Curcio v. Pels

Filed 2/27/20 Certified for Publication 3/27/20 (order attached)

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

JENNIFER CURCIO, B295293

Plaintiff and Respondent, Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. 18STRO07928
v.

JULIA PELS,

Defendant and Appellant.

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of
Los Angeles County, James E. Blancarte, Temporary Judge.
(Pursuant to Cal. Const., art. VI, § 21.) Reversed.

Susan L. Ferguson for Defendant and Appellant.

Jennifer Curcio, in pro. per., for Plaintiff and Respondent.
_________________________
 Julia Pels appeals from a restraining order issued under
the Domestic Violence Prevention Act (DVPA) (Fam. Code, § 6200
et seq.)1 at the request of her former girlfriend Jennifer Curcio.
We agree with Pels that the trial court’s finding she disturbed
the peace is not supported by substantial evidence and the trial
court improperly shifted the burden of proof of past abuse to her.
We reverse.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
1. Curcio’s petition
Curcio and Pels used to date. Their relationship ended in
early 2016. They both are comedic performers. On November 2,
2018, Curcio filed a Judicial Council form DV-100 request for
a domestic violence restraining order against Pels. The form
asks the applicant to describe the most recent abuse and any past
abuse. Curcio stated the most recent abuse occurred October 16,
2018, and Pels had abused her from November 2015 through
the present.2 Curcio attached a declaration to describe the abuse:
On October 16, 2018, “Pels reached out to people” at the theater
where Curcio performed “in an attempt to have [Curcio] banned
by falsely accusing [her] of physical [and] sexual assault.” Curcio
stated that when she was not banned from the theater, Pels
“publicly posted on social media with [her] name [and] the
accusations.” Curcio declared “multiple friends” sent her “screen
shots from [Pels’s] social media accounts vaguely accusing [her]
of abuse [and] urging people not to book [her] on comedy shows.”

1 Statutory references are to the Family Code unless
otherwise noted.
2 Curcio wrote “N/A” in the space to “[d]escribe any injuries”
for the most recent abuse, and “[a] blow to the head” for the past
abuse.

2
 Curcio accused Pels of threatening, in December 2015,
“to ruin [her] reputation with false accusations of abuse,
if [she] ever crossed her.” She also asserted that during their
relationship in November 2015, she awoke to a “blow to [her]
head” after falling asleep during an intimate encounter with Pels.
Curcio stated that after they broke up in early 2016, Pels tried
to get into comedy shows where Curcio was performing and
“behaved aggressively” when she was not let in. When Pels
“made an aggressive attempt to get into” one of Curcio’s shows
in March 2016, the host banned Pels from the show. Curcio also
declared Pels waited outside the front door of her apartment in
March 2016 and would not leave until Curcio had two friends
come over.
Curcio described Pels as coming to one of her comedy
shows in January 2018 and trying to get “physically close” to her,
despite Curcio’s “attempts to get away from her.” She stated Pels
“has also tried to be booked on the same shows as me [and] has
occasionally heckled me.” She said she wanted the restraining
order because she “talked” to Pels’s “ex.” Curcio described her
conversation with the woman. She attached a text message the
woman sent to her as an exhibit to her petition. In it the woman
described Pels as “unstable, dangerous, and [a] pathologically
lying person.” After describing the woman’s account of her
relationship with Pels, Curcio asserted, “This is the repeated
pattern of explosive, volatile behavior that makes me feel scared
of Julia Pels. Her obsession [and] fixation on me for the last
3 years since our breakup also makes me feel threatened [and]
like this will escalate to physical abuse again.”
Curcio attached several exhibits to her petition, including
what she described as Pels’s “public[ ] social media post, accusing
me of physical/sexual assault [and] likening booking me on
comedy shows to supporting a rapist.” Because it is the primary

3
basis for the restraining order, we reproduce Pels’s Facebook post
as it originally appears in the record:
“I HAVE WAITED THREE YEARS to say this.
with all the talk of equality and ‘believing
women,’ I thought it was time to share my
story. as much as i’ve wanted to write this
post, i’ve also dreaded it. like most abuse
victims, we are afraid we won’t be believed or
we will be shamed for telling the truth. but i’m
NOT a victim, i’m a survivor and i’m NOT
afraid to tell the truth anymore.

