer
14 Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr LLP, for
15 Defendants‐Appellees Webloyalty.com, Inc. and
16 GameStop Corporation.
17
18 DENNIS JACOBS, Circuit Judge:
19 In this putative consumer class action, plaintiff L.S. appeals from a grant of
20 summary judgment in the District Court for the District of Connecticut (Haight,
21 J.) dismissing claims against Webloyalty.com, Inc. (“Webloyalty”) and Gamestop
22 Corporation (“Gamestop,” and together with Webloyalty, “Defendants”) under
2
1 the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (“CUTPA”) and the Electronic Funds
2 Transfer Act (“EFTA”). The parties agree that the district court improperly
3 dismissed L.S.’s CUTPA claims for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Therefore,
4 the only contested issue is whether the district court properly granted summary
5 judgment on L.S.’s EFTA claim against Webloyalty.
6 L.S. contends that Webloyalty failed to provide him with a “copy” of his
7 authorization of recurring monthly charges to his bank account in violation of 15
8 U.S.C. § 1693e(a). Webloyalty argues that it satisfied EFTA’s “copy of such
9 authorization” requirement by sending a confirmation email containing the
10 material terms and conditions of the authorized electronic fund transfers.
11 Because we agree with the district court that L.S.’s cramped interpretation of
12 EFTA is inconsistent with the common‐sense meaning, context, and statutory
13 purpose of the “copy” requirement, we hold that: (1) EFTA did not require
14 Webloyalty to provide L.S. with a duplicate of the webpage on which he provided
15 authorization for recurring fund transfers; and (2) Webloyalty’s email to L.S. was
16 sufficient.
17 Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment
18 in favor of Webloyalty on L.S.’s EFTA claim. Because the district court
3
1 improperly dismissed L.S.’s CUTPA claims against Defendants for lack of subject
2 matter jurisdiction, we VACATE the judgment of dismissal, and REMAND for
3 further proceedings.
4 BACKGROUND
5 This is L.S.’s second appeal in this case. See L.S. v. Webloyalty.com, Inc.,
6 673 F. App’x 100 (2d Cir. 2016) (“Webloyalty I”). Our prior summary order
7 included a summary of the essential facts underlying L.S.’s putative consumer
8 class action and we reproduce that text here (lightly revised):
9 The case turns on a single transaction in which L.S., a minor, was
10 allegedly deceived into enrolling in a fee‐based monthly discount
11 club operated by Webloyalty. In late 2009, he purchased a video
12 game from the website GameStop.com. In the course of executing
13 his purchase, L.S. alleges that he unwittingly registered for
14 Webloyalty’s “Shopper Discounts” program by entering his
15 personal information on a webpage integrated into the GameStop
16 check‐out process. The Webloyalty enrollment page (the
17 “Enrollment Page”) advertised a $20 GameStop coupon, included
18 references to GameStop throughout its description of Webloyalty’s
19 membership program, and required him to enter the last four digits
20 of his debit card number and to enter and verify his email address.
21 He apparently did so, and GameStop thereafter transferred
22 appellant’s full billing information on to Webloyalty.
23
24 After a thirty‐day “free trial” period elapsed, Webloyalty debited the
25 first of what would be several $12 monthly membership fees from
26 appellant’s account. “Shopper Discounts” was noted as the payee.
4
1 These debits continued through August 2010, when appellant filed
2 this suit.
3
4 Webloyalty I, 673 F. App’x at 103. L.S.’s lawsuit alleged: (1) fraud (against
5 Webloyalty and Gamestop); (2) unfair or deceptive trade practices in violation of
6 CUTPA (against Webloyalty, Gamestop and Visa); and (3) violations of EFTA
7 (against Webloyalty and Visa). Id.
8 Defendants moved to dismiss all claims against them, and the district
9 court granted the motion in full. On appeal, this Court affirmed the dismissal of
10 L.S.’s fraud claims but remanded in part for further proceedings on certain
11 CUTPA and EFTA claims. Id. at 107. L.S.’s complaint had alleged two EFTA
12 claims against Webloyalty, which were treated differently. We ruled that the
13 EFTA claim alleging that Webloyalty received unauthorized electronic fund
14 transfers in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1693e(a) was properly dismissed because L.S.
