UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
DEMOCRACY FORWARD
FOUNDATION,
Plaintiff,
v. Civil No. 18-635 (JDB)
CENTERS FOR MEDICARE &
MEDICAID SERVICES,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Plaintiff Democracy Forward Foundation brought this action pursuant to the Freedom of
Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, against defendant Centers for Medicare & Medicaid
Services (“CMS”) seeking records relating to CMS’s Affordable Care Act enrollment outreach.
The Court previously addressed the parties’ motions for summary judgment in a Memorandum
Opinion dated November 27, 2019, wherein the Court granted defendant’s motion in part and
denied it in part. See Democracy Forward Found. v. Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs., 2019
WL 6344935, at *1 (D.D.C. Nov. 27, 2019). The Court granted only partial summary judgment
because two questions remained insufficiently answered by CMS’s two filed declarations:
(1) whether certain communications sent to or from a person named “Brett O’Donnell”—who was
otherwise unidentified—were exempt from disclosure under the “consultant corollary” to the
deliberative process privilege; and (2) whether CMS had disclosed all reasonably segregable
portions of a “Healthcare.gov 2016-2017 Open Enrollment Campaign Final Report” and several
attachments to a July 11, 2017 meeting invite. Id. at *4–6. The Court noted that the parties could
submit renewed motions for summary judgment but that CMS had to “supplement its withholding
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justifications” to address the two remaining questions before submitting any additional motions.
Id. at *1. Now before the Court are the parties’ renewed motions for summary judgment.
Legal Standard
“FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”
Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009). Summary judgment
is appropriate when the pleadings and evidence demonstrate “that there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
It is the agency’s burden to prove that it has complied with its obligations under FOIA.
See U.S. Dep’t of Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 n.3 (1989). “Summary judgment is
warranted on the basis of agency affidavits when the affidavits describe the justifications for
nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically
falls within the claimed exemption, and are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the
record nor by evidence of agency bad faith.” Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C.
Cir. 2009) (quoting Miller v. Casey, 730 F.2d 773, 776 (D.C. Cir. 1984)). The agency cannot rely
on “conclusory and generalized allegations of exemptions.” Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108, 1115
(D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Founding Church of Scientology of Wash., D.C., Inc. v. NSA, 610 F.2d
824, 830 (D.C. Cir. 1979)).
Discussion
As noted, the Court’s previous decision resolved all issues in this case save two. As to the
first remaining question, relating to certain communications in which a “Brett O’Donnell” appears
as a sender or recipient, the second supplemental declaration of CMS’s Hugh Gilmore states that
the consultant corollary applies to the Brett O’Donnell communications because O’Donnell “was
on the Weber Shandwick consultant contract,” under which “Weber Shandwick provided advice
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to CMS with respect to communication strategies, administrative guidance, and coordination with
CMS leadership.” Second Suppl. Decl. of Hugh Gilmore (“Second Suppl. Decl.”) [ECF No. 34-
2] ¶ 5. Democracy Forward does not challenge this determination, stating that it “does not have a
basis for contesting CMS’s averments regarding Mr. O’Donnell.” Pl.’s Mem. of Law in Opp’n to
Def.’s Renewed Mot. for Summ. J. & in Supp. of Pl.’s Renewed Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s
MSJ”) [ECF No. 35] at 1 n.1. The Court agrees that the consultant corollary applies to the
O’Donnell communications. See Nat’l Inst. of Mil. Justice v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 512 F.3d 677,
685–86 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (extending deliberative process privilege to documents prepared for an
agency by outside consultants because “advice submitted by . . . temporary consultants” is similar
in function and purpose to advice given by employees).