“JEN CURCIO (yes, i just outted my abuser)
was SEVERELY AND DISTURBINGLY
ABUSIVE TO ME in the six months we dated.
she still abused ME EVEN AFTER i broke up
with her. she gave me ptsd among other
things.

“NOW, i’m here to say this to all of the
‘FEMINISTS’ out there. if you are going to
believe ALL WOMEN, that goes for QUEER
women as well. men are not the only predators
in this world, unfortunately. women, YES
WOMEN, can be just as bad.

“AND, FOR THE RECORD it’s not a ‘she said/
she said.’ i have proof. wanna see the death
threats from her friends, pictures of bruises or
recordings of her verbally accosting me? i’m
tired of keeping my mouth shut. she doesn’t
even deserve this post, but other women

4
 deserve to be SAFE. that’s the ONLY reason
why i’m telling this story.

“WHEN YOU BOOK HER ON YOUR SHOWS,
BEFRIEND HER, PLAY ON IMPROV TEAMS
WITH HER YOU, ARE ENABLING AN
ABUSER. IT IS LIKE SUPPORTING A
RAPIST, would you book a male comic rapist
or abuser of any sort? LET US ALL STOP
BEING HYPOCRITICAL AND BELIEVE ALL
WOMEN, including me.

“AND TO ALL OF MY FRIENDS THAT HAVE
AND DO BELIEVE AND SUPPORT ME, i love
you infinitely. TO THOSE that don’t believe
me, unfollow me now!

“p.s. she has abused other women and even
improv members so please be careful. she is
currently under investigation by multiple
theatres.”
Curcio also attached screen shots of messages from her
friends commenting about Pels and a “cease and desist” letter
she sent to Pels in October 2018 after the Facebook post.
Curcio checked the boxes on the form to request personal
conduct orders, including that Pels be restrained from harassing
or disturbing Curcio’s peace, a stay-away order requiring Pels
to stay 100 yards away from Curcio, and the right to record
any communication that violated the court’s orders. Curcio also
asked the court “to order [Pels] to stop posting about me on social
media platforms.”

5
The hearing on Curcio’s petition and restraining order
The court held a hearing on whether to grant the
restraining orders on November 26, 2018. Both Curcio and Pels
appeared at the hearing in pro. per. and were placed under oath.
The court acknowledged it had a proof of service, and Curcio’s
requested restraining orders against Pels had been granted
on November 2, 2018, “on a temporary basis” (TRO).3
The court explained to the parties, “My job today is to
review the evidence from both sides for the first time because
on the day that Ms. Curcio filed her petition, Ms. Pels was not
present. She did not know what she was being accused of, and
she had not had an opportunity to contest or oppose the request
for further restraining orders. [¶] Today is the day that Ms. Pels
gets to exercise her constitutional right for a full and fair
hearing.” The court “noted . . . the granting of the TRO created
a presumption that some type of abuse has occurred. It’s
a rebuttable presumption which means that Ms. Pels may
overcome and dissolve the presumption through her evidence.”
The court explained Pels could cross-examine Curcio about
the allegations, present her own witnesses if they had personal
knowledge the alleged conduct did not happen, and testify herself
under oath. The evidence she presented could lead the court
to find Curcio has not sustained her burden of proof.
The court then said Curcio had sustained her burden of
proof “on a preliminary basis” as a result of the TRO. It shifted
the burden to Pels, stating she had “the burden of proving by
a preponderance of the evidence that these allegations are not
true.” The court asked Curcio if her statements in the petition
were “true, accurate and correct.” After she answered, “[y]es,”