15 “clearly gave written authorization” for the fund transfers when he digitally
16 entered his personal information, including his name and four digits of his debit
17 card number, on the Enrollment Page. Id. at 106.
18 However, with respect to the EFTA claim alleging that Webloyalty failed
19 to provide him with a “copy of such authorization,” we ruled that the district
5
1 court improperly rested its decision on evidence outside the scope of L.S.’s
2 complaint:
3 In defending against appellant’s EFTA copy requirement claim,
4 [Defendants] introduced an email describing the benefits of
5 Webloyalty membership and including, in a footer, details about the
6 debits they argued that [L.S.] had authorized. However, this email
7 was not referenced in [L.S.’s] complaint, not relied on in the course
8 of the complaint’s allegations, and [L.S.] contends that he never saw
9 it. To the extent that the district court relied on the affidavits
10 submitted by Webloyalty employees authenticating the email to
11 justify a ruling on the email’s legal effect, this was a determination
12 properly made on summary judgment, not in response to a motion
13 to dismiss. DiFolco v. MSNBC Cable L.L.C., 622 F.3d 104, 111 (2d
14 Cir. 2010). . . .
15
16 The fact that the district court had already allowed some discovery
17 here does not change this analysis. To the contrary, if, in the district
18 court’s assessment, discovery on the relevant claims was properly
19 closed, it could have exercised its authority to convert and then
20 evaluated whether Webloyalty’s email sufficed to meet with its
21 statutory obligations in light of all the undisputed facts.
22
23 Webloyalty I, 673 F. App’x at 107. Accordingly, we remanded L.S.’s “copy”
24 claim under EFTA along with his CUTPA claim alleging that Webloyalty and
25 Gamestop engaged in deceptive trade practices. Id.
26 On remand, Webloyalty moved for summary judgment on the remaining
27 EFTA claim. In granting summary judgment, the district court concluded that:
28 (1) the email produced by Webloyalty, which contained the details of the
6
1 recurring payments authorized by L.S. (the “Join Email”) was authentic, L.S. v.
2 Webloyalty.com, Inc., 2018 WL 5314913, at *4 (D. Conn. Oct. 26, 2018); (2) there
3 was no genuine dispute of fact that L.S. received the Join Email, id. at *4‐5; and
4 (3) the Join Email satisfied Webloyalty’s obligation under EFTA, which requires
5 “not an exact reproduction of the entire authorization page . . . but rather, a
6 contemporaneous copy of the terms and conditions of a preauthorized electronic
7 fund transfer [L.S.] has authorized from his account,” id. at *7 (internal quotation
8 marks omitted). Finally, the district court dismissed L.S.’s CUTPA claims
9 against Defendants without prejudice for lack of subject matter jurisdiction,
10 holding that because CUTPA was a state statute, the court “c[ould] only rule on
11 the CUTPA claim if it chooses to exercise supplemental jurisdiction,” which it
12 declined to in this case. Id. at *8‐9. L.S. timely appealed.
13 DISCUSSION
14 “We review questions of statutory interpretation de novo.” Roach v.
15 Morse, 440 F.3d 53, 56 (2d Cir. 2006). Likewise, we review de novo the district
16 court’s decision to grant summary judgment on L.S.’s EFTA claim. Estate of
17 Gustafson v. Target Corp., 819 F.3d 673, 675 (2d Cir. 2016).
18
7
1 I
2 Satisfaction (or not) of the “copy of such authorization” requirement turns
3 on a question of statutory interpretation. EFTA provides (in relevant part) that
4 “[a] preauthorized fund transfer from a consumer’s account may be authorized
5 by the consumer only in writing, and a copy of such authorization shall be
6 provided to the consumer when made.” 15 U.S.C. § 1693e(a). L.S. contends
7 that Webloyalty failed to satisfy § 1693e(a) because it did not provide L.S. with a
8 duplicate or facsimile of the Enrollment Page on which he authorized recurring
9 payments. Defendants argue that a copy of the material terms of the
10 authorization‐‐in the form of the Join Email‐‐was sufficient.1 The interpretation
11 of EFTA’s “copy of such authorization” requirement is a matter of first
12 impression in this circuit; no other circuit has considered it.
