Case: 19-1021 Document: 90 Page: 1 Filed: 03/25/2020
NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.
United States Court of Appeals
for the Federal Circuit
______________________
GALDERMA LABORATORIES, L.P., NESTLE SKIN
HEALTH S.A., TCD ROYALTY SUB LLC,
Plaintiffs-Appellees
v.
AMNEAL PHARMACEUTICALS LLC, AMNEAL
PHARMACEUTICALS CO. (I) PVT. LTD., NKA
AMNEAL PHARMACEUTICALS PVT. LTD.,
Defendants-Appellants
______________________
2019-1021
______________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the
District of Delaware in No. 1:16-cv-00207-LPS, Chief Judge
Leonard P. Stark.
______________________
Decided: March 25, 2020
______________________
GERALD J. FLATTMANN, JR., King & Spalding LLP, New
York, NY, argued for plaintiffs-appellees. Also represented
by EVAN D. DIAMOND, VANESSA YEN.
GEORGE C. LOMBARDI, Winston & Strawn LLP, Chi-
cago, IL, argued for defendants-appellants. Also
Case: 19-1021 Document: 90 Page: 2 Filed: 03/25/2020
2 GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC
represented by MAUREEN L. RURKA, KEVIN E. WARNER;
EIMERIC REIG-PLESSIS, San Francisco, CA.
______________________
Before LOURIE, MOORE, and STOLL, Circuit Judges.
MOORE, Circuit Judge.
Appellees Galderma Laboratories, L.P., Nestle Skin
Health S.A., and TCD Royalty Sub LLC (collectively, Gal-
derma) sued Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC and Amneal
Pharmaceuticals Co. (I) Pvt. Ltd. (n/k/a Amneal Pharma-
ceuticals Pvt. Ltd.) (collectively, Amneal) for infringement
of U.S. Patent Nos. 8,206,740, 8,394,405, and 8,470,364
(collectively, the Chang Patents) and U.S. Patent Nos.
8,603,506 and 9,241,946 (collectively, the Ashley II Pa-
tents). The Chang and Ashley II Patents relate to low-dose
doxycycline formulations to treat, among other diseases,
acne or rosacea. Following a bench trial, the district court
found that Amneal’s product infringes the asserted claims
under the doctrine of equivalents. Amneal appeals. We
have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1). For the rea-
sons discussed below, we affirm the district court’s judg-
ment as to infringement of the Chang Patents and reverse
the district court’s judgment as to infringement of the Ash-
ley II Patents.
DISCUSSION
Following a bench trial, we review a district court’s con-
clusions of law de novo and factual findings for clear error.
Senju Pharm. Co., v. Lupin Ltd., 780 F.3d 1337, 1341 (Fed.
Cir. 2015). Prosecution history estoppel and claim vitiation
are issues of law we review de novo. Trading Techs. Int’l
v. Open E Cry, LLC, 728 F.3d 1309, 1318 (Fed. Cir. 2013);
Cadence Pharm. Inc. v. Exela Pharmsci Inc., 780 F.3d 1364,
1368 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Prosecution history estoppel “may
be subject to underlying facts,” which we review for clear
error. DePuy Spine, Inc. v. Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Inc.,
567 F.3d 1314, 1324 (Fed. Cir. 2009). We review
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GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC 3
infringement under the doctrine of equivalents for clear er-
ror. Conoco, Inc. v. Energy & Envtl Int’l, 460 F.3d 1349,
1357 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
I
The Chang Patents
The Chang Patents describe compositions of doxycy-
cline with an Immediate Release (IR) component and a De-
layed Release (DR) component, combined into one unit for
once-daily dosing. Claim 1 of the ’740 patent is illustrative:
1. An oral pharmaceutical composition of doxycy-
cline, which at a once-daily dosage will give steady
state blood levels of doxycycline of a minimum of
0.1 μg/ml and a maximum of 1.0 μg/ml, the compo-
sition consisting of (i) an immediate release (IR)
portion comprising 30 mg doxycycline; (ii) a de-
layed release (DR) portion comprising 10 mg
doxycycline; and optionally, (iii) one or more phar-
maceutically acceptable excipients.