3 The TRO, notice of hearing, and proof of service of the TRO
are not included in the appellate record.

6
the court accepted Curcio’s written statements as her preliminary
testimony, finding it supported the earlier granting of the TRO.
The court then shifted the burden to Pels.
The court asked Pels if she had “any questions for Ms.
Curcio about these allegations,” and if she had any witnesses
she would like to call. Pels said, “[n]o.” The court then allowed
Pels to testify on her own behalf.
Pels testified she made the October 16, 2018 social media
post stating Curcio had abused her “on my private Facebook page
that is on lockdown where no one except my friends can see it.”
Pels said she had proof of Curcio’s verbal and psychological abuse
of her, and also asserted Curcio had manhandled her. She told
the court she had photographs and audio recordings. The court
explained it could hear evidence of Curcio’s abuse only if Pels
had filed a petition against Curcio that was before the court.
After explaining she did not file her own petition because
most of Curcio’s behavior “was not physical,” Pels seems to have
attempted to address Curcio’s allegation that Pels hit her in the
head in late 2015. Pels told the court she had email messages
and Facebook messages from Curcio expressing her love for Pels
and wanting Pels “to come home for dinner” from the same time
period when Curcio alleged Pels gave the blow to the head. Pels
testified that since they broke up in 2016, “[t]here has been no
contact from me.”
She asserted, “Ms. Curcio has no evidentiary support of
any of this. She did this as an act of malice and revenge because
I told the truth of her verbal, psychological and mental abuse
that I had to endure, your honor, for three years.” Pels
mentioned “someone else” told her Curcio had done the same
thing to her.
The court responded that it had “listened carefully” to what
Pels had said, “but at this point everything you told me even if

7
it were soaking wet true would not help me because it’s not
admissible evidence as a defense to the allegations that Ms.
Curcio is making. [¶] . . . If you had a petition on file, I would
hear both of you and in the wors[t] case scenario . . . I would
grant mutual restraining orders, but I do not have that. [¶] So
everything you told me cannot be a defense to a zero tolerance
act of domestic violence.”
The court then asked Curcio if she claimed Pels had
been physically abusive and when the abuse happened. Curcio
responded, “November 2015 . . . , I fell asleep, and I felt a blow
to my head.” The court then asked, “If that happened in 2015,
why am I hearing about it now?” Curcio answered,
“Because on November4 the 16th Ms. Pels did
post . . . I believe it was not public but we both
are in comedy and I have had no contact with
her, but she posted using my name accusing
me of sexual and physical assault and mental
and verbal assault, and those are not true
allegations, and to a lot of people she
specifically said when you book her [meaning
Curcio] for shows, befriend her, play on
improv[ ] teams with her, you are enabling
an abuser. It’s like supporting a rapist. [¶] . . .
I have my job at CollegeHumor because of
my comedy, and people at my work were
questioning me about this post, and I had
to go to my immediate supervisor and explain
everything that has happened, and there’s
just always been kind of rumblings from her

4 The record demonstrates the Facebook post was in October
2018.

8
 about these false accusations of abuse,
and it’s starting to hurt my career.”
After hearing from Curcio, the court explained to Pels
that “disturbing someone’s peace to a degree that no reasonable
person should have to endure,” is a ground for issuing a
restraining order. The court continued, “I can and will issue
those restraining orders even if you never laid a hand on the
petitioner, and what she just put on the record is that you have
interfered with her ability or you have attempted to interfere
with her ability to earn a living. That would disturb the peace
of any reasonable person. If you came into my life telling people
that I should not be on the bench for X reasons, it would disturb
me greatly. You are disturbing my peace by interfering with
my ability to earn a living. [¶] Why is it any different if you are
posting on social media that no one should book her?”
The court reasoned, “Telling somebody don’t book somebody
is interfering with their work. . . . [¶] It’s not something that
the law tolerates. It’s a form of abuse.” Directing its comments
toward Curcio, the court qualified that it was “not too worried
about . . . 2[0]15. . . . If it happened, it’s inappropriate, and if it
happened, it’s a violation of the domestic violence prevention act,
but what happened in 2015 does not carry the same weight as
if it happened last month or even last year. [¶] But now you
add to that an allegation that she has gone into your life telling
prospective employers not to book you. You have my attention.
Is there anything else I need to know?” Curcio then described
Pels’s friend posting photos on Instagram after Pels was served,
but the court found that was not evidence of domestic abuse
by Pels.
Pels then asked the court how Curcio “can get a restraining
order against me aside from the Facebook post with zero
evidentiary support to support her other allegations.” She said