13 The parties propose dueling dictionary definitions of “copy”: either
14 one‐for‐one, as L.S. contends (“an imitation, transcript, or reproduction of an
15 original work,” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (2002)); or closely
1 Webloyalty argues that it also satisfied the copy requirement by immediately
redirecting L.S. to a webpage containing similar payment details (the
“Acknowledgment Page”) upon enrollment. Because we conclude that the Join
Email was sufficient to satisfy Webloyalty’s obligation under EFTA, we omit
further discussion of the Acknowledgment Page.
8
1 similar, as Defendants contend (“[a] thing made to be similar or identical to
2 another,” Oxford American Desk Dictionary & Thesaurus (3rd ed. 2010)).
3 Although the dictionaries are not dispositive, there seems to be substantial
4 support for the definition of “copy” as “an imitation” or “reproduction of an
5 original.” Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed. 1979); The American Heritage
6 Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed. 2000) (same); see also Webster’s New
7 World Dictionary (3d College ed. 1988) (explaining that copy “refers to any
8 imitation, often only approximate, of an original”). Of course, it is a “cardinal
9 rule” of statutory construction that “statutory language must be read in context
10 since a phrase gathers meaning from the words around it.” United States v.
11 Watkins, 940 F.3d 152, 165‐66 (2d Cir. 2019). Here, “copy” does not appear in
12 isolation, but as part of the phrase “copy of such authorization.” 15 U.S.C. §
13 1693e(a). Therefore, to determine what disclosure EFTA required Webloyalty to
14 provide, we should also consider the scope of L.S.’s “authorization.”
15 “Authorization” is “an instance” of “formal permission or approval” or
16 “the action of making legally valid.” The Oxford English Dictionary (3d ed.
17 2014). This narrows the scope of what needs to be “copied” to the text of the
18 Enrollment Page that effected the authorization. Because the vast majority of
9
1 the Enrollment Page is comprised of extraneous marketing verbiage unrelated to
2 the electronic fund transfer authorization, “copy of such authorization” cannot
3 reasonably be read to encompass the entire Enrollment Page, as L.S. suggests.
4 Instead, the transfer authorization itself was effected by L.S.’s inclusion of the
5 last four digits of a credit/debit card on the Enrollment Page next to the terms of
6 the recurring transfers from that account. See supra at 5. This interpretation is
7 bolstered by the fact that it is consistent with the way “authorization” is used
8 elsewhere in EFTA. See Pereira v. Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105, 2115 (2018) (“[I]t is a
9 normal rule of statutory construction that identical words used in different parts
10 of the same act are intended to have the same meaning.”). For example, 15
11 U.S.C. § 1693a(12)(A)‐‐although in the context of describing “unauthorized”
12 transfers‐‐suggests that an authorization is accomplished by the consumerʹs
13 furnishing of “the card, code, or other means of access to [the] consumerʹs
14 account . . . .”
15 Moreover, “we must (as usual) interpret the relevant words not in a
16 vacuum, but with reference to the statutory context, ‘structure, history, and
17 purpose.’” Abramski v. United States, 573 U.S. 169, 179 (2014) (quoting
18 Maracich v. Spears, 570 U.S. 48, 76 (2013)). When Congress enacted EFTA in
10
1 1978, it announced (in an introductory subsection titled “Congressional findings
2 and declaration of purpose”) that its primary purpose was to protect consumers
3 in the then‐novel context of electronic payment systems:
4 The Congress finds that the use of electronic systems to transfer
5 funds provides the potential for substantial benefits to consumers.
6 However, due to the unique characteristics of such systems, the
7 application of existing consumer protection legislation is unclear,
8 leaving the rights and liabilities of consumers, financial institutions,
9 and intermediaries in electronic fund transfers undefined.
10
11 ...
12
13 It is the purpose of this [statute] to provide a basic framework
14 establishing the rights, liabilities, and responsibilities of participants
15 in electronic fund and remittance transfer systems. The primary
16 objective of this subchapter, however, is the provision of individual
17 consumer rights.
18
19 15 U.S.C. § 1693.
20 EFTA’s stated purpose of consumer protection would be served whether
21 the term “copy of such authorization” is read to mean a duplicate or a summary
22 of material terms. But the former deviates from common usage in the consumer
23 context. For instance, a customer who pays by credit or debit card at a
24 brick‐and‐mortar shop may be asked to sign a receipt, and receive a “copy” that
11
1 differs, in appearance and substance, from the signed version: it may be marked
2 “Customer Copy,” lack the customer’s signature, or omit itemized charges.