“Immediate release” or IR is defined by the ’740 patent as
“a dosage form that is intended to release substantially all
of the active ingredient on administration with no en-
hanced, delayed or extended release effect.” ’740 patent at
4:5–8. “Delayed release” or DR is not expressly defined.
In June 2013, Amneal filed a petition for inter partes
review of the Chang ’740 and ’405 patents, which the Board
instituted in December 2013. During the inter partes re-
view, Patent Owner 1 sought to distinguish the claimed DR
portion from the prior-art secondary loading portion of
1 The inter partes review proceedings were between
Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC and Supernus Pharmaceu-
ticals, Inc., the previous assignee of the Chang patents.
The proceedings as to the ’740 and ’405 patents were con-
solidated. We refer to the ’740 proceeding throughout.
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4 GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC
slow-release pellets that begin dissolving in the stomach as
disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,348,748 (Sheth). It argued
that “‘a DR portion’ as claimed in the Chang ’740 patent
requires no substantial release from the portion until
some time other than promptly after administration – and
in particular, until after the DR portion passes through the
acidic stomach and sections of the GI tract below pH 4.5.”
J.A. 2560 (emphasis in original); see also J.A. 16958–61,
J.A. 2749. It further argued that Sheth’s “secondary load-
ing” portion was “intentionally designed to be ‘leaky’ in the
stomach,” but that “the Chang ’740 patent expressly states
that for the ‘DR portion’ described and claimed therein,
‘there is no substantial release of doxycycline in the
acidic stomach environment of approximately below pH
4.5.’” J.A. 16957–58 (emphasis in original). Patent Owner
argued that “the approach taught by Sheth is substantially
different from the claimed IR/DR formulations of the
Chang ’740 patent, and in fact would teach away from the
claimed formulations of the Chang ’740 patent.” J.A. 16953
¶ 170 (emphasis in original); J.A. 2189 at 53:22–24 (Sheth
“shows a substantial portion is dissolving in the acidic en-
vironment of the stomach. The point is that’s not delayed
release.”).
The Board rejected Patent Owner’s argument and in-
stead agreed with Amneal “that the broadest reasonable
construction of ‘delayed release,’ in light of the specification
of the ’740 patent, is not limited to formulations requiring
that there be no substantial release in the stomach.” J.A.
17023. It stated that “[t]he portion of the ’740 patent spec-
ification upon which [Patent Owner] relies to support its
narrower construction addresses properties of ‘enteric
coated pellets,’ not a delayed-release component.” Id. Be-
cause the ’740 patent discloses formats other than enteric
coated pellets as being delayed-release components, the
Board would “not read the limitations of an embodiment,
even a preferred embodiment, into the construction of a
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GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC 5
claim term that is plainly used elsewhere in the specifica-
tion more broadly.” Id. (citing In re Bigio, 381 F.3d 1320,
1325 (Fed. Cir. 2004)). After reviewing “other evidence of
how the term is understood and used by persons of ordinary
skill in the art,” the Board construed “delayed release” to
mean “release of a drug at a time other than immediately
following oral administration.” J.A. 17024. The Board ul-
timately found that Sheth did not disclose a “delayed re-
lease” format under the proper construction. J.A. 17029.
Galderma sued Amneal in March 2016, alleging, inter
alia, infringement of the Chang Patents. Like the Board,
the district court construed “delayed release” or “DR” as
“release of a drug at a time other than immediately follow-
ing oral administration.” Based on this construction, the
district court found, after a bench trial, that Amneal’s prod-
uct contained the equivalent of the claimed 10 mg DR por-
tion and entered judgment of infringement against
Amneal. Amneal appeals this judgment, arguing that Gal-
derma is precluded from asserting infringement under the
doctrine of equivalents due to argument-based estoppel,
amendment-based estoppel, and claim vitiation. Alterna-
tively, it argues its product does not infringe the Chang Pa-
tents under the doctrine of equivalents. We first address
the parties’ arguments with respect to argument-based es-
toppel. We conclude that the district court did not err in
concluding that Galderma “did not disclaim particular DR
formulations.” J.A. 70.