As such, only one question remains before the Court: whether CMS’s second supplemental
declaration, unlike its previous two declarations, demonstrates that the agency has met its burden
with respect to its segregability obligations under FOIA. Democracy Forward challenges CMS’s
withholding of two documents or sets of documents in almost their entirety: 1 (1) a “Final Report”
on the HealthCare.gov 2016–2017 Open Enrollment Campaign, prepared by Weber Shandwick,
Index of Contested Withholdings (“Vaughn Index”) [ECF No. 18-3] at 23 (Bates 2067-2191); and
(2) several attachments to a July 11, 2017 meeting invite to discuss Open Enrollment, Suppl. Index
of Contested Withholdings (“Suppl. Vaughn Index”) [ECF No. 18-4] at 6 (Bates 2366-2431). In
doing so, Democracy Forward argues that “CMS’s latest supporting declaration . . . makes clear
that CMS still has not met its burden to conduct an adequate segregability search and to explain
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Since the Court’s previous opinion was issued, CMS has released to Democracy Forward a limited number
of pages from the requested documents: (1) the cover page and five pages of the Final Report; and (2) the cover page
and three pages of the July meeting invite. See Second Suppl. Decl. ¶¶ 8–9, 11. CMS states that these releases were
“discretionary,” because it “maintains that [the] information is subject to withholding under the deliberative process
privilege.” Id. at 9.
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its withholdings sufficiently.” Pl.’s MSJ at 5. CMS, on the other hand, argues that its new
declaration is sufficiently detailed such that CMS has met its burden. Reply Mem. in Supp. of
Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. & in Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross-Mot (“CMS Reply”) [ECF No. 39] at 2.
Segregability is analyzed using a burden-shifting framework. “In order to demonstrate that
all reasonably segregable material has been released, the agency must provide a ‘detailed
justification’ for its non-segregability.” Johnson v. Exec. Office for U.S. Att’ys, 310 F.3d 771,
776 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 251
(D.C. Cir. 1977)). “However, the agency is not required to provide so much detail that the exempt
material would be effectively disclosed.” Id. To make the requisite showing, the agency typically
provides a Vaughn index and “a declaration attesting that the agency released all segregable
material.” Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 20 F. Supp. 3d 260, 277 (D.D.C. 2014).
Once this information is provided, the agency is “entitled to a presumption that [it] complied with
the obligation to disclose reasonably segregable material.” Sussman v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 494
F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2007). The plaintiff must then produce a “quantum of evidence” to
rebut this presumption, at which point “the burden lies with the government to demonstrate that
no segregable, nonexempt portions were withheld.” Id.
The Court’s previous opinion determined that CMS’s declarations to that point, while
establishing that the deliberative process privilege applied generally to the challenged documents,
had made only conclusory statements of non-segregability that failed to provide a detailed
justification for its withholding of the documents in full. See Democracy Forward Found., 2019
WL 6344935, at *4–5. This time around, however, the Court concludes that CMS’s new
declaration is sufficient to entitle it to a presumption that it complied with its segregability
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obligations and that Democracy Forward has not produced a quantum of evidence to rebut that
presumption.
As to the Final Report, Gilmore states that CMS has “conducted a line by line review of
the remaining pages of the report and determined that there was no non-exempt material within
those pages that could be meaningfully segregated.” Second Suppl. Decl. ¶ 10. He further explains
that the pages withheld “discuss the results of data from searches, analysis on which products
worked best and which did not, weighing costs associated with the media concepts employed, and
suggestions of why they were successful or why they were not,” and that the pages offer “[l]essons
learned” and “other recommendations which contained projections and forecasts for action in
future [Affordable Care Act] enrollment campaigns.” Id. This declaration is significantly more
substantive and detailed than either of the previous submissions. The first declaration stated only
that the Final Report was advisory, without any real elaboration, see Decl. of Hugh Gilmore
(“Gilmore Decl.”) [ECF No. 18-2] ¶ 16, and the second declaration added only that CMS had
“reviewed the report again” and had determined that disclosure of the report could lead to the data
therein being “misinterpreted,” Suppl. Decl. of Hugh Gilmore (“Suppl. Decl.”) [ECF No. 26-2] ¶
10. Courts generally accept showings similar to the one that CMS has made on its third attempt
as sufficient to apply the presumption of compliance, and this Court does as well. Cf., e.g., Am.
