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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 18-14826
Non-Argument Calendar
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D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cr-00047-LJA-TQL-1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
versus
JOSHUA GRIFFIN,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Georgia
________________________
(April 2, 2020)
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Before WILSON, BRANCH, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
On January 11, 2017, police officers arrived at Joshua Griffin’s home in
response to a report that someone in the house had pointed a gun at another person.
The officers arrested Griffin, conducted a protective sweep of the home, and then
obtained a search warrant. Based on evidence recovered from that search, a grand
jury indicted Griffin on three charges: possession with intent to distribute
methamphetamine (Count 1), in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(B)(viii)1; possession with intent to distribute marijuana (Count 2), in
violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1), (b)(1)(D); and possession of cocaine (Count 3),
in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 844(a). 2 The district court denied Griffin’s motion to
suppress the evidence obtained from the search of his home and the case went to
trial. A jury convicted Griffin on all three counts.
Griffin timely appealed. On appeal, he argues that the district court erred in
denying his motion to suppress the evidence recovered from his home because the
circumstances did not permit a warrantless search. Griffin also argues that the
1
21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) provides that “Except as authorized by this subchapter, it shall be
unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally . . . to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, or
possess with intent to manufacture, distribute, or dispense, a controlled substance.”
2
In relevant part, that section provides that “[i]t shall be unlawful for any person
knowingly or intentionally to possess a controlled substance unless such substance was obtained
directly, or pursuant to a valid prescription or order, from a practitioner . . .” 21 U.S.C. § 844(a).
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evidence was insufficient to support his convictions. Because the officers
conducted a valid protective sweep of Griffin’s home and because the evidence is
sufficient to establish all of the elements necessary for his convictions, we affirm.
I.
A. Protective Sweep of Griffin’s Home
On January 11, 2017, four Pelham, Georgia police officers responded to a
911 call reporting that Griffin had pointed a gun at a woman.3 Officers went to the
home of the two women who reported the incident: Feidyanna Stewart and Jayleen
Stewart (the “Stewart sisters”). The Stewart sisters explained that while they were
inside Griffin’s home, Feidyanna Stewart and Griffin began arguing. During the
argument, Griffin asked another man—whom they identified as “Big Man”—“to
give him that ‘Thang,’” in reference to a black pistol. When Griffin pointed the
pistol at Feidyanna Stewart, the Stewart sisters left the house. The officers went to
Griffin’s house following their conversation with the Stewart sisters.
Approximately 20 minutes after the officers received the call from the
Stewart sisters, they knocked on Griffin’s front door. Griffin came to the storm
door, and eventually stepped out onto his porch and identified himself to officers.
At that point, the officers handcuffed him. During his interactions with Griffin at
3
We present these facts as laid out in Captain Adam Lamb’s affidavit for a search
warrant, Griffin’s Motion to Suppress, and Officer Lamb’s testimony during the motion to
suppress hearing. Griffin does not dispute these facts on appeal.
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the front door, Captain Lamb observed the strong odor of marijuana emanating
from inside the home.
After handcuffing Griffin, the officers performed a protective sweep of the
home. Lamb testified that based on his experience and the Stewart sisters’
statements—that Griffin had a firearm, which was not on his person, and that there
was another man in the home—he was concerned that the others in the house could
destroy evidence, hide the gun, or attack the officers.
Upon entering the home, which generally smelled of marijuana, the officers
found two other individuals: Zachary Walker and James “Big Man” Griffin (no
relation to Joshua Griffin). During the protective sweep, another officer observed
a plastic bag that had a strong odor of marijuana coming from it. Lamb then
obtained a search warrant for Griffin’s residence, identifying the odor of marijuana
inside of the home and the bag that smelled of marijuana as probable cause for the
search.
B. Griffin’s Motion to Suppress
Prior to trial, Griffin moved to suppress any evidence seized from the
officers’ initial entry into his home and the resulting search warrant. Griffin
argued that the officers violated his Fourth Amendment rights because they did not
have probable cause for the search warrant until after they illegally entered the
home to conduct a baseless protective sweep. After hearing Captain Lamb’s
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testimony and reviewing the body camera footage, the district court found that “the
house was not breached” and the “officers did not do anything improper.” The
district court therefore denied Griffin’s motion to suppress evidence obtained from
the search.
C. Evidence Presented at Trial
During the trial, testimony was presented that in executing the search
warrant, officers found in Griffin’s bedroom: 45.18 grams of marijuana in a plastic
container; vehicle deeds, which all listed Griffin’s name and address, “less than a
foot away” from the marijuana; a Crown Royal bag containing less than 1 gram of
cocaine, approximately 20 grams of methamphetamine, and a digital scale; and a
ledger that had names and numbers written inside it. In the kitchen, the officers
found “fold-top sandwich bags.” Additionally, Griffin had $982 in cash on his
person.