Amneal argues that Patent Owner’s arguments during
the ’740 inter partes review proceedings clearly and unmis-
takably surrendered subject matter and therefore preclude
a finding that Amneal’s products infringe the Chang pa-
tents under the doctrine of equivalents. Based on Patent
Owner’s statements, Amneal argues that competitors
would interpret a DR portion as not encompassing a drug
that begins dissolving or “leaking” in the stomach. Gal-
derma argues that Amneal has not shown any statements
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6 GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC
that, when considered within the context of the complete
inter partes review record, amount to a “clear and unmis-
takable surrender.”
We have held that “statements made by a patent owner
during an IPR proceeding can be considered during claim
construction and relied upon to support a finding of prose-
cution disclaimer” so long as the statements are “both clear
and unmistakable.” Aylus Networks, Inc. v. Apple Inc., 856
F.3d 1353, 1361–62 (Fed. Cir. 2017). Prosecution dis-
claimer “promotes the public notice function of the intrinsic
evidence and protects the public’s reliance on definitive
statements made during prosecution.” Id. at 1360 (citing
Omega Eng’g, Inc. v. Raytek Corp., 334 F.3d 1314, 1324
(Fed. Cir. 2003)). The doctrine is rooted in the understand-
ing that “[c]ompetitors are entitled to rely on those repre-
sentations when determining a course of lawful conduct,
such as launching a new product or designing-around a pa-
tented invention.” Id. (citing Biogen Idec, Inc. v. Glax-
oSmithKline LLC, 713 F.3d 1090, 1095 (Fed. Cir. 2013)).
Statements by the patent owner are not considered in
a vacuum; rather, the skilled artisan would look at the rec-
ord as a whole in assessing claim scope. See Wang Labs.,
Inc. v. Toshiba Corp., 993 F.2d 858, 867 (Fed. Cir. 1993)
(“The prosecution history must be examined as a whole in
determining whether estoppel applies.”). There is no doubt
that the Board rejected the Patent Owner’s attempt to limit
the meaning of delayed release. See J.A. 17023 (“[W]e
agree with Amneal that the broadest reasonable construc-
tion of ‘delayed release,’ in light of the specification of the
’740 patent, is not limited to formulations requiring that
there be no substantial release in the stomach.”). Because
the Board rejected the Patent Owner’s arguments regard-
ing the meaning of delayed release, the record before the
Patent Office clearly put the public on notice that the
meaning of delayed release with respect to the Chang Pa-
tents is not limited to formulations requiring that there be
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GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC 7
no substantial release in the stomach. While clear and lim-
iting statements made by the patent owner can give rise to
disclaimer, they do not in this case where those statements
were clearly and expressly rejected by the Patent Office.
Because the record makes clear to a skilled artisan that
Patent Owner’s arguments were rejected, those arguments
do not impact claim scope. Accordingly, we see no error in
the district court’s conclusion that Galderma was not pre-
cluded by these statements from asserting the doctrine of
equivalents. 2 J.A. 70. 3
Contrary to Amneal’s assertion, our decision in Ameri-
can Piledriving does not compel a different result. In that
case, we held that a patentee was bound by arguments that
it made to an examiner to distinguish prior art. Am.
Piledriving Equip., Inc. v. Geoquip, Inc., 637 F.3d 1324,
1336 (Fed. Cir. 2011). We explained that the patentee had
2 Amneal further argues that Patent Owner disa-
vowed compositions that exhibit a “substantially constant
rate” of release by arguing that their dissolution profiles
“cannot be achieved with an IR/DR-only formulation as
claimed in the Chang ’740 patent.” See J.A. 2552; J.A.
2545–46, 2553–54, 2562, 16910–12. We agree with Gal-
derma that Amneal did not raise this estoppel argument
before the district court. While Amneal did compare its
product’s dissolution profile to that of Sheth, it did not ar-
gue that Galderma disavowed products exhibiting a “sub-
stantially constant rate.” See J.A. 5393–94 (arguing that
its later-releasing portion “[a]chieves a different result
than DR”) (emphasis in original). The argument is there-
fore waived.
3 Amneal also argues that the district court erred in
determining that Galderma’s doctrine of equivalents argu-
ment was not precluded due to the doctrines of amend-
ment-based estoppel and claim vitiation. We see no error
in the district court’s decisions as to these doctrines.