9
she would take the Facebook post down, “if that means that
I never have to see her again. I want nothing to do with Ms.
Curcio. You don’t have to restrain me. I don’t even think of her.”
The court responded, “The issue for me is that if you don’t
want to be in her life . . . [¶] then don’t post anything anywhere,
at anytime about her. I’m going to issue a restraining order that
orders you to do that because that is inappropriate and harmful.”
The court ordered, “For two years only you are ordered
to not harass Ms. Curcio. You may not strike or hit her. Even
though it’s remote in time, it’s not going to happen in the future.
You may not assault her sexually or otherwise. You may not
molest her or disturb her peace in any way, shape or form. [¶]
You may not disturb her peace by posting anything on any
social media that includes her name, face and likeness. You
are expressly ordered to not post anything on the internet or
any social media that would suggest to prospective employers
that they should not hire her or book her in any way. [¶] You
are ordered to not contact her directly, indirectly, in any way
including but not limited to by telephone, mail, email, text
message, Facebook, Instagram, social media or other electronic
means.”
The court ordered Curcio to stay 100 yards away from Pels,
except in comedy clubs. It ordered Pels to stay five yards from
Curcio in comedy clubs and not interrupt Curcio’s set or talk to
her while at the club. The court incorporated the orders it read
into the record by reference “as though set forth in full” in the
written restraining order.
After an exchange with Pels, described in more detail
below, the court concluded she had not “accept[ed] responsibility
for the evidence” concerning the Facebook post and extended
the restraining order an additional year.

10
 The court then entered the Judicial Council form DV-130
restraining order after hearing in favor of Curcio against Pels
with a November 26, 2021 expiration date. In addition to the
form personal conduct and stay-away orders, the order states
Pels “is to remove [Curcio’s] name and image from any and
all social media and post nothing to social media of or about
[Curcio].”
2. Pels’s motion for reconsideration
After the hearing, Pels retained counsel who filed a motion
for reconsideration on her behalf on December 5, 2018. Pels,
through her attorney, argued she was not provided the required
forms DV-120 and DV-120 Information when she was served
with the restraining order hearing documents, which provide
instruction on how to file a response. Counsel argued that
because Pels was not served with the required forms, “she did
not know how to prepare for the . . . hearing” and did not bring
any witnesses. She requested the court reconsider its order and
“allow Ms. Pels an opportunity to present her case properly with
the assistance of counsel.” Pels’s counsel represented Pels would
“put forth witness(es), declarations, and other testimony properly
challenging and responding to the unfounded accusations made
by Ms. Curcio,” providing new facts not available at the
November 2018 hearing.
Counsel also argued the court had improperly shifted the
burden of proof to Pels. She contended the court “could have
provided Ms. Pels with an opportunity to continue the hearing”
when Pels told the court she would have brought witnesses if
she had known she needed to do so.5

5 During the November 2018 hearing, after the court issued
the restraining order, Pels told the court, “I moved, your honor,
and I was unaware of any of this. I would have brought