Ctr. for Law & Justice v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 330 F. Supp. 3d 293, 306 (D.D.C. 2018) (applying
presumption where the government “provided a declaration stating that it conducted a ‘careful,
line-by-line review of each document’ and released all segregable information”); Abdelfattah v.
U.S. Immig. & Customs Enf’t, 851 F. Supp. 2d 141, 146 (D.D.C. 2012) (applying presumption
where the government stated that it had “reviewed [the challenged documents] line-by-line” and
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provided a detailed Vaughn index and “declarations enumerating the reasons why each document
was properly withheld” (quotation omitted)).
As to the July meeting invite, Gilmore once again states that CMS conducted “a line-by-
line review” of the invite and attachments and concluded that “there was no non-exempt
information that could be meaningfully segregated.” Second Suppl. Decl. ¶¶ 12–13. He also
describes each document associated with the meeting invite in some detail. See, e.g., id. ¶¶ 12
(explaining that one presentation attached to the meeting invite contains “Weber Shandwick’s data,
analysis, tactics, strategies, and rationale which was presented to CMS as a recommended
approach”); 13 (explaining that a Word document and two other presentations contained “the
recommended messaging communications to leadership,” as well as “recommendations for certain
activities and plans for outreach”). The new declaration contains significantly more detailed
information than the previous declarations, which stated only that CMS had “re-examined” the
July meeting invite and that any release would “result in a chilling effect for candor and frank
information [when] presenting to CMS leadership.” Suppl. Decl. ¶ 11. As with the Final Report,
then, the Court concludes that CMS is entitled to the presumption of compliance with its
segregability obligations for the July meeting invite.
In an attempt to rebut the presumption for both the Final Report and the July meeting invite,
Democracy Forward offers two arguments. First, it argues that given CMS’s description of the
documents as containing “analysis” and “lessons learned,” there must be some factual material
that can be released as segregable. See Pl.’s MSJ at 9–10. And Democracy Forward is right that
certain factual material, such as a mere “inventory, presented in chronological order,” may not be
protected by the deliberative process privilege. See Mapother v. Dep’t of Justice, 3 F.3d 1533,
1539–40 (D.C. Cir. 1993). But it is equally well-settled that a document’s culling or organization
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of relevant facts, reflecting an “exercise of judgment as to what issues are most relevant” to the
advice and recommendations contained in the document can be part of an agency’s deliberative
process. See Ancient Coin Collector’s Guild v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 641 F.3d 504, 513 (D.C. Cir.
2011); see also In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 737 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (noting that “purely factual”
material may be “so inextricably intertwined with the deliberative sections of documents that its
disclosure would inevitably reveal the government's deliberations”). Here, unlike in CMS’s earlier
declarations, which contained only boilerplate language that any facts were “inextricably
intertwined with” deliberative material, Gilmore Decl. ¶ 16, CMS has now provided a detailed
basis for its conclusion that any factual content cannot be meaningfully segregated from exempt
material. See, e.g., Second Suppl. Decl. ¶¶ 10 (stating that “data and analytics” contained in the
Final Report “reflect[] Weber Shandwick’s research and assessment of information that Weber
Shandwick considered to be significant . . . in assisting CMS in its decisionmaking” as to “future
enrollment campaigns”); 13 (explaining that documents associated with July meeting invite
contained data that was “intermingled with opinion on how it impacts enrollment increase,
effectiveness, or costs results”). Given this more detailed explanation of why there is no
reasonably segregable factual data contained in the challenged documents, the Court concludes
that Democracy Forward’s first argument is insufficient to rebut the presumption of compliance.