Rod Williams, the assistant chief of police at the City of Pelham Police
Department, testified as an expert in drug distribution. With regard to the 45
grams of marijuana, he testified that although “the weight was something that
could go either way . . . when you couple all of the other facts in with it, . . . it’s
indicative of someone who’s distributing marijuana.” Williams also noted that in
cases where drugs are intended for personal use, he would expect to find evidence
like smoking devices or partially smoked pieces of marijuana, which were not
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found in this case. As to the methamphetamine, Williams testified that the amount
of the drug (approximately 20 grams), considered together with the packaging
materials, digital scales, and $982 in cash found on Griffin, indicated that Griffin
intended to distribute the drug. Moreover, there was no evidence, such as syringes
or pipes, indicative of personal use.
Griffin testified in his own defense. He testified that on January 11, 2017,
he had invited Walker and “Big Man” to his home to celebrate his birthday. When
he saw the police officers arrive, he hid the container of marijuana—which he
admitted that he owned but was solely for his personal use—under his bed. He
denied that the ledger notebook was his (although he admitted making certain
entries in it), instead stating it belonged to “everyone that’s in the house.” Griffin
further testified that he had been smoking marijuana for hours that day and if the
police officers had looked in the trash can, they would have found “cigar wrappers
and whatnot” indicating that he had been smoking. But he testified that he had “no
idea” about the Crown Royal bag containing the methamphetamine and cocaine
and that those drugs were not his. He maintained that either “Big Man” or Walker
must have brought the Crown Royal bag containing drugs into the bedroom, but
did not see them bring it in. Griffin stated that the large sum of money found on
his person was money he earned from “odd jobs doing carpentry.” Griffin also
testified that, in 2009, he pleaded guilty to possession of crack cocaine with the
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intent to distribute. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury convicted Griffin on all
counts.
II.
We review the denial of a motion to suppress as a mixed question of law and
fact; the district court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error while its
application of the law is reviewed de novo. United States v. Gibbs, 917 F.3d 1289,
1294 (11th Cir. 2019). All facts are construed in the light most favorable to the
prevailing party below. Id. “The individual challenging the search has the burdens
of proof and persuasion.” United States v. Cooper, 133 F.3d 1394, 1398 (11th Cir.
1998). Review for clear error is deferential, and “we will not disturb a district
court’s findings unless we are left with a definite and firm conviction that a
mistake has been committed.” United States v. Sosa, 777 F.3d 1279, 1300 (11th
Cir. 2015) (quoting United States v. Clarke, 562 F.3d 1158, 1165 (11th Cir. 2009).
A district court’s choice between multiple permissible views of the evidence
cannot be clear error. United States v. Smith, 821 F.3d 1293, 1302 (11th Cir.
2016). “[W]e may affirm the denial of a motion to suppress on any ground
supported by the record.” United States v. Caraballo, 595 F.3d 1214, 1222 (11th
Cir. 2010). We review the sufficiency of the evidence de novo, “viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the government and drawing all reasonable
inferences in favor of the verdict.” United States v. Schier, 438 F.3d 1104, 1107
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(11th Cir. 2006). The district court’s denial of “motions for a judgment of acquittal
will be upheld if a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the evidence
establishes the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v.
Rodriguez, 218 F.3d 1243, 1244 (11th Cir. 2000).
III.
A. Motion to Suppress
Griffin argues that there were no circumstances justifying the initial
protective sweep of his home. 4 We disagree.
Following a valid arrest, officers may conduct a protective sweep for their
safety. See Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 337 (1990) (“The Fourth Amendment
permits a properly limited protective sweep in conjunction with an in-home arrest
when the searching officer possesses a reasonable belief based on specific and
articulable facts that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing a danger to
those on the arrest scene.”); United States v. Yeary, 740 F.3d 569, 580 (11th Cir.
2014) (holding that a protective sweep of the home was valid after officers “saw a
4
In his reply brief, Griffin raises a related argument that the officers arrested him without
probable cause. But at the suppression hearing, Griffin affirmatively stated that he did not wish
to argue whether there was probable cause to arrest him. Nor did Griffin raise this argument in
his initial brief other than a conclusory statement that officers detained him “without probable
cause and exigency.” Therefore, Griffin has abandoned this argument. See Johnson v. United
States, 340 F.3d 1219, 1228 n. 8 (11th Cir.2003) (“Arguments not raised in the district court are
waived.”); Allstate Ins. Co. v. Swann, 27 F.3d 1539, 1542 (11th Cir. 1994) (“Issues that clearly
are not designated in the initial brief ordinarily are considered abandoned.”).
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firearm in plain view [and] . . . learned of the presence of two unknown individuals
in the residence” because the officers “reasonably suspected that they were in
danger”). Moreover, the protective sweep of a home is not necessarily limited to
arrests made inside the home: it extends to situations where the suspect is arrested
in a “portion of a structure” outside of the residence, such as an open porch.
Burgos, 720 F.2d at 1526.