11
 Finally, counsel argued new circumstances existed in that
since the entry of the restraining order on November 26, 2018,
Pels had been banned from a comedy venue where she had
worked. Pels submitted a declaration in support of the motion
for reconsideration. She declared she “never abused [Curcio]
physically, psychologically, sexually or in any manner during
[their] relationship back in 2015 until now.” She stated she
was not served with documents about how to respond to the
restraining order, she did not know she had the burden of proof
until the court told her she did at the November 2018 hearing,
she would have brought witnesses and evidence to the hearing
had she known, and she was unaware she could request a
continuance to prepare for the hearing or hire an attorney.
Pels also declared she has been banned from the venue where
she performed her comedy show, which “interferes with my
livelihood.” Pels’s agent submitted a declaration averring
“[u]pon information and belief, if this domestic violence
restraining order is not lifted, it will be very difficult for me to
book Ms. Pels for any paid jobs in major film and television.”
The court heard Pels’s motion for reconsideration on
January 4, 2019. It heard testimony from Pels concerning
the new facts she contended supported her motion for
reconsideration, including allegations of Curcio’s abuse. In
response to questions by her attorney, Pels denied hitting Curcio
in the head. She again testified she had not had any contact with
Curcio since 2016. She also confirmed she made one post on her
private Facebook page about Curcio’s abuse on October 16, 2018.
“Nowhere public.” Pels said she made the October 2018 Facebook
post “[b]ecause over five women came forward telling me Ms.

witnesses today. I would have brought witnesses. There’s been
no contact . . . . She has no proof of any contact, Your Honor.”

12
Curcio had done the same thing to . . .[¶] . . .them.” She agreed
she “felt the need to speak out even though [she] had not
contacted [Curcio] or talked to her for that long.”
The court explained Pels had the right to file her own
petition, but “it does not prove that I was wrong in issuing my
restraining order.” The court concluded the new facts Pels
presented were “in support of a petition not before” it. It
concluded no new facts supported reconsideration of its
issuance of the restraining order and denied the motion.
DISCUSSION
Pels challenges the restraining order on a number of
grounds. She contends the court improperly shifted the burden
of proof to her, her private Facebook post does not constitute
disturbing the peace under the DVPA, the order constitutes
a prior restraint on Pels’s speech, and the court abused its
discretion when it extended the expiration date of the order
from two to three years.
1. Applicable law and standard of review
Under the DVPA, a court is authorized to issue a protective
order “ ‘to restrain any person for the purpose of preventing
a recurrence of domestic violence and ensuring a period of
separation of the persons involved’ ” upon “reasonable proof of
a past act or acts of abuse.” (In re Marriage of Davila & Mejia
(2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 220, 225, 228 (Davila & Mejia); Nevarez v.
Tonna (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 774, 782; accord, §§ 6220, 6300.)
Abuse includes “intentionally or recklessly caus[ing] or
attempt[ing] to cause bodily injury”; “[s]exual assault”; “plac[ing]
a person in reasonable apprehension of imminent serious bodily
injury to that person or to another”; and “engag[ing] in any
behavior that has been or could be enjoined” under section 6320.
(§ 6203, subd. (a).) Behavior that may be enjoined under section
6320 relevant to this appeal includes “disturbing the peace of

13
the other party” (§ 6320, subd. (a)), which “may be properly
understood as conduct that destroys [another’s] mental or
emotional calm.” (In re Marriage of Nadkarni (2009) 173
Cal.App.4th 1483, 1496-1497 (Nadkarni).) “Thus, section 6320
provides that ‘the requisite abuse need not be actual infliction
of physical injury or assault.’ ” (Id. at p. 1496.)
The DVPA vests the court with discretion to issue a
restraining order “simply on the basis of an affidavit showing
past abuse.” (Nakamura v. Parker (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 327,
334, 337-338 [reversing summary denial of TRO].) The burden of
proof is by a preponderance of the evidence. (Cooper v. Bettinger
(2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 77, 90, fn. 14; Gdowski v. Gdowski (2009)
175 Cal.App.4th 128, 137.) The DVPA “confer[s] a discretion
designed to be exercised liberally, at least more liberally than
a trial court’s discretion to restrain civil harassment generally.”
(Nakamura, at p. 334.)
We review the grant of a DVPA restraining order for abuse
of discretion, and, to the extent we are called upon to review
the court’s factual findings, we apply the substantial evidence
standard of review. (Davila & Mejia, supra, 29 Cal.App.5th at
p. 226.) In reviewing the evidence, we examine the entire record
to determine whether there is any substantial evidence―
contradicted or uncontradicted―to support the trial court’s
findings. (Burquet v. Brumbaugh (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 1140,
1143 (Burquet).) We must accept as true all evidence supporting
the trial court’s findings, resolving every conflict in favor of the
judgment. (Ibid.) We do not determine credibility or reweigh
the evidence. (Katsura v. City of San Buenaventura (2007)
155 Cal.App.4th 104, 107.) If substantial evidence supports
the judgment, reversal is not warranted even if facts exist that
would support a contrary finding. (Ibid.)