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8 GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC
“unambiguously argued” a particular construction during
reexamination and, “regardless of whether the examiner
agreed with American Piledriving’s arguments concerning
[the claim term], its statements still inform the proper con-
struction.” Id. American Piledriving is distinguishable for
multiple reasons including that the statements were not
made during inter partes review, the statements were used
to inform claim construction not prosecution history dis-
claimer and our court did not find that the examiner had
clearly and expressly rejected the patentee’s proposed con-
struction.
A prosecution history statement may inform the proper
construction of a term without rising to the level of a clear
and unmistakable disclaimer. See, e.g., Shire Dev., LLC v.
Watson Pharm., Inc., 787 F.3d 1359, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2015)
(“Although the prosecution history statements do not rise
to the level of unmistakable disavowal, they do inform the
claim construction.”). In American Piledriving, the claim
language and specification compelled a particular con-
struction and the statements made during prosecution
merely served as additional support that “remove[d] all
doubt” about the correct construction. See 637 F.3d
at 1334–36. Here, in contrast, the claim construction is un-
disputed and the only question is whether a clear and un-
mistakable disclaimer bars a finding of infringement under
the doctrine of equivalents. A person of ordinary skill in
the art would not read the prosecution history in this case
and conclude that the patent owner’s claim construction
that the Board expressly rejected was a clear and unmis-
takable surrender.
Having determined that the district court did not err in
considering Galderma’s doctrine of equivalents arguments,
we now turn to the merits of the court’s infringement find-
ing. Amneal argues that Patent Owner’s arguments dur-
ing inter partes review preclude a finding of infringement
as its theory contradicts every “substantial” difference it
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GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC 9
identified during inter partes review. For example, Patent
Owner argued that (1) release of the drug in the stomach
from “leaky” SR portions was “substantially different” from
the claimed DR portion, and (2) “substantially constant re-
lease” from SR-containing formulations was “significantly
different” from the two-pulse dissolution of the claimed
“IR/DR only” formulations. Amneal argues that its product
has both. Galderma argues that Amneal’s product is at
least equivalent to the claimed invention under the district
court’s construction of DR as “release of a drug at a time
other than immediately following oral administration.” It
argues that Amneal’s product contains a portion of doxycy-
cline that performs substantially the same function, in sub-
stantially the same way, to achieve substantially the same
result as the DR portion claimed.
We review the district court’s fact findings for clear er-
ror, and are not free to make a different finding on appeal. 4
See Rolls-Royce Ltd. v. GTE Valeron Corp., 800 F.2d 1101,
1110 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (“This court does not sit to reweigh
the evidence presented to the district court, nor will it draw
its own inferences, nor make its own fact findings. It will
not reverse unless the inferences drawn and facts found by
the trial court are on the full record so unsupported as to
have been the result of clear error.”). The district court
found that Amneal’s product contains a DR portion of
doxycycline and a separate portion of doxycycline that is
not available for release until a time “other than
4 The district court considered the importance of the
application of the correct burden of proof by the factfinder
and concluded that “Galderma has proven infringement by
a preponderance of the evidence.” J.A. 75–76 n.8 (“[T]he
Court, when sitting as factfinder, is called upon to make a
determination based on the evidence presented, applying
the appropriate burden of proof, even when there is strong
evidence on both sides of the dispute.”).
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10 GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC
immediately following oral administration.” J.A. 78. The
district court found that these portions together satisfy the
DR limitation. Id. Because the record evidence supports
the district court’s finding, we conclude that the district
court did not clearly err in finding infringement under the
doctrine of equivalents. Amneal’s product is manufactured
by layering doxycycline such that doxycycline releases at
various intervals. See J.A. 5619–20 at B-61:1-B-64:5; J.A.
5621 at B-67:7–19; J.A. 5625 at B-83:21–84:11; J.A. 5627
at B-92:8–93:2; J.A. 5642 at B-153–54; J.A. 14524, 14531.