3 Moreover, as agencies responsible for applying EFTA in the consumer
4 context have discovered, a narrow reading of the “copy of such authorization”
5 requirement will yield some untenable results. For instance, the Consumer
6 Financial Protection Bureau (the “CFPB”) has suggested that the written
7 authorization required by EFTA may be given orally over the phone pursuant to
8 the E‐SIGN Act, 15 U.S.C. § 7001 et seq; and that a payee can comply with the
9 “copy” requirement by providing the customer with a “copy of the terms of the
10 authorization . . . in paper form or electronically.” Compliance Bulletin 2015‐06,
11 Requirements for Consumer Authorizations for Preauthorized Electronic Fund
12 Transfers, 2015 WL 10372389 (Nov. 23, 2015) (“CFPB Bulletin Six”) (emphasis
13 added).2 By contrast, giving the consumer a duplicate of the oral authorization
14 (e.g., in the form of an audio recording, or a transcription of the telephone
15 conversation) would burden the payee without any corresponding benefit to the
16 consumer. Here, L.S. purportedly received a notice containing the material
2 The CFPB has rulemaking authority to interpret and implement EFTA
pursuant to the Dodd Frank Act of 2010, which transferred rulemaking authority
from the Federal Reserve.
12
1 terms and conditions of the payment authorization; a duplicate of the Enrollment
2 Page‐‐which contained text and graphics unrelated to the authorization‐‐would
3 have afforded him no incremental protection.
4 Finally, L.S. has offered no convincing argument that his narrow reading
5 conforms more closely to the plain meaning or stated purpose of the statute.
6 On the contrary, it conflicts with the CFPB’s Official Interpretations of Regulation
7 E, which implements EFTA’s “copy” requirement: “[t]he person that obtains the
8 [payment] authorization must provide a copy of the terms of the authorization to
9 the consumer either electronically or in paper form.” 12 C.F.R. Pt. 205, supp. I, §
10 10(b), cmt. 5 (emphasis added).
11 Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s holding that EFTA’s copy
12 requirement may be satisfied by providing the consumer with an email
13 containing the terms of the preauthorized electronic fund transfer he has
14 authorized from his account.
15 II
16
17 L.S. argues that even if we accept Defendants’ interpretation of EFTA’s
18 “copy” requirement, the district court erred in holding that Webloyalty satisfied
19 the requirement. Principally, L.S. argues that: (1) the district court failed to
13
1 permit adequate discovery concerning the Join Email; and (2) the Join Email was
2 intentionally confusing. These arguments are without merit.
3 L.S. argues that further discovery concerning Webloyalty’s automated
4 enrollment system might have disclosed unspecified “errors” that interfered with
5 L.S.’s receipt of the terms of his payment authorization. But a party seeking
6 further discovery “must show that the material sought is germane to the defense,
7 and that it is neither cumulative nor speculative, and a bare assertion that the
8 evidence supporting a plaintiff’s allegation is in the hands of the defendant is
9 insufficient.” Alphonse Hotel Corp. v. Tran, 828 F.3d 146, 151 (2d Cir. 2016).
10 We review the district court’s decision to forgo further discovery for abuse of
11 discretion. Id.
12 The district court relied on Defendants’ uncontroverted testimony
13 concerning the automated enrollment system that generated the Join Email, and
14 considered the only specific potential failure identified by L.S.: that it did not
15 populate the Acknowledgment Page with L.S.’s personal information. As the
16 district court concluded, this was irrelevant to Webloyalty’s fulfillment of its
17 obligations under EFTA. Webloyalty, 2018 WL 5314913, at *4. Having
18 determined that Webloyalty’s testimony was credible, the district court
14
1 reasonably concluded that the possibility that there were more potential errors,
2 or that there was deliberate interference with the automated system, was too
3 speculative to justify further discovery. Id.