14
2. The private Facebook post was insufficient to support
the issuance of a domestic violence restraining order
The trial court made clear it was issuing the restraining
order on the ground Pels had disturbed Curcio’s peace through
the October 2018 Facebook post. We thus first consider whether
the post is sufficient evidence of abuse. As the court told Pels,
the DVPA does not require Pels to have “laid a hand on” Curcio
for a restraining order to issue. Pels could be enjoined under
the DVPA for disturbing Curcio’s peace through conduct causing
“destruction of her mental or emotional calm.” (Nadkarni, supra,
173 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1497, 1499.)
Courts of Appeal have found conduct involving
communications such as text messages, email, and social media
constitutes abuse under the DVPA for disturbing the petitioner’s
peace. In defining “disturbing the peace” under the DVPA as
“conduct that destroys [another’s] mental or emotional calm,”
the Sixth District Court of Appeal in Nadkarni concluded the
petitioner’s application for a restraining order was facially
sufficient where she alleged her ex-husband accessed, read, and
publicly disclosed the content of her confidential emails, which
caused her to suffer embarrassment and “to fear for her safety.”
(Nadkarni, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1497-1499 [reversing
dismissal of application for restraining order].) The court
concluded the ex-husband’s conduct with respect to the e-mail
account allegedly caused the “destruction of [petitioner’s] mental
or emotional calm and could, if found to be true, constitute
‘disturbing the peace of’ ” the ex-wife “sufficient for a showing
of abuse under the DVPA.” (Id. at pp. 1498-1499.)
Similarly, in In re Marriage of Evilsizor & Sweeney (2015)
237 Cal.App.4th 1416, 1419, the First District Court of Appeal
affirmed the trial court’s finding of abuse and issuance of a
restraining order under the DVPA where a husband downloaded

15
“tens of thousands of text messages” from his wife’s cell phones
and information from the “ ‘notes’ section of [her] iPhone, which
[she] used as a diary,” and filed copies of some of the downloaded
messages with the court during the couple’s dissolution
proceedings. (Id. at p. 1420.) The wife alleged the husband also
transmitted private text communications to third parties, had
“hacked into her Facebook account, changed her password,
and rerouted the e-mail associated with her Facebook account
to his own account,” and “threatened to reveal publicly more
text messages and e-mails for leverage in the dissolution
proceedings.” (Id. at p. 1421.) And, this District concluded
substantial evidence supported the trial court’s finding a
defendant “disturbed the peace of plaintiff” through a “course
of conduct of contacting plaintiff by phone, e-mail, and text,
. . . and arriving at her residence unannounced and uninvited,
and then refusing to leave.” (Burquet, supra, 223 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 1142-1144, 1146-1147.)
Pels’s single, private Facebook post accusing Curcio of
abusing her is a far cry from the conduct described above. Pels
expressed political views and posted her opinion of Curcio to her
own private social media account. Curcio herself told the court
she believed the post “was not public.” Curcio also presented
no evidence Pels sent her harassing, threatening, or unwanted
texts or e-mails, as in Burquet, or social media posts, for example.
Indeed, Curcio told the court she had not been in contact with
Pels. Nor is there evidence Pels published or distributed to third
parties Curcio’s private information or messages, as was the case
in both Nadkarni and In re Marriage of Evilsizor & Sweeney.
Curcio certainly never claimed the Facebook post included her
confidential information.
We do not interpret Nadkarni and its progeny to hold
a restraining order may issue based on any act that upsets