Because a portion is prevented from releasing immedi-
ately, such later-releasing portion of doxycycline occurs “at
a time other than immediately following oral administra-
tion.” See J.A. 76 (citing J.A. 41 ¶ 85); see also J.A. 5658–
59 at B-218:6–219:4. Therefore, this later-releasing por-
tion, “in combination with [the DR portion of doxycycline],
is insubstantially different from the 10 mg DR portion
claimed in Chang.” J.A. 78; see also J.A. 80–81 (concluding
that Amneal’s product’s combination “performs the same
function in the same way to achieve the same result as the
10 mg DR portion claimed in Chang.”). In view of the evi-
dence, we hold that the district court did not clearly err in
finding infringement under the doctrine of equivalents
with respect to the Chang Patents.
II
The Ashley II Patents
The district court further concluded that Amneal’s
product infringes the asserted claims of the Ashley II Pa-
tents under the doctrine of equivalents. Following argu-
ment in this court, Galderma filed a letter pursuant to
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(j) alleging that this
court lacks jurisdiction as to the Ashley II Patents based
on actions taken by Amneal regarding its ANDA after filing
its Notice of Appeal. We instructed the parties to submit
supplemental briefing limited to this issue. Galderma al-
leges that this court should dismiss the appeal because
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GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC 11
Amneal’s actions divested this court of jurisdiction over the
Ashley II Patents. Amneal argues that there remains a
justiciable controversy between Galderma and Amneal
concerning infringement of the Ashley II Patents.
A
We hold that Amneal’s actions did not divest this court
of subject matter jurisdiction. There is no dispute that the
district court had subject matter jurisdiction when the ac-
tion was filed. There is also no dispute that Amneal’s ap-
peal is from a “final decision of a district court . . . in a[]
civil action arising under . . . an[] Act of Congress relating
to patents . . .” and therefore that this court had jurisdiction
at the time the Notice of Appeal was filed. 28 U.S.C.
§ 1295(a)(1). As the Supreme Court stated in Caraco Phar-
maceutical Laboratories, Ltd. v. Novo Nordisk, A/S, “[t]he
want of an infringing act is a merits problem, not a juris-
dictional one.” 566 U.S. 399, 412 n.5 (2012) (concluding
that jurisdiction existed because the suit “‘ar[ose] under
a[n] Act of Congress relating to patents.’ 28 U.S.C.
§ 1338(a).”). As such, this court retains jurisdiction over
the judgment with respect to the Ashley II patents.
We further conclude that there remains a justiciable
controversy between the parties such that the action is not
moot. An action is moot when “events have eradicated the
effects of a defendant’s act or omission, and there is no rea-
sonable expectation that the alleged violation will recur.”
Ferring B.V. v. Watson Labs, Inc.-Fla., 764 F.3d 1382, 1391
(Fed. Cir. 2014). “In cases where a defendant voluntarily
ceases the challenged practice, it is necessary for the court
to determine whether ‘there is no reasonable expectation
that the wrong will be repeated.’” Id. (quoting United
States v. W.T. Grant Co., 345 U.S. 629, 633 (1953)). We
have reviewed the parties’ supplemental briefing and the
current status of Amneal’s ANDA. Because there is no
question that the allegedly infringing conduct could
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12 GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC
“reasonably be expected to recur,” we have not been di-
vested of jurisdiction and the action is not moot. See
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs., Inc., 528
U.S. 167, 189 (2000). We therefore consider the issue of
infringement under the doctrine of equivalents.
B
The Ashley II Patents are related to methods of treat-
ing acne or rosacea by oral administration of a low-dose
doxycycline. Galderma asserted infringement of claims 3,
4, 5, 15, and 16 of the ’506 patent and claims 13, 14, 15, and
16 of the ’946 patent. Claim 15 of the ’506 patent is illus-
trative:
15. A method for treating papules and pustules of
rosacea in a human in need thereof, the method
comprising administering orally to said human
doxycycline, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt
thereof, in an amount of 40 mg per day, wherein
the amount results in no reduction of skin micro-
flora during a six-month treatment, without ad-
ministering a bisphosphonate compound.
The district court construed “wherein the amount re-
sults in no reduction of skin microflora during a six-month
treatment” as “wherein the amount results in no reduction
of skin microflora vis-à-vis a placebo control during a six-
month treatment, with microbiological sampling at base-
line and month six.” It found that Amneal’s product in-
fringes the asserted claims of the Ashley II Patents under
the doctrine of equivalents and entered a judgment of in-
fringement against Amneal.