Democracy Forward’s second argument is that CMS failed to consider whether any opinion
material contained in the challenged documents was reasonably segregable. See Pl.’s MSJ at 6–
7. Democracy Forward primarily contends that CMS failed to analyze whether, pursuant to the
D.C. Circuit’s opinion in Coastal States Gas Corp v. Dep’t of Energy, 617 F.2d 854 (D.C. Cir.
1980), the challenged documents contained any information that was later “adopted . . . as the
agency position on an issue,” id. at 866. The parties disagree on just how broadly Coastal States
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applies, with CMS arguing that it applies exclusively in the context of situations where an agency
is using withheld documents “as secret law or working law,” CMS Reply at 4, and Democracy
Forward arguing that the secret-law context is just “one instance” of many where the Coastal States
language applies, Reply in Support of Pl.’s Renewed Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. [ECF No. 40] at 4.
Most courts, including this Court, have tended to favor CMS’s view that Coastal States prohibits
only agency attempts to “develop a body of secret law, used in the discharge of its regulatory duties
and in its dealings with the public, but hidden behind a veil of privilege because it is not designated
as ‘formal,’ ‘binding,’ or ‘final.’” Sec. Fin. Life Ins. Co. v. Dep’t of Treasury, 2005 WL 839543,
at *7 (D.D.C. April 12, 2005); see, e.g., Gosen v. U.S. Citizenship & Immig. Servs., 118 F. Supp.
3d 232, 238 n.4 (D.D.C. 2015) (noting that where “there is no real fear of the government using
the deliberative process privilege to hide a secret body of law,” the primary concern behind Coastal
States “is simply not an issue”); Pub. Emps. for Envtl. Responsibility v. U.S. Section Int’l
Boundary & Water Comm’n, 839 F. Supp. 2d 304, 323 (D.D.C. 2012), affirmed in part and vacated
in part on other grounds,740 F.3d 195 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (stating that “where there is no concern
that the [agency] is attempting to develop a body of secret law, the reasoning in Coastal States has
no application” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Sec. Fin. Life Ins. Co., 2005 WL 839543, at
*7 (“Cases that have addressed whether an agency informally adopted a predecisional document
generally have focused on whether the documents are used by an agency as secret law or working
law.”).
Here, where there has been no argument by Democracy Forward in either its original or its
renewed motion for summary judgment that CMS is withholding the Final Report or the July
meeting invite in an attempt to develop a body of secret law, the Court agrees with CMS that
Coastal States is largely inapplicable. In any event, even if Coastal States did apply more broadly,
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Democracy Forward has proffered no quantum of evidence indicating that any recommendations
contained in the challenged documents have been “adopted, formally or informally, as the agency
position.” Coastal States, 617 F.2d at 866; see Anguimate v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 918
F. Supp. 2d 13, 20–21 (D.D.C. 2013) (placing the burden on plaintiff to show that the challenged
documents had been adopted as the agency position or used as secret law). Moreover, to the extent
that Democracy Forward argues that CMS simply did not evaluate the documents to see whether
there was any reasonably segregable opinion material, this argument runs directly counter to the
statements in the new declaration that CMS did, in fact, conduct “a line by line review” of the
documents and determined that there was no material that could be meaningfully segregated—
fact, opinion, or otherwise. See Second Suppl. Decl. ¶ 10–13. As a result, the Court concludes
that Democracy Forward’s second argument is also insufficient to rebut the presumption of
compliance.
In sum, then, on the sole issue remaining before the Court—segregability—the Court
concludes that CMS’s second supplemental declaration entitles the agency to a presumption that
it has complied with its FOIA obligations and that Democracy Forward has failed to rebut that
presumption.
Conclusion
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant CMS’s renewed motion for summary
judgment and deny Democracy Forward’s renewed cross-motion for summary judgment. A
separate order will be issued on this date.
/s/
JOHN D. BATES
United States District Judge
Dated: March 30, 2020
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