16
the petitioning party. The DVPA was not enacted to address
all disputes between former couples, or to create an alternative
forum for resolution of every dispute between such individuals.
If Pels’s Facebook post is libelous, for example, Curcio may seek
recourse through a defamation suit.
Curcio understandably was upset by the social media post
and it may have made her fear for her career, but we conclude
it cannot be said to rise to the level of destruction of Curcio’s
mental and emotional calm, sufficient to support the issuance
of a domestic violence restraining order.6 Because we find the
Facebook post does not constitute abuse under the DVPA we
need not address Pels’s contention the order is a prior restraint
on her speech.
3. The remaining allegations do not support issuance
of the restraining order because the court improperly
shifted the burden of proof to Pels
Besides the Facebook post, the other allegation the court
discussed7 when issuing the restraining order was Pels’s alleged

6 We note a domestic violence restraining order is
no ordinary injunction. Its violation is punishable as a
misdemeanor. (Pen. Code, §§ 166, subd. (c)(3)(A); 273.6.) Arrest
is mandatory where an officer has probable cause to believe
the order has been violated. (Pen. Code, § 836, subd. (c)(1).)
Moreover, “[t]here often will be some social stigma attached while
a person is subject to a protective order. Existing employers
may frown on an employee who is subject to such an order and
prospective employers almost surely will. Thus[,] the restrained
party may lose out on a promotion or a job.” (Ritchie v. Konrad
(2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 1275, 1291.)
7 To the extent the court considered Curcio’s other
allegations—for example that Pels came to one of her comedy
shows—they too cannot support the restraining order because

17
“blow” to Curcio’s head in 2015. The only definition of abuse
under the DVPA to which the blow to the head falls is “[t]o
intentionally or recklessly cause or attempt to cause bodily
injury.” (§ 6203, subd. (a)(1).) The court never found Curcio
proved by a preponderance of the evidence that Pels hit her
intentionally or recklessly, however. The court merely found
Curcio’s written statements supported the granting of the TRO;
they raised “a presumption that something happened.”
Instead, the court shifted the burden to Pels to prove “by a
preponderance of the evidence that [Curcio’s] allegations are not
true.” But the law imposes no such burden on a party opposing
a restraining order. As the party seeking the restraining order,
Curcio was required to prove past abuse by a preponderance of
the evidence. (Davila & Mejia, supra, 29 Cal.App.5th at p. 226
[“The DVPA requires a showing of past abuse by a preponderance
of the evidence.”].) In her written statement Curcio said she
“was awakened by a blow to [her] head” and when she asked
Pels “why she did this[,] [Pels] laughed.” Pels seems to have
attempted to prove Curcio’s statement false—as the court told
her she was required to do—by telling the court she had evidence
Curcio told her she loved her and wanted her to come home
during that same time.8 She also argued Curcio had “no
evidentiary support.”
The court’s comments on the record about the 2015
incident make clear the court did not find Curcio proved by a

the court presumed them to be true and shifted the burden to
Pels to prove them false.
8 Pels denied the accusation at the subsequent hearing
on her motion for reconsideration and in her declaration filed
in support of that motion.

18
preponderance of the evidence that (1) the blow to the head
occurred, or (2) Pels intentionally or recklessly caused or
attempted to cause Curcio bodily injury with the alleged blow
to the head. The court said, “If it happened, it’s not right. If it
happened, it’s inappropriate, and if it happened, it’s a violation of
the [DVPA].” (Italics added.) Moreover, the court acknowledged
it wasn’t “too worried” about the alleged incident, and found
“what happened in 2015 does not carry the same weight” as
if it happened more recently. The court made clear it was the
Facebook post “telling prospective employers not to book [Curcio]”
that it found warranted the restraining order. That is what got
the court’s “attention.”
Because the record does not demonstrate Curcio proved
by a preponderance of the evidence an act of past abuse, and
the court improperly shifted the burden to Pels to prove Curcio’s
allegations false, we reverse.9