Amneal appeals this judgment, arguing that Galderma
presented no argument or evidence regarding the doctrine
of equivalents as to the Ashley II Patents. It argues that
allegations of infringement under the doctrine of equiva-
lents require “particularized testimony and linking argu-
ment as to the ‘insubstantiality of the differences’ between
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GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC 13
the claimed invention and the accused . . . process, or with
respect to the function, way, result test . . . evidence must
be presented on a limitation-by-limitation basis.” Appel-
lants’ Br. 57 (citing Texas Instruments Inc. v. Cypress Sem-
iconductor Corp., 90 F.3d 1558, 1567 (Fed. Cir. 1996)).
Galderma argues that it asserted infringement under the
doctrine of equivalents in the pretrial order. It further ar-
gues that it presented evidence on why Amneal’s product
would not reduce skin microflora, and “particularized tes-
timony and argument under the ‘function-way-result’ test
as to why the ‘sub-antibacterial amount’ terms . . . were
infringed under the doctrine of equivalents,” which “ap-
plied equally to the overlapping subject matter of the ‘skin
microflora’ terms.” Appellees’ Br. 54. Amneal responds
that any argument was related to the “sub-antibacterial
amount” limitation of the Ashley I patents 5 and the record
does not support an assertion that Galderma’s case on the
“sub-antibacterial amount” limitations of other patents
“applie[s] equally to the overlapping subject matter of the
‘skin microflora’ terms” here. Appellants’ Reply Br. 23.
Galderma did not present particularized testimony and
linking argument as to the reduction in skin microflora
term. See J.A. 5477 (219:10–220:9, e.g., Q: So do you have
an opinion as to whether Amneal’s ANDA product has sub-
stantially the same function as a sub-antibacterial
amount? A: Yes, it does . . . [b]ecause it functions the same
way. It’s not inhibiting organisms, not selecting flora re-
sistance, not affecting the flora.”). Rather, it presented tes-
timony with respect to the “sub-antibacterial amount”
limitation of the Ashley I patents and, now attempting to
find support for the district court’s finding, it alleges that
5 The Ashley I Patents are related patents. Alt-
hough they were asserted in the district court below, they
are not presently on appeal.
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14 GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC
such testimony provides the necessary particularized testi-
mony for the skin microflora terms as well. Because the
record wholly lacked the requisite particularized testimony
required to find infringement under the doctrine of equiv-
alents, we reverse the district court’s judgment. 6
CONCLUSION
We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments
and find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons, we
affirm the district court’s judgment as to infringement of
the Chang Patents and reverse the district court’s judg-
ment as to infringement of the Ashley II Patents.
6 Alternatively, Galderma argues that in view of the
substantial evidence and court’s factual findings, we can
affirm the district court’s judgment because Amneal’s prod-
uct literally infringes. It argues, for example, that the as-
serted claims and specification (including the results of
Example 38 from which the “no reduction of skin micro-
flora” term was derived) expressly identify a 40 mg/day
doxycycline dosage as an amount meeting the limitation.
It further argues that Skidmore and Example 38 is “the
strongest intrinsic evidence of what the patentee intended
to convey with the skin microflora limitation.” Amneal ar-
gues that Skidmore reports clinical results of a different
twice-daily 20 mg formulation, not Amneal’s once-daily
product, and was limited to the forehead, while the “skin
microflora” limitation requires no reduction on the skin
generally. We see no clear error in the district court’s find-
ing that “it may be impossible to prove that absolutely no
microflora in any part of the body is inhibited by admin-
istration of 40 mg doxycycline once daily,” but “Skidmore,
which reports on one area of the body . . . is insufficient to
prove ‘no reduction of skin microflora vis-à-vis a placebo’ in
all parts of the body and, thus, does not prove literal in-
fringement.” J.A. 89.
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GALDERMA LABS., L.P. v. AMNEAL PHARMS. LLC 15
AFFIRMED-IN-PART AND REVERSED-IN-PART
COSTS
Each party shall bear its own costs.