4 Second, L.S. contends that the Join Email was too confusing to pass muster
5 under EFTA, because the details of L.S.’s payment authorization were at the
6 bottom of a spam‐like email beneath prominent graphics advertising
7 Webloyalty’s special offers and customer rewards. These considerations may
8 well be relevant to L.S.’s CUTPA claim alleging deceptive trade practices; and we
9 do not rule out the possibility that a customer notification designed to obscure or
10 omit payment details might violate EFTA’s copy requirement. But the Join
11 Email included “Billing Details” in its subject line, and (under a header reading
12 “OFFER AND BILLING DETAILS – CONFIRMATION FOR YOUR RECORDS”)
13 revealed all the material terms of the fund transfers authorized by L.S., including
14 the end date of L.S.’s trial period, at which point charges would begin to accrue;
15 the card being charged; and the monthly interval of the recurring charges.
16 App’x at 791. Therefore, we agree with the district court that Webloyalty
17 satisfied its obligation under EFTA by sending L.S. the Join Email, a
18 “contemporaneous communication[] [that] fully revealed the terms, conditions,
15
1 and monthly debit card charges under the program in question.” Webloyalty,
2 2018 WL 5314913, at *5.
3 III
4 We agree with the parties that it was error to dismiss L.S.’s CUTPA claim
5 for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The district court held that after granting
6 summary judgment on L.S.’s (federal) EFTA claims, it “c[ould] only rule on the
7 CUTPA claim if it chooses to exercise supplemental jurisdiction.” Webloyalty,
8 2018 WL 5314913, at *8. However, L.S.’s complaint adequately pled an
9 alternative basis for jurisdiction: under the Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”),
10 federal district courts are generally invested with original jurisdiction over
11 putative class actions alleging damages exceeding $5 million and a class of more
12 than 100 persons, in which any member plaintiff class is a citizen of a State
13 different from any defendant. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d); App’x at 24 (¶ 7), 285
14 (¶ 19). See also Gale v. Chicago Title Ins. Co., 929 F.3d 74, 78 (2d Cir. 2019)
15 (emphasizing that courts must look to the allegations in the operative complaint
16 to determine CAFA jurisdiction).
17 The district court apparently rejected the application of CAFA jurisdiction
18 on the basis that there “may be a conflict emanating from CUTPA’s class action
16
1 limitations if this claim were to remain in federal court.” Webloyalty, 2018 WL
2 5314913, at *9. But aside from certain statutory exceptions that do not apply in
3 this case, subject matter jurisdiction under CAFA is not discretionary, see 28
4 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(3)‐(4); and the likelihood of class certification or success on the
5 merits had no bearing on the district court’s jurisdiction over L.S.’s putative
6 CUTPA class‐action claim in the first instance. Therefore, we agree with the
7 parties that the dismissal of L.S.’s CUTPA claim should be vacated, and the case
8 remanded to the district court for further proceedings.
9 ***
10
11 L.S. requests that this case be assigned to a different judge on remand.
12 Reassignment is justified only in “unusual circumstances.” Martens v.
13 Thomann, 273 F.3d 159, 174 (2d Cir. 2001). In reviewing a request for
14 reassignment, we consider the following factors: (1) whether the judge is likely to
15 have “substantial difficulty” putting out of mind “previously‐expressed views or
16 findings determined to be erroneous”; (2) whether reassignment is “advisable to
17 preserve the appearance of justice”; and (3) whether it would create “waste and
18 duplication out of proportion to any gain in preserving the appearance of
19 fairness.” United States v. Robin, 553 F.2d 8, 10 (2d Cir. 1977) (per curiam).
17
1 L.S. expresses a fear the district court “cannot be expected to put its
2 previously‐expressed opinions out of mind while further presiding over this
3 case.” Appellant’s Br. at 52. However, nothing substantiates this concern; the
4 fact that the district court ruled against L.S. for a second time on remand is
5 insufficient alone to call into question Judge Haight’s impartiality or jeopardize
6 the appearance of justice. See Federal Ins. Co. v. United States, 882 F.3d 348, 373
7 (2d Cir. 2018). Accordingly, we decline to reassign this case to a new judge on
8 remand.
9 CONCLUSION
10 We have considered L.S.’s remaining arguments and conclude that they
11 are meritless. For the reasons stated above, the district court’s grant of
12 summary judgment on L.S.’s EFTA claim is AFFIRMED. The district court’s
13 judgment dismissing L.S.’s CUTPA claims against Webloyalty and Gamestop is
14 VACATED and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings.
18