9 We note that during an exchange with Pels’s counsel at
the hearing on Pels’s motion for reconsideration, the court noted
the restraining order “was granted in part because there was
an allegation that [Pels] caused a blow to the head of Ms. Curcio,”
and that while it could give “less weight the further remote in
time that the evidence is. [¶] A blow to the head in 2016 [sic] is
not so remote that I would not consider it.” Responding to Pels’s
counsel’s comment, the court also mentioned a police report was
not required “in order to believe [Curcio’s] testimony under oath”
about the incident.
Toward the end of the reconsideration hearing, the court
also stated it found Curcio “sustained her burden of proof by a
51 percent or more margin.” The court made the comment after
it had rejected Pels’s counsel’s argument that the burden shifted
to Pels, and after she argued the court’s stated main reason for
granting the restraining order—Pels’s private Facebook post—
was insufficient to constitute disturbing the peace. It is unclear,
therefore, whether the court was referring to Curcio meeting her

19
4. The court abused its discretion when it extended
the restraining order for an additional year
In the event of further proceedings in this matter, we
address Pels’s contention the court abused its discretion when
it extended the expiration date of the restraining order from
November 2020 to November 2021. After the court read the
terms of the restraining order, Pels responded, “I have never been
arrested or been a violent person. This is a manipulation of the
court. I’m disappointed, but I respect you and I will respect your
orders. Thank you.” The court engaged Pels, ultimately asking
her, “Did you post that people should not book her? Yes or no?”
The following colloquy/dialogue ensued:
Pels: “No, it says when you book her. It
does not say do not book her, and also I have
evidence in my phone, and if I knew I needed
witnesses today, there would [be] 120 people
here saying the same thing. [¶] I moved,
your honor, and I was unaware of any of this.
I would have brought witnesses. There’s been
no contact, no police reports, no restraining
orders. She has no proof of any contact, your
honor. I do not need to be restrained. If I’m
in a comedy club, she could call the police, and
I could be arrested for just being at my space
and performing. [¶] Ms. Curcio does not get
paid to perform, your honor. So I’m not

burden of proof on the disturbing the peace allegation or the blow
to the head. In any event, the court’s earlier statements we have
described, combined with its shifting of the burden of proof to
Pels, demonstrate the court had not found the blow to the head
allegation true by a preponderance of the evidence at the time
it issued the restraining order.

20
 interrupting her job. She has a day job.
And it’s very upsetting when people with
mental illnesses abuse the court system. [¶]
I appreciate your time today.”

Court: “You are running through rain drops,
young lady. You want me to feel good about
saying that you have nothing against me except
allowing myself to be manipulated. I do not
allow myself to be manipulated. When on the
record you talk about people not booking her
and not employing her, I asked you if that
were true to see if you were willing to accept
responsibility. Accepting responsibility in
these conduct cases carries a lot of weight.
You have done the exact opposite. [¶] Your
order is now for three years for not accepting
responsibility for the evidence that I have
before me.”
The record does not support the court’s finding. Pels
admitted she had made the Facebook post. Her response to the
court that she did not “post that people should not book her,” but
posted, “when you book her,” is factually accurate. She also told
the court, “I respect your order.” The court articulated no legal
basis to add another year to the restraining order and abused
its discretion by doing so.

21
 DISPOSITION
The November 26, 2018 order restraining Julia Pels
is reversed. The parties are to bear their own costs on appeal.

EGERTON, J.

We concur:

LAVIN, Acting P.J.

DHANIDINA, J.

22
Filed 3/27/20
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

JENNIFER CURCIO, B295293

Plaintiff and Respondent, Los Angeles County
Super. Ct. No. 18STRO07928
v.
ORDER CERTIFYING
JULIA PELS, FOR PUBLICATION
[NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]
Defendant and Appellant.

THE COURT:
The opinion in the above-entitled matter, filed on February 27, 2020,
was not certified for publication in the Official Reports. For good cause,
it now appears that the opinion should be published in the Official Reports.
There is no change in the judgment.

________________________________________________________________________
EGERTON, J. LAVIN, Acting P. J. DHANIDINA, J.