The district court did not err in denying Griffin’s motion to suppress because
reasonable suspicion of danger to officer safety justified the officer’s brief search
of Griffin’s home. Based on the Stewart sisters’ statement, which indicated that
Griffin possessed a gun and that others were in the home, and the lack of a gun on
Griffin’s person, the officers had reasonable suspicion to believe that there was a
gun in the residence and another individual in the home and that, therefore, they
could be in danger. Buie, 494 U.S. at 337; Yeary, 740 F.3d at 580. This belief
justified the protective sweep of Griffin’s home.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Griffin next challenges the sufficiency of the evidence that he possessed and
intended to distribute the drugs found in his home. Specifically, he asserts that the
evidence that he possessed cocaine and possessed methamphetamine with the
intent to distribute it was insufficient because nothing revealed that Griffin owned
those drugs or even knew those drugs were in his home. He also claims that the
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evidence of possession of marijuana with intent to distribute was insufficient
because the amount of marijuana was consistent with personal use and he had used
the marijuana on the day of his arrest. Both arguments fail.
To obtain a conviction for possession of a controlled substance, the
government must show that the defendant “knowingly or intentionally” possessed
a controlled substance. 21 U.S.C. § 844(a). To establish possession of controlled
substance with intent to distribute, “[t]he [g]overnment [has] to ‘prove three
elements: (1) knowledge; (2) possession; and (3) intent to distribute.’” United
States v. Flanders, 752 F.3d 1317, 1332 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v.
Poole, 878 F.2d 1391 (11th Cir. 1989) (per curiam); 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1).
“Evidence of surrounding circumstances can prove knowledge.” United
States v. Poole, 878 F.2d 1389, 1392 (11th Cir. 1989). “Possession may be shown
by constructive possession,” which “exists when a defendant has ownership,
dominion, or control over an object or the premises where the object is found.”
Flanders, 752 F.3d at 1332. Intent to distribute can be proven through
circumstantial evidence. United States v. Capers, 708 F.3d 1286, 1301 (11th Cir.
2013). We have stated that the quantity of drugs and existence of implements
commonly used in connection with the distribution of drugs, like scales, can show
the intent to distribute. Id. Other implements of distribution include drug ledgers,
cash, and bags for packaging drugs, as well as “the lack of paraphernalia used to
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consume the drug.” United States v. Mercer, 541 F.3d 1070, 1076 (11th Cir.
2008).
i. Possession of Cocaine and Methamphetamine5
The government presented sufficient evidence to show that Griffin
knowingly possessed the methamphetamine and cocaine. The evidence revealed
that Griffin exercised “dominion” and “control” over the Crown Royal bag
containing the methamphetamine and cocaine because that bag was found in
Griffin’s bedroom within Griffin’s house. See Flanders, 752 F.3d at 1332.
Moreover, near the Crown Royal bag, the officers found multiple car titles listing
Griffin’s name and address, a ledger that Griffin had written in, and the marijuana
that Griffin admitted to owning. With this evidence, a jury could have reasonably
found that Griffin knowingly possessed the methamphetamine and cocaine.
Although Griffin proffered an alternative explanation for how the Crown Royal
bag of drugs landed in his bedroom—that Walker or “Big Man” put it there—the
jury was free to disbelieve and reject this testimony. United States v. Williamson,
339 F.3d 1295, 1301 n.14 (11th Cir. 2003); see also United States v. Allison, 908
F.2d 1531, 1535 (11th Cir. 1990) (“The jury may view the defendant’s false
explanatory statement as substantive evidence proving guilt.”).
5
Griffin admits that he possessed the marijuana. He therefore only challenges the “intent
to distribute” element of that charge.
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ii. Intent to Distribute Methamphetamine and Marijuana
The evidence also supports the jury’s finding that Griffin intended to
distribute the methamphetamine and marijuana. As an initial matter, the amount of
the drugs supports a finding that Griffin intended to distribute them. Williams, the
government’s expert on drug distribution, stated that the weight of the
methamphetamine alone—21 grams—indicated that it was intended for
distribution. And although Williams acknowledged that the weight of the
marijuana (45 grams) was such that it “could go either way” regarding whether
Griffin intended to sell it, he concluded that the surrounding evidence was
“indicative of someone who’s distributing marijuana.” Indeed, the record is rife
with indicia of drug distribution: in addition to the drugs themselves, the officers
recovered a set of scales, vehicle deeds bearing Griffin’s name, a ledger (which
Griffin disputed ownership but admitted to writing in) containing names and
contact information, plastic sandwich bags, and $982 in cash. See Capers, 708
F.3d at 1301; Mercer, 541 F.3d at 1076. Also telling was what the officers did not
find in Griffin’s home: items indicating personal drug use, such as syringes, pipes,
or smoking devices. See Mercer, 541 F.3d at 1076.
Against this evidence, Griffin argues that the amount of marijuana was
consistent with personal use and he had been smoking it earlier in the day, as
evidenced by the unrecovered refuse in the trash can. And he maintains that he did
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not possess and was not aware of the methamphetamine. Again, we cannot reverse
a conviction solely because the defendant put forth an innocent explanation.
Campo, 840 F.3d at 1258; Williamson, 339 F.3d at 1301 n.14. The government
presented enough evidence to allow a reasonable jury to conclude that Griffin
intended to distribute the methamphetamine and marijuana. Capers, 708 F.3d at
1301. Accordingly